Selection of line insulators with respect to ice and snow - Part II: Selection methods and mitigation options

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 2297-2304

  Farzaneh, Mosoud ^a   Baker, Antony C ^a   Bernstorf, R Allen ^a   Burnhan, Jeff T ^a   Cherney, Edward A ^a   Chisholm, William A ^a   Fofana, Igor ^a   Gorur, Ravi S ^a   Grisham, Tom ^a   Gutman, Issouf ^a   Rolfseng, Lars ^a   Stewart, Gerald A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI   (Canada)

Author keywords

Climate; Contamination; Flashover; Fog; Freezing; High voltage; Ice; Insulation; Insulation coordination; Line insulators; Snow; Voltage control

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC INSULATION COORDINATION; ELECTRIC INSULATORS; ELECTRIC LINES; ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION; ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS; ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION; FLASHOVER; VOLTAGE CONTROL;

LINE INSULATORS; TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LINES;

ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION;

EID: 35148900192     PISSN: 08858977     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.899540     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. A. Meier and W. M. Niggli, "The influence of snow and ice deposits on supertension transmission line insulator strings with special reference to high altitude operations," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Publ. 44, London, U.K., 1968, pp. 386-395.
2. M. M. Khalifa and R. M. Morris, "Performance of line insulators under rime ice," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-86, no. 6, pp. 692-698, Jun. 1967.
3. M. Kawai, "AC flashover test at project UHV on ice-coated insulators," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-89, no. 11, pp. 1800-1804, Nov. 1970.
4. H. M. Schneider, "Artificial ice tests on transmission line insulators - A progress report," in Proc. IEEE/Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting San Francisco, CA, 1975, pp. 347-353, paper A75-491-1.
5. L. Y. Lee, C. L. Nellis, and J. E. Brown, "60 Hz tests on ice coated 500 kV insulator strings," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 1975, paper A 75-499-4.
6. M. Hara and C. L. Phan, "A study of the leakage current of H.V. Insulators under glaze and rime," J. Can. Elect. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 15-22, 1978.
7. Y. Watanabe, "Flashover tests of insulators covered with ice or snow," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-97, no. 5, pp. 1788-1794, Sep. 1978.
8. M. Hara and C. L. Phan, "Leakage current and flashover performance of iced insulators," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-98, no. 3, pp. 849-859, May 1979.
9. E. A. Cherney, "Flashover performance of artificially contaminated and iced long-rod transmission line insulators," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-99, no. 1, pp. 46-52, Jan. 1980.
10. Task Force on Testing IEEE insulators, "The AC clean-fog test for contaminated insulators," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-102, no. 3, pp. 604-613, Mar. 1983.
11. V. Sklenicka et al., "Influence of conductive ice on electric strength of HV insulators," in Proc. Int. Symp. Pollution Performance of Insulators and Surge Diverters, Madras, India, 1983, vol. 1, paper 1.02.
12. C. L. Phan and H. Matsuo, "Minimum flashover voltage of iced insulators," IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul., vol. EI-18-6, no. 1, pp. 605-618, Dec. 1983.
13. N. Sugawara and M. Farzaneh, "On the role of water film in the mechanism of flashover in iced insulators," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Elect. Insul., Washington, DC, Jun. 1986, pp. 281-286.
14. M. Yasui, K. Naito, and Y. Hasegawa, "AC withstand voltage characteristics of insulator string covered with snow," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 828-838, Apr. 1988.
15. M. Sato, H. Saito, K. Kaga, and H. Akagami, "Fundamental characteristics of AC flashover on contaminated insulators covered with ice," JPn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 889-896, 1989.
16. J. Zhang, C. Sun, L. Gu, and C. Liang, "DC flashover performance of iced insulators," in Proc. 6th Int. Symp. High Voltage Engineering New Orleans, LA, 1989, pp. 1-4, paper 47.26.
17. Z. Vuckovic and Z. Zdravkivic, "Effect of polluted snow and ice accretion on high voltage transmission line insulators," in Proc. 5th Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Tokyo, Japan, 1990, paper B4-3.
18. T. Iwama, Y. Sumiya, R. Matsuoka, S. Ito, and K. Sakanishi, "Investigation of AC insulation performance of tension insulator assembly covered with snow," NGK Rev., no. 14, pp. 26-30, 1990.
19. S.M. Fikke, "Possible effect of contaminated ice on insulator strength," in Proc. 5th Int. Workshop on the Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Tokyo, Japan, 1990, paper B4-2-(1).
20. M. Yasui, T. Iwama, Y. Sumiya, K. Naito, R. Matsuoka, and M. Nishikawa, "Investigation of switching impulse flashover voltage performance of UHV class tension insulator assembly covered with snow," in Proc. 5th Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Tokyo, Japan, 1990, pp. 1-5, paper B4-5.
21. M. Yasui, T. Oka, and T. Mori, "Experimental study on countermeasures for snow accretion on power transmission," in Proc. 5th Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Tokyo, Japan, 1990, pp. 1-6, paper B7-1.
22. N. Sugawara, K. Hokari, K. Matsuda, and K. Miyamoto, "Insulation properties of salt contaminated fog TYOE insulators depending on the growth of icicles," in Proc. 5th Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Tokyo, Japan, 1990, pp. 1-5, paper B4-10.
23. F. L. Shu, C. Sun, J. Zhang, and L. Gu, "AC flashover performance on iced and polluted insulators for high altitude regions," in Proc. 7th Int. Symp. High Voltage Engineering, Dresden, Germany, 1991, vol. 4, pp. 303-306, paper 43.13.
24. H. Matsuda, H. Komuro, and K. Takasu, "Withstand voltage characteristics of insulator strings covered with snow or ice," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1243-1250, Jul. 1991.
25. M. Farzaneh, "Effect of ice thickness and voltage polarity on the flashover voltage of ice-covered high-voltage insulators," in Proc. 7th ISH, Dresden, Germany, 1991, vol. 4, pp. 203-206.
26. M. Farzaneh and J. L. Laforte, "The effect of voltage polarity on ice accretions on short string insulators," J. Offshore Mech. Arctic Eng., vol. 113, pp. 179-184, May 1991.
27. M. Farzaneh and J. L. Laforte, "Effect of voltage polarity on icicles grown on line insulators," Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 241-246, Dec. 1992.
28. M. Farzaneh, J. Kiernicki, and J. F. Drapeau, "Ice accretion on energized line insulators," Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 228-233, Sep. 1992.
29. N. Sugawara, T. Takayama, K. Hokari, K. Yoshida, and S. Ito, "Withstand voltage and flashover performance of iced insulators depending on the density of accreted ice," in Proc. 6th Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Budapest, Hungary, 1993, pp. 231-235.
30. N. Sugawara, K. Hokari, H. Ando, K. Yoshida, M. Hirota, and Y. Tatokoro, "Insulation properties of atmospheric iced insulators installed in high mountain," in Proc. 6th Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Budapest, Hungary, Sep. 1993, pp. 237-242.
31. M. Farzaneh and O. T. Melo, "Flashover performance of insulators in the presence of short icicles," Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 112-118, 1994.
32. D. Wu, K. A. Halsan, and S. M. Fikke, "Artificial ice tests for long insulator strings," in Proc. 7th Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Chicoutimi, Canada, 1996, pp. 67-71.
33. M. Farzaneh and J. Kiernicki, "Flashover performance of IEEE standard insulators under Ice conditions," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1602-1613, Oct. 1997.
34. M. Farzaneh and J. Kiernicki, "Flashover performance of ice-covered insulators," IEEE Canad. J. Elect. Comput. Eng., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 95-109, Jul. 1997.
35. S. M. Fikke, J. Huse, J. Rolfseng, A. Schei, and V. Larsen, "Remote monitoring of environmental impacts on transmission lines in Norway," in CIGRÉ Session paper 22-103, Paris, France, 1998.
36. M. Farzaneh and J. L. Laforte, "A laboratory simulation of wet icing build-up on HV insulators," Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 167-172, Sep. 1998.
37. K. Kannus and K. Lahti, "Electrical behaviour of high voltage insulator strings under rime ice," in Proc. 9th Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Chester, U.K., 2000, 8 p., Session 7a.
38. D. Wu and R. Hartings, "Correlation between the AC withstand voltage and insulator lengths under icing tests," in Proc. 9th Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Chester, U.K., 2000, 6 p., Session 4b.
39. N. Sugawara, K. Kurashige, S. Ito, T. Nakachi, and K. Kondo, "Withstand voltage and leakage resistance of ice-covered polymer insulators depending on kind of ice," in Proc. 9th Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Chester, U.K., 2000, 8 p., Session 4a.
40. W. A. Chisholm, J. Kuffel, and M. Farzaneh, "The icing stress product, a measure for testing and design of outdoor insulators in freezing conditions," in Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop on High Voltage Engineering Tottori, Japan, Nov. 2000, session 8.
41. I. Gutman, S. Berlijn, S. Fikke, and K. Halsan, "Development of the ice progressive stress method applicable for the full-scale testing of 420 kV class overhead line insulators," presented at the 10th Int. Workshop Atmospheric Icing Structures, Brno, Czech Republic, 2002, Session 6-3.
42. M. Farzaneh, A. C. Baker, R. A. Bernstorf, J. T. Burnhan, E. A. Cherney, W. A. Chisholm, R. S. Gorur, T. Grisham, I. Gutman, L. Rolfseng, and G. A. Stewart, "Selection of insulators with respect to ice and snow, Part I: Context and Stresses," IEEE Trans. Power Del., A position paper prepared by IEEE Task Force on icing performance of line insulators.
43. M. Farzaneh, T. Baker, A. Bernstorf, K. Brown, W. A. Chisholm, C. de Tourreil, J. F. Drapeau, S. Fikke, J. M. George, E. Gnandt, T. Grisham, I. Gutman, R. Hartings, R. Kremer, G. Powell, L. Rolfseng, T. Rozek, D. L. Ruff, D. Shaffner, V. Sklenicka, R. Sundararajan, and J. Yu, "Insulator icing test methods and procedures," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1503-1515, Oct. 2003.
44. M. Farzaneh, T. Baker, A. Bernstorf, J. T. Burnham, T. Carreira, E. Cherney, W. A. Chisholm, R. Christman, R. Cole, J. Cortinas, C. de Tourreil, J. F. Drapeau, J. Farzaneh-Dehkordi, S. Fikke, R. Gorur, T. Grisham, I. Gutman, J. Kuffel, A. Phillips, G. Powell, L. Rolfseng, M. Roy, T. Rozek, D. L. Ruff, A. Schwalm, V. Sklenicka, G. Stewart, R. Sundararajan, M. Szeto, R. Tay, and J. Zhang, "Selection of station insulators with respect to ice or snow - Part I: Technical context and environmental exposure," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 264-270, Jan. 2005, A position paper prepared by IEEE Task Force on Icing Performance of Station Insulators.
45. M. Farzaneh, T. Baker, A. Bernstorf, J. T. Burnham, T. Carreira, E. Cherney, W. A. Chisholm, R. Christman, R. Cole, J. Cortinas, C. de Tourreil, J. F. Drapeau, J. Farzaneh-Dehkordi, S. Fikke, R. Gorur, T. Grisham, I. Gutman, J. Kuffel, A. Phillips, G. Powell, L. Rolfseng, M. Roy, T. Rozek, D. L. Ruff, A. Schwalm, V. Sklenicka, G. Stewart, R. Sundararajan, M. Szeto, R. Tay, and J. Zhang, "Selection of station insulators with respect to ice or snow - Part II: Methods of selection and options for mitigation," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 271-277, Jan. 2005, A Position paper prepared by IEEE Task Force on Icing Performance of Station Insulators.
46. Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators for polluted conditions - Part I: Definitions, information and general principles, IEC 60815-1, (draft).
47. A. C. Baker, M. Farzaneh, T. Grisham, and G. G. Karady, Working group on application and inspection of insulators, "Selection of insulators for ac overhead lines in North America with respect to contamination," IEEE Trans Power Del., to be published.
48. Gutman, K. Halsan, and D. Hübinette, Application of Ice Progressive Stress Method for Selection of Dinsulation Options ISH-2003, Netherlands 2003, Smit, Ed., 2003 Millpress Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 90-77017-79-8, p. 179.
49. K. Halsan, D. Loudon, C. Engelbrecht, and I. Gutman, "Ice and pollution testing of compact insulator strings in statnett," in Proc. World Conf. Insulators, Arresters and Bushings, Marbela, Spain, Nov. 16-19, 2003, pp. 387-398.
50. J. Zhang and M. Farzaneh, "Propagation of AC and DC arcs on ice surfaces," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 269-276, Apr. 2000.
51. M. Farzaneh and J. Zhang, "Modelling of DC arc discharge on ice surfaces," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen. Transm. Distrib., vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 81-86, Mar. 2000.
52. M. Farzaneh, J. Zhang, and X. Chen, "Modeling of the AC arc discharge on ice surfaces," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 325-338, Jan. 1997.
53. J. Zhang and M. Farzaneh, "Modeling of flashover on ice-covered insulators with multi air gaps," presented at the IEEE Power Eng. Soc. T&D Expo, Dallas, TX, May 2006.
54. J. Farzaneh-Dehkordi, "Experimental study and mathematical modeling of EHV insulators covered with ice," M.Sc. dissertation, Univ. Quebec at Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada, Jul. 2004.
55. M. Farzaneh and J. F. Drapeau, "AC flashover performance of insulators covered with artificial ice," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1038-1051, Apr. 1995.
56. Artificial pollution tests to be used on AC systems IEC 60507, 1991.
57. IEEE Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing, IEEE Std. 4, 1995.
58. Artificial pollution tests to be used on DC systems IEC 61245, 1993.
59. D. C. Jolly, "Contamination flashover theory and insulator design," J. Franklin Inst., vol. 294, no. 6, Dec. 1972.
60. S. Yoshida and K. Naito, Survey of electrical and mechanical failures of insulators caused by ice and/or snow, CIGRE WG B2.03 Electra No. 222, Oct. 2005.
61. J. Zhang and M. Farzaneh, "Propagation of ac and dc Arcs on Ice Surfaces," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 269-276, Apr. 2000.
62. National Electrical Safety Code ANSI C2-2002, Aug. 2001.
63. Insulation Coordination, 8th ed. IEC 60071, 2006.
64. J. S. T. Looms, Insulators for High Voltage. London, U.K.: Peregrinus, 1988, p. 14.
65. L. L. Vladimirsky, E. A. Solomonik, N. N. Tikhodeev, and I. Gutman, "Methods of statistical dimensioning of the outdoor insulation with respect to polluted conditions," presented at the IEEE PowerTech, St. Petersburg, Russia, Jun. 27-30, 2005, paper 670.
66. CIGRE TF 33.04.01, Polluted insulators: A review of current knowledge, Tech. Brochure no. 158, Jun. 2000.
67. CIGRE TF 33 04 09, Influence of ice and snow on the flashover performance of outdoor insulators - Part I: Effects of Ice Electra no. 187, 1999, pp. 91-111.
68. CIGRE TF 33 04 09, Influence of ice and snow on the flashover performance of outdoor insulators - Part II: Effects of snow Electra no. 188, 2000, pp. 55-69.
69. K. Halsan, D. Loudon, C. Engelbrecht, and I. Gutman, "Ice and pollution testing of compact insulator strings in Statnett," in Proc. World Conf. Insulators, Arresters, Bushings, Marbela, Spain, Nov. 16-19, 2003, pp. 387-398.
70. K. Halsan, D. Loudon, C. Engelbrecht, and I. Gutman, "Norwegian utility evaluates insulation alternatives to upgrade 300 kV transmission network," Insulator News and Marker Rep. Quarterly Rev., vol. 12, no. 2, 2004.
71. M. Yasui, K. Naito, and Y. Hasegawa, "AC withstand voltage characteristics of insulator string covered with snow," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 828-838, Apr. 1988.
72. M. Farzaneh and O. T. Melo, "Properties and effect of freezing rain and winter fog on outline insulators," Cold Regions Sci. Technol., vol. 19, pp. 33-46, Feb. 1990.
73. M. Farzaneh, J. Zhang, and C. Volat, "Effect of insulator diameter on AC flashover voltage of an ice-covered insulator string," IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 264-271, Apr. 2006.
74. X. Jiang, S. Wang, Z. Zhang, S. Xie, and Y. Wang, "Study of AC flashover performance and discharge process of polluted and iced IEC standard suspension insulator string," IEEE Trans. Power Del., to be published.
75. X. Jiang, S. Wang, Z. Zhang, S. Xie, and Y. Wang, "Study of AC flashover performance and discharge process of polluted and iced IEC standard suspension insulator string," presented at the 14th ISH, Beijing, China, Aug. 2005, D-70.
76. W. A. Chisholm, "Ten years of application experience with RTV silicone coatings in Canada," in Proc. INMR, Hong Kong, China, Nov. 2005.
77. E. A. Cherney, Performance of iced 500 kV line insulation, Ontario Hydro Rep. 83-223-H, May 13, 1983.
78. E. A. Cherney, Ice Bridging Flashover of Contaminated 500 kV Line Insulation in Freezing Rain Ontario Hydro Rep. 86-80-H, Apr. 8, 1986.
79. Transmission Line Reference Book, 345 kV and Above EPRI, 1982.