Arterial sources of embolism

Brain Embolism

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 203-222

  Caplan, Louis R ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35148882316     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (87)

1. Duncan A, Rumbaugh C, Caplan LR. Cerebral embolic disease, a complication of carotid aneurysms. Radiology 1979; 133:379-384.
2. Fisher M, Davidson R, Marcus E. Transient focal cortical ischemia as a presenting manifestation of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Ann Neurol 1980; 8:367-372.
3. Pessin MS, Chimowitz MI, Levine SR, et al. Stroke in patients with fusiform vertebrobasilar aneurysms. Neurology 1989; 39:16-21.
4. Caplan LR, Stein R, Patel D, et al. Intraluminal clot of the carotid artery detected radiographi-cally. Neurology 1984; 34:1175-1181.
5. Fisher CM. Occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Arch Neurol 1951; 65:346-377.
6. Hennerici M. The unstable plaque. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 17(suppl 3): 17-22.
7. Fisher CM, Ojemann RG. A clinico-pathologic study of carotid endarterectomy plaques. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1986; 142:573-589.
8. Heistad DD. Unstable coronary-artery plaques. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2285-2287.
9. Caplan LR. Caplan's Stroke, A Clinical Approach, 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworth-Henemann, 2000.
10. Caplan LR. Posterior Circulation Disease. Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, and Management. Boston: Blackwell Science, 1996.
11. Fisher CM, Ojemann R, Roberson G. Spontaneous dissection of cervicocerebral arteries. Can J Neuro Sci 1978; 5:9-19.
12. Caplan LR, Zarins C, Hemmatti M. Spontaneous dissection of the extracranial vertebral artery. Stroke 1985; 16:1030-1038.
13. Mettinger KL, Ericson K. Fibromuscular dysplasia and the brain. Stroke 1982; 13:46-52.
14. Bragin MA, Cherkasov AP. Morphogenesis of fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries. An ultrastructural study. Ark Pathol 1979; 41:46-52.
15. Stehbens WE. Pathology of the Cerebral Blood Vessels. St. Louis: C V Mosby Co., 1972.
16. Sandok BA. Fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery. In: Barnett HJM, ed. Neurologic Clinics, Vol. 1. Cerebrovascular Disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1983:17-26.
17. Luscher TF, Lie JT, Stanson AW, et al. Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62:931-952.
18. Mettinger KL. Fibromuscular dysplasia and the brain II. Current concepts of the disease. Stroke 1982; 13:53-58.
19. Healton ED. Cerebrovascular fibromuscular dysplasia. In: Barnett HJM, Mohr JP, Stein BM, Yatsu F, eds. Stroke, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management, 2nd ed. New York: Churchill-Livingstone, 1992:749-760.
20. Rhoton AL, Jackson FE, Gleave J, Rumbaugh CT. Congenital and traumatic intracranial aneur-ysms, Ciba clinical symposia 1977; 29 (number 4): 2-40.
21. Weir B. Aneurysms Affecting the Nervous System. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1987.
22. Pakarinen S. Incidence, etiology, and prognosis of primary subarachnoid hemorrhage: a study based on 589 cases diagnosed in a defined urban population during a defined period. Acta Neurol Scand 1967; 43(suppl 29): 1-128.
23. Little JR, St Louis P, Weinstein M, Dohn DF. Giant fusiform aneurysms of the cerebral arteries. Stroke 1981; 12:183-188.
24. Schwartz A, Rautenberg W, Hennerici M. Dolichoectatic intracranial arteries: review of selected aspects. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993; 3:273-279.
25. Sacks JG, Lindenberg R. Dolicho-ectatic intracranial arteries. Johns Hopkins Med J 1969; 122:95-106.
26. Read D, Esiri MM. Fusiform basilar artery aneurysm in a child. Neurology 1979; 29:1045-1049.
27. Dubrovsky T, Curless R, Scott G, et al. Cerebral aneurysmal anteriopathy in childhood AIDS. Neurology 1998; 51:560-565.
28. Hennerici M, Rautenberg W, Schwartz A. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound for the assessment of intracranial arterial flow velocity: II. evaluation of intracranial arterial disease. Surg Neurol 1987; 27:523-532.
29. Schwartz A, Rautenberg W, Hennerici M. Dolichoectatic intracranial arteries: review of selected aspects. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993; 3:273-279.
30. Pessin MS, Chimowitz MI, Levine SR et al. Stroke in patients with fusiform vertebrobasilar aneurysms. Neurology 1989; 39:16-21.
31. DeGeorgia M, Belden J, Pao L, Pessin MS, Kwan E, Caplan LR. Thrombus in vertebrobasilar dolichoectatic artery treated with intravenous urokinase. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999; 9:28-33.
32. Cohen MM, Hemalatha CP, D'Addario RT, Goldman HW. Embolism from a fusiform middle cerebral artery aneurysm. Stroke 1980; 11:158-161.
33. Caplan JR, Gorelick PB, Hier DB. Race, sex, and occlusive cerebrovascular disease: a review. Stroke 1986; 17:648-655.
34. Gorelick PB, Caplan LR, Hier DB, et al. Racial differences in the distribution of anterior circulation occlusive disease. Neurology 1984; 34:54-59.
35. Gorelick PB, Caplan LR, Hier DB, et al. Racial differences in the distribution of posterior circulation occlusive disease. Stroke 1985; 16:785-790.
36. Feldmann E, Daneault N, Kwan E, et al. Chinese-White differences in the distribution of occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 1990; 40:1541-1545.
37. Fisher CM, Gore I, Okabe N, White PD. Atherosclerosis of the carotid and vertebral arteries-extracranial and intracranial. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1965; 24:455-476.
38. Caplan LR, Wityk R, Glass TA, et al. New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. Ann Neurol 2004; 56:389-398.
39. Hutchinson EC, Yates PO. Carotico-vertebral stenosis. Lancet 1957; 1:2-8.
40. Hutchinson EC, Yates PO. The cervical portion of the vertebral artery. a clinicopathological study. Brain 1956; 79:319-331.
41. Caplan LR. The E Graeme Robertson lecture: vertebrobasilar embolism. Clin Exp Neurol 1991; 28:1-23.
42. Caplan LR, Tettenborn B. Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease: review of selected aspects. 2. Posterior circulation embolism. Cerebrovasc Dis 1992; 2:320-326.
43. Caplan LR, Tettenborn B. Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease:review of selected aspects. 1. Spontaneous dissection of extracranial and intracranial posterior circulation arteries. Cerebrovasc Dis 1992; 2:256-265.
44. Caplan LR, Zarins C, Hemmatti M. Spontaneous dissection of the extracranial vertebral artery. Stroke 1985; 16:1030-1038.
45. Chaves C, Estol C, Esnaola MM, Gorson K, O'Donoghue M, DeWitt LD, Caplan LR. Spontaneous intracranial internal carotid artery dissection. Arch Neurol 2002; 59:977-981.
46. Caplan LR, Baquis G, Pessin MS, et al. Dissection of the intracranial vertebral artery. Neurology 1988; 38:868-877.
47. Caplan LR. Brain embolism. In: Caplan LR, Hurst JW, Chimowitz M, eds. Clinical Neurocardiology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999:35-185.
48. Siebler M, Kleinschmidt A, Sitzer M, et al. Cerebral microembolism in symptomatic and asymptomatic high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. Neurology 1994; 44:615-618.
49. Ries S, Schminke U, Daffertshofer M, et al. High-intensity transcranial signals in carotid artery disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995; 5:124-127.
50. Siebler M, Sitzer M, Rose G, et al. Silent cerebral embolism caused by neurologically symptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis: event rates before and after carotid endarterectomy. Brain 1993; 116:1005-1015.
51. Caplan LR, Hennerici M. (Hypothesis) Impaired clearance of emboli (washout) is an important link between hypoperfusion, embolism, and ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 1998; 55:1475-1482.
52. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:445-453.
53. European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborator Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) and with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet 1991; 337:1235-1243.
54. Streifler JY, Eliasziw M, Benavente OR et al. The risk of stroke in patients with first-ever retinal or hemispheral transient ischemic attacks and high-grade carotid stenosis. Arch Neurol 1995; 52:246-249.
55. Hennerici M, Hulsbower HB, Hefter K, et al. Natural history of asymptomatic extracranial disease: results of a long term prognostic study. Brain 1987; 110:777-791.
56. Norris JW, Zhu CZ, Bornstein N, Chambers BR. Vascular risks of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 1991; 22:1485-1490.
57. Fazekas F, Fazekas G, Schmidt R, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging correlates of transient cerebral ischemic attacks. Stroke 1996; 27:607-611.
58. Lodder J, Hupperts R, Boreas A, Kessels F. The size of territorial brain infarction on CT relates to the degree of internal carotid artery obstruction. J Neurol 1996; 243:345-349.
59. Wechsler LR, Kistler JP, Davis KR, Kaminski MJ. The prognosis of carotid siphon stenosis. Stroke 1986; 17:714-718.
60. Craig DR, Meguro K, Watridge C, et al. Intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 1982; 13:825-828.
61. Chimowitz MI, Kokkinos J, Strong J, et al. The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study. Neurology 1995; 45:1488-1493.
62. Imparato AM, Riles TS, Gorstein F. The carotid bifurcation plaque: pathological findings associated with cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1979; 10:238-245.
63. Gronholdt M-L M, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen TG, Sillesen H. Echolucent carotid artery plaques are associated with elevated levels of fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Stroke 1996; 27:2166-2172.
64. European Carotid Plaque Study Group. Carotid artery plaque composition: relationship to clinical presentation and ultrasound B-mode imaging. Eur J Vasc Endovac Surg 1995; 10:23-30.
65. Geroulakos G, Ramaswami G, Nicolaides A, et al. Characterization of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques using high-resolution real-time ultrasonography. Br J Surg 1993; 80:1274-1277.
66. Kido DK, Panzer RJ, Szumowski J, et al. Clinical evaluation of stenosis of the carotid bifurcation with magnetic resonance angiographic techniques. Arch Neurol 1991; 48:484-489.
67. Riles TS, Eidelman EM, Litt AW, et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance angiography, conventional angiography, and Duplex scanning. Stroke 1992; 23:341-346.
68. Anderson CM, Saloner D, Lee RE, et al. Assessment of carotid artery stenosis by MR angiography: comparison with x-ray angiography and color-coded Doppler ultrasound. AJNR 1992; 13:989-1003.
69. Gillard JH, Oliverio P, Barker PB, Oppenheimer SM, Bryan RN. MR angiography in acute cerebral ischemia of the anterior circulation: a preliminary report. AJNR 1997; 18:343-350.
70. Johnson BA, Heiserman JE, Drayer BP, Keller P. Intracranial MR angiography: its role in the integrated approach to brain infarction. AJNR 1994; 15:901-908.
71. Rother J, Wentz K-U, Rautenberg W, et al. Magnetic resonance angiography in vertebrobasilar ischemia. Stroke 1993; 24:1310-1315.
72. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Maeder P, et al. The etiology of posterior circulation infarcts: a prospective study using magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. Neurology 1993; 43:1528-1533.
73. Schwartz RB, Jones KM, Chernoff DM et al. Common carotid artery bifurcation: evaluation with spiral CT. Radiology 1992; 185:513-519.
74. Alberico RA, Patel M, Casey S, et al. Evaluation of the circle of Willis with three-dimensional CT angiography in patients with suspected intracranial aneurysms. AJNR 1995; 16:1571-1578.
75. von Reutern G-M, von Budingen HJ. Ultrasound diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease. Doppler Sonography of the Extra- and Intracranial Arteries, Duplex Scanning. New York: Thieme Med Publ, 1993.
76. Hennerici M, Freund H-J. Efficacy of C-W Doppler and Duplex system examinations for the evaluation of extracranial carotid disease. J Clin Ultrasound 1984; 12:155-161.
77. Steinke W, Kloetzsch, Hennerici M. Carotid artery disease assessed by color Doppler flow imaging: correlation with standard Doppler sonography and angiography. AJNR 1990; 11:259-266.
78. Steinke W, Hennerici M, Rautenberg W, Mohr JP. Symptomatic and asymptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis in Doppler color-flow imaging. Neurology 1992; 42:131-138.
79. Sitzer M, Furst G, Fischer H, et al. Between-method correlation in quantifying carotid stenosis. Stroke 1993; 24:1513-1518.
80. Ackerstaff RGA. Duplex scanning of the aortic arch and vertebral arteries in Vascular diagnosis 4th ed. In Bernstein EF ed. St Louis: Mosby, 1993:315-321.
81. Touboul PJ, Bousser M-G, LaPlane D, Castaigne P. Duplex scanning of the vertebral arteries. Stroke 1986; 17:921-923.
82. Touboul PJ, Bousser M-G, LaPlane D, Castaigne P. Duplex scanning of the vertebral arteries. Stroke 1986; 17:921-923.
83. Sturzenegger M. Ultrasound findings in spontaneous carotid artery dissection: the value of duplex sonography. Arch Neurol 1991; 48:1057-1063.
84. Sturzenegger M, Mattle HP, Rivon A, et al. Ultrasound findings in spontaneous extracranial vertebral artery dissection. Stroke 1993; 24:1910-1921.
85. Caplan LR, Brass LM, DeWitt LD, et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound:present status. Neurology 1990; 40:696-700.
86. Hennerici M, Rautenberg W, Schwartz A. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound for the assessment of intracranial arterial flow velocity: II. evaluation of intracranial arterial disease. Surg Neurol 1987; 27:523-532.
87. Caplan LR, Wolpert SM. Angiography in patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease: a stroke neurologist and a neuroradiologist's views. AJNR 1991; 12:593-601.