What's British about gender and empire? The problem of exceptionalism

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 273-282

  Levine, Philippa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLONIALISM; GENDER; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; IMPERIALISM;

EID: 35148897692     PISSN: 1089201X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/1089201X-2007-005     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. A few examples of this prolific literature are Rick Halpern and Jonathan Morris, eds., American Exceptionalism (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1997);
2. Akira Iriye, "Exceptionalism Revisited," Reviews in American History 16 (June 1988):291-97;
3. Byron E. Shafer, ed., Is America Different? A New Look at American Exceptionalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991);
4. and Sean Wilentz, "Against Exceptionalism: Class Consciousness and the American Labor Movement," International Labor and Working Class History 26 (1984): 1-24.
5. Robert Gregg, "Apropos Exceptionalism: Imperial Location and Comparative Histories of South Africa and the United States," in Halpern and Morris, American Exceptionalism, 293.
6. Anne McClintock, "Family Feuds: Gender, Nation, and the Family," Feminist Review (1993): 61;
7. quoted in Gregg, "Apropos Exceptionalism," 17.
8. Ian Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review 96 (1991): 1034.
9. William Robertson, The History of America, 4 vols. (Dublin: Price, 1777), 2:98.
10. Georg Forster, Voyage round the World during the Years 1772-1775 (London: B. White, 1777), 2:324.
11. Felicity Nussbaum, Torrid Zones: Maternity, Sexuality, and Empire in Eighteenth-Century English Narratives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 1, 24.
12. James Mill, History of British India, 2 vols. (1818; New York: Chelsea House, 1968), 1:309-10.
13. Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, (1994), 82.
14. Susan Thorne, Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in Nineteenth-Century England (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 96.
15. Lata Mani, Contentious Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 2.
16. Elfed Vaughan Roberts, Sum Ngai Ling, and Peter Bradshaw, Historical Dictionary of Hong Kong and Macau (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1992), 127.
17. Sheldon Amos, A Comparative Survey of Laws in Force for the Prohibition, Regulation, and Licensing of Vice in England and other Countries (London: Stevens and Son, 1877), 14.
18. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The "Manly Englishman" and the "Effeminate Bengali" in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 141;
19. Lucy Carroll, "Law, Custom, and Statutory Social Reform: The Hindu Widow's Remarriage Act of 1856," in Women in Colonial India, ed. J. Krishnamurty (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988), 1-26.
20. W. E. Gladstone, Our Colonies (1855), reproduced in Barbara Harlow and Mia Carter, Imperialism and Orientalism: A Documentary Sourcebook (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1999), 369.
21. Social Purity Alliance, Annual Report, 1887-1888 (n.d., n.p.), address of James Stuart, 18.
22. John Cowen, Tracts for Rangoon, No. 1.: Twenty-Ninth Street by Day and Night (Rangoon: YMCA, 1914), 1.
23. Edward Said, Orientalism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 190.
24. Jeffrey Weeks, Making Sexual History (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2000), 132.
25. Mary Carpenter quoted in Antoinette Burton, "Fearful Bodies into Disciplined Subjects: Pleasure, Romance, and the Family Drama of Colonial Reform in Mary Carpenter's Six Months in India," Signs 20 (1995): 545;
26. Mary Carpenter, Six Months in India (London: Longman Green, 1868).
27. Rudyard Kipling, City of the Dreadful Night (London: Edinburgh Society, n.d.), 60.
28. Edward R. Henry, Commissioner of Metropolitan Police, to F. S. Bullock, Chief, Criminal Investigation Division, Metropolitan Police, 25 November 1905, MEPO 2/558, National Archives, London.
29. George S. White to Surgeon Major General A. F. Bradshaw, 9 August 1893, Oriental and India Office Collections (hereafter OIOC), MSS Eur. F.108/ 17, fol. 40, British Library, London.
30. Frederick Roberts to Surgeon General W. A. Thomson, 23 August 1891, OIOC, L/MIL/17/5/1615/12, 285.
31. The entire file at OIOC, L/MIL/7/17316, is devoted to correspondence on this issue. See also Gregory Martin, "The Influence of Racial Attitudes on British Policy towards India during the First World War," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 14 1986): 92-97;
32. and Jeffrey Greenhut, "Race, Sex, and War: The Impact of Race and Sex on Morale and Health Services for the Indian Corps on the Western Front, 1914," Military Affairs 45 (1981): 72-74.
33. Reference Paper, Military, 28 October [1914?], [H. A.?] Charles, OIOC, L/ MIL/7/17316.
34. Memorandum of Lord Curzon, 24 August 1902, OIOC, MISS Eur. F111/279.
35. Raewyn Dalziel, "An Experiment in the Social Laboratory? Suffrage, National Identity, and Mythologies of Race in New Zealand in the 1890s," in Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation, and Race, ed. Ian Christopher Fletcher, Laura E. Nym Mayhall, and Philippa Levine (London: Routledge, 2000), 88.
36. See, e.g., Norman Etherington, "Natal's Black Rape Scare of the 1870s," Journal of Southern African Studies 15 (1988): 36-53;
37. Amirah Inglis, The White Woman's Protection Ordinance: Sexual Anxiety and Politics in Papua (New York: St. Martin's, 1975);
38. Jock McCulloch, Black Peril, White Virtue: Sexual Crime in Southern Rhodesia, 1902-1935 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000);
39. and Julian Riekert, "Race, Sex, and the Law in Colonial Natal," Journal of Natal and Zulu History 6 (1983): 82-97.
40. Helen Callaway, "Purity and Exotica in Legitimating the Empire: Cultural Constructions of Gender, Sexuality, and Race," in Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa: Essays in Honour of A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, ed. Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1993), 34-35.
41. Millicent Garrett Fawcett, "Mrs. Fawcett on Women's Suffrage: A Speech Delivered in the Town Hall at Birmingham, 6 December 1872," Women's Suffrage Pamphlets (1973-97) collections 4-5, Women's Library, London.
42. Maud Diver, The Englishwoman in India (London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1909), 100-101.
43. Hilda Wernher, My Indian Family: A Story of East and West within an Indian Home (New York: John Day, 1945), 55-56.
44. Ronald Hyam, "Concubinage and the Colonial Service: The Crewe Circular (1909)," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 14 (1986): 170-86;
45. Dan Jacobson, "Going Native: The Exploits of Silberrad", London Review of Books, 25 November 1999, 27-30.
46. Internal Colonial Office minute, [signature illegible], 28 June 1886, CO273/139 (6870), National Archives, London.
47. Lieutenant Colonel De S. Barbow, Officiating Deputy Secretary to Chief Commissioner, Oudh, to Secretary, Government of India, Home Department, 3 July 1872, Home Proceedings, Judicial, July 1873, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
48. E. J. Eitel, Report on Domestic Servitude in Relation to Slavery, published originally in House of Commons, Sessional Papers, 1882 [Cd.-3185], and reproduced in Community Problems and Social Work in Southeast Asia, ed. Peter Hodge (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1980), 32.
49. See Philippa Levine, "Sovereignty and Sexuality: Transnational Perspectives on Colonial Age of Consent Legislation," in Beyond Sovereignty: Britain, Empire, and Transnationalism, c. 1880-1950, ed. Kevin Grant, Philippa Levine, and Frank Trentmann (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 16-33.
50. Uma Chakravarti, "Whatever Happened to the Vedic Dasi? Orientalism, Nationalism, and a Script for the Past," in Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History, ed. Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1989), 28.
51. Mrinalini Sinha, Gender and Nation (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 2006), 12.