The postcapitalist vision in twentieth-century American social thought

American Capitalism: Social Thought and Political Economy in the Twentieth Century

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 21-46

  Brick, Howard ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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References (164)

1. On the post-Cold War "triumph" of capitalism, see Robert Heilbroner, "The Triumph of Capitalism", New Yorker, January 23, 1989, 98;
2. Radek Sikorski, "The Coming Crack-Up of Communism: Decline or Fall?" National Review 41(January 27, 1989), 28-30;
3. Jerry Z. Muller, Commentary, December 1997
4. quoted in Alexander Cockburn, "Who's Burying Whom?" Nation, February 20, 1989, 222.
5. th Century, vol. 2, The Wheels of Commerce, trans. Sian Reynolds (New York: Harper and Row, 1982), 232-38, 388, 624n48;
6. the French original, Civilisation matérielle, economie et capitalisme: XVe-XVIII siecle, vol. 2, Les jeux de l'échange, appeared in 1979.
7. For typical nineteenth-century dismissals of the term, see William Graham Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883; Caldwell, Ida.: Caxton, 1952), 56
8. and "Capital", Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., new form, vols. 5 and 6, 278.
9. The key texts, of course, were Sombart's der moderne Kapitalismus (1902) and Weber's "Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus", in the Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik (1904-5). On Sombart's somewhat scandalous break from the conservative reformers of German historical economics to take seriously Marx's work and the impact of the Socialist (Second) International, see Arthur Mitzman, Sociology and Estrangement: Three Sociologists of Imperial Germany (New York: Knopf, 1973), 151, 192n, 217.
10. For other landmarks in the increasingly academic uses of "capitalism", see Henri Pirenne, "Les periodes de l'histoire sociale du capitalisme", Bulletin de l'Academie Roy ale de Belgique, Classe des Lettres (Bruxelles: Academie Royale, 1914);
11. trans, in American Historical Review 19(1914):494-515
12. and Les periodes de l'histoire sociale du capitalisme (Brussels: Librairie du Peuple, 1922);
13. John A. Hobson, The Evolution of Modern Capitalism: A Study of Machine Production, rev. ed. (New York: Scribner's, 1910);
14. Henri Sée, Modern Capitalism: Its Origin and Evolution, trans. Homer B. Vanderblue and Georges F. Doriot (New York: Adelphi, 1928);
15. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1926).
16. James Warren Prothro, The Dollar Decade: Business Ideas in the 1920s (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1954), 219, 225-25, 232.
17. Prothro, The Dollar Decade, xiv-xv, 216;
18. Francis X. Sutton et al., The American Business Creed (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1956), 28, 32, 46.
19. For the continuation of references to "capitalism" on the hard right of the Republican Party, see Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 99, 224.
20. Anthony Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London: J. Cape, 1956);
21. Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1959);
22. Talcott Parsons, The System of Modern Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971);
23. Howard Brick, "Optimism of the Mind: Imagining Postindustrial Society in the 1960s and 1970s", American Quarterly 44 (September 1992):345-80.
24. Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century (New York: New Press, 1996), 244-45;
25. Geoffrey Foote, The Labour Party's Political Thought: A History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997), 201-28;
26. G. L. Arnold, "Britain: The New Reasoners", in Revisionism: Essays on the History of Marxist Ideas, ed. Leopold Labedz (New York: Praeger, 1962), 300.
27. Anthony Crosland, "The Transition from Capitalism", in New Fabian Essays, ed. R. H. Crossman (London: Turnstile Press, 1951), 42;
28. see also Crosland, The Future of Socialism.
29. See, for example, Stephen Marglin and Juliet Schor, eds., The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990);
30. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994).
31. Thomas Mann, "The Making of The Magic Mountain", Atlantic Monthly, January 1953
32. reprinted in Mann, The Magic Mountain, trans. H. T. Lowe-Porter (New York: Vintage, 1969), 719.
33. Talcott Parsons, "'Capitalism' in Recent German Literature: Sombart and Weber;" Journal of Political Economy 36(1928):641-44
34. and "'Capitalism' in Recent German Literature: Sombart and Weber-Concluded", Journal of Political Economy 37(1929):31-51.
35. See Talcott Parsons, "On Building Social System Theory: A Personal History", Daedalus 99 (Fall 1970):838, 852, 858.
36. For a focus on "economic individualism", see Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism. On the centrality of market expansion, Henri Pirenne, in his Medieval Cities: The Origins and the Revival of Trade (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1925) set the standard.
37. See the critique of Pirenne's "commercialization model" by Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Origin of Capitalism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1999), 11-25.
38. Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation (1944; Boston: Beacon Press, 1957) tends to identify capitalism with the policy push toward unregulated markets, while the more recent work of Fernand Braudel strictly identifies "capitalism" with the upper layer of trade, dominated by an elite of "big merchants", financiers, or the "moneyed bourgeoisie", whose keynote is flexibility and adaptation in moving financial resources freely between different branches of commerce or production. While this represents "the commanding heights of society", Braudel refused to identify capitalism with market economy in general or with society as a whole, insisting on "the essential pluralism" of societies: it was just as mistaken to define modern society as "capitalist" as it was to identify medieval society with "feudalism", which properly applied "only to the fief and things pertaining to it, and to nothing else." Nonetheless, he judged "the word capitalism' to be "an essential model, applicable to several centuries" in understanding the development of early-modern and modern economy and society (Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, vol. 2, Wheels of Commerce, 228-29, 374-76, 433, 464, 466, 504, 619;
39. see also vol. 1, The Structures of Everyday Life, 23-29, 415, 477, 514, 561). Braudel's concept of capitalism is neatly summarized by Giovanni Arrighi in The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (London: Verso, 1994), 8. Marx's model is the one that isolated the peculiar mechanism of accumulation (perpetual reinvestment of profits for the sake of self-expanding private wealth) associated with capital as such and most fully realized first in modern industrial production, based on the generalization of wage labor, beginning in Britain. On the geistige construction of capitalism, of course, see Weber, "Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus", and Sombart, der moderne Kapitalismus.
40. Note, for instance, the passing remark by Columbia University sociologist William J. Goode on "the capitalist use (for the modern scene, read 'industrial use') of machinery"-as if the limited case of capitalism no longer sufficed as a target of social criticism. William J. Goode, World Revolution and Family Patterns (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1963), 16.
41. See Marquis Childs, Sweden: The Middle Way (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1936);
42. E. F. M. Durbin, The Politics of Democratic Socialism (London: Labour Book Service, 1940);
43. and Lewis Corey, The Unfinished Task: Economic Reconstruction for Democracy (New York: Viking, 1942) on the notion of a "socialist mixed economy"
44. Raymond Aron, The Century of Total War (London: Verschoyle, 1954), 355
45. quoted in Crosland, The Future of Socialism, 63.
46. Kenneth Young, "Asia's Disequilibrium and American Strategies", in The United States and Communist China, ed. W. W. Lockwood (Princeton, N. J.: Haskins Press, 1965), 51-52.
47. See also David Engerman, "To Moscow and Back: American Social Sciences and the Concept of Convergence", in this volume.
48. George Lichtheim, The New Europe: Today- and Tomorrow (New York: Praeger, 1963), 193-94.
49. Sociologist Judith Stacey has remarked on a degree of "uncertainty, an insecurity, a doubt" that lay at the heart of the "postmodern" sensibility in assessing social structure and change, but the same may be said of any formulation in social diagnosis that begins with the open-ended prefix, "post-." Even the boldest advocate of an explicit " postcapitalist" interpretation, Anthony Crosland, seemed on occasion to undercut his own claims: as the British Laborite reviewed the tasks of socialist politics in the 1950s, he noted that "since [the 1930s], alas, the mischievous enemy [capitalism] has retreated, and gone into disguise as well." Was it part of "postcapitalist" theory to assert that capitalism had both surrendered to a successor regime-some kind of state-directed or social economy- and still held the stage in a "disguised" form? It was as if contemporary social structure, for the postcapitalist theorist, was a kind of shape-shifter, appearing at one moment as an updated form of modern capitalism and at another as a newfangled order where private property, markets, business cycles, bourgeois prestige, class inequality, and the like had lost their determinant force in social relations. See Judith Stacey, Brave New Families: Stories of Domestic Upheaval in Late Twentieth Century America (New York: Basic Books, 1990), 17;
50. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, 5.
51. Eduard Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism: A Criticism and Affirmation, trans. Edith C. Harvey (New York: Schocken, 1961);
52. Peter Gay, The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism: Eduard Bernstein's Challenge to Marx (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952), 145-47.
53. Jean Jaures, quoted in Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 18.
54. Personal correspondence, Daniel Bell to Howard Brick, June 11, 2001.
55. Kevin Mattson, Intellectuals in Action: The Origins of the New Left and Radical Liberalism, 1945-1970 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), 73.
56. C. Wright Mills, quoted in Mattson, Intellectuals in Action, 91, 80.
57. See also Daniel Geary, "C. Wright Mills and American Social Science in the 1940s", in this volume.
58. Paul Potter, quoted in Jim Miller, "Democracy Is in the Streets": From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), 232.
59. Paul Potter, quoted in Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS (New York: Random House, 1973), 187-88.
60. C. L. R. James, State Capitalism and World Revolution (Detroit: Facing Reality, 1969).
61. Parsons's 1940s thesis on the obsolescence of "the capitalism/socialism dichotomy", for instance, continued to guide him in his analysis of contemporary society in the 1960s. In what he then called "the system of modern society", the key trends of social development toward freedom, egalitarianism, belonging in a broad national community, and social rights to welfare cut across "the ideological dilemma of capitalism versus socialism", he wrote. See Parsons, The System of Modern Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971), 96-98. The proximity of this kind of social thought, and the consciousness of reformers in the 1960s, is indicated by Martin Luther King, Jr.'s remarks on his goals in 1967: "The good and just society is neither the thesis of capitalism nor the antithesis of communism, but a socially conscious democracy which reconciles the truth of individualism and collectivism"
62. Martin Luther King, Jr., A Testament of Hope, ed. James Melvin Washington (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1991), 630.
63. Andrew Jamison and Ron Eyerman, Seeds of the Sixties (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), for instance, holds to this dominant perspective even while striving to uncover the exceptional few who dissented from the postwar conservative mold and thus prefigured characteristic dispositions of the New Left.
64. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Vintage, 1992), 302.
65. The British radical J. A. Hobson began his book, Incentives in the New Industrial Order (London: Leonard Parsons, 1922), published in what his publisher called "The New Era Series", with the declaration that "a New Industrial Order is struggling into life, displacing piece by piece the old system of private capitalism." In 1928, the young Talcott Parsons persisted in using this rhetoric as he discussed reforms "more nearly approaching an ideal society": "In the transition from capitalism to a different social system surely many elements of the present would be built into the new order"
66. Parsons, "'Capitalism' in Recent German Literature: Sombart and Weber", Journal of Political Economy 36 (December 1928):652-53, 658-59.
67. Marx, Capital 3, chaps. 23 and 27
68. quoted in T. B. Bottomore, Theories of Modern Capitalism (London: Allen and Unwin, 1985), 17-18;
69. Grundrisse, Martin Nicolaus translation (New York: Vintage, 1973), 705.
70. Friedrich Engels formulated the key contradiction of capitalist development as that between increasingly socialized production and private accumulation, in his pamphlet, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880), in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 716.
71. Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Capital: A Study in the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development, trans. Morris Watnick and Sam Gordon, ed. Tom Bottomore (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981);
72. on Hilferding's notion of "organized capitalism", see William Smaldone, Rudolf Hilferding: The Tragedy of a German Social Democrat (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998), 69-72, 96, 101, 104-6, 117
73. and Tom Bottomore and Patrick Goode, eds., Austro-Marxism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
74. See chap. 18, "Origin, Rise and Withering Away of Political Economy", in Ernest Mandel, Marxist Economic Theory, vol. 2, trans. Brian Pearce (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968), 690-733;
75. Martin J. Sklar, "On the Proletarian Revolution and the End of Political-Economic Society", Radical America 3 (May-June 1969):1-41.
76. John Dewey, quoted in Robert B. Westbrook, John Dewey and American Democracy (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991), 227.
77. Dorothy Ross, The Origins of American Social Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 303-6, 319-20.
78. Reinhold Niebuhr, "The Church and the Industrial Crisis", Biblical World, November 1920, 590.
79. Arthur R. Burns, American Diary (Arthur R. Burns papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Columbia University Archives), July 25, August 4, 1928.
80. Walter Lippmann, Drift and Mastery: An Attempt to Diagnose the Current Unrest (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914), 36, 51, 57-58.
81. Lippmann, 292-93.
82. Rexford Guy Tugwell, ed., The Trend of Economics (New York: Knopf, 1924), 18-19, 26, 21, 148, 150, 464.
83. Tugwell, review of Communism, by Harold Laski, New Republic, February 22, 1928.
84. Adolf A. Berle and Gardiner C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property, rev. ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1968), 305, 116, 306, 46. Interestingly, the same phrase was used right after World War I by the famed German business reformer Walter Rathenau, who noted that "large enterprises [had] developed into 'social institutions' [Anstalten]", which spelled "the 'disappearance of the private' in the sphere of social labor"
85. See Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989), 153.
86. Berle and Means, Modern Corporation, 297, 116, 309, 312.
87. Berle and Means, Modern Corporation
88. quoted in James Burnham, "Comment", The Symposium 4(1933):273.
89. Berle and Means, quoted in Burnham, 271-72.
90. Tugwell, ed., The Trend of Economics, 360, 367 (emphasis added).
91. Bronislaw Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea (New York: E. R Dutton, 1961).
92. Marcel Mauss, The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, trans. W D. Halls, foreword by Mary Douglas (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990).
93. Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (1958; New York: Columbia University Press, 1983).
94. See letters, Margaret Mead to John Dollard, February 15, 1934, February 25, 1935;
95. John Dollard to Margaret Mead, February 20, 1935, May 2, 1935, box C2, Margaret Mead papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
96. Karen Horney, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time (New York: W. W. Norton, 1937), 188, 192, 278-79, 284-85;
97. John Dollard, Caste and Class in a Southern Town, 3rd ed. (1937; New York: Doubleday, 1949, 1957), 58, 72-79, 438, 440-43;
98. Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1941).
99. On Fromm's early Freudian-Marxist development, see Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).
100. Ralph Linton, The Study of Man: An Introduction (New York: Appleton-Century, 1936).
101. Fred Matthews, Quest for an American Sociology: Robert E. Park and the Chicago School (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1977), 131, referred to The Study of Man as "one of those synoptic volumes which mark a plateau, a staging-area, in the movement of thought within a discipline", one that "would set new limits of knowledge for many in the generation of the 1940s and 1950s"
102. On the rise of anthropological functionalism, see George Stocking, "Ideas and Institutions in American Anthropology: Thoughts Toward a History of the Inter war Years", in Selected Papers from the American Anthropologist, 1921-1945, ed. George W. Stocking, Jr. (Washington, D. C: American Anthropological Association, 1976), 1-53.
103. On Linton, see Clyde Kluckhohn, "Ralph Linton", Biographical Memoirs (New York: National Academy of Sciences, Columbia University Press, 1958);
104. Adelin Linton and Charles Wagley, Ralph Linton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), 1-78.
105. Isaac Kramnick and Barry Sheerman, Harold Laski: A Life on the Left (New York: Penguin, 1993), pp. 88-150.
106. Talcott Parsons, The Structure of Social Action (1937; New York: Free Press, 1968), 3-4.
107. See also Howard Brick, "The Reformist Dimension of Talcott Parsons's Early Social Theory", in The Culture of the Market: Historical Essays, ed. Thomas L. Haskell and Richard F. Teichgraeber III (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
108. See Howard Brick, "Talcott Parsons's 'Shift Away from Economics', 1937-1946", Journal of American History 87 (September 2000):490-514.
109. The teaching of social science in the core program of the University of Chicago assumed this form. See David E. Orlinsky, "Chicago General Education in Social Sciences, 1931-92: The Case of Soc 2", in General Education in the Social Sciences: Centennial Reflections on the College of the University of Chicago, ed. John J. MacAloon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 120.
110. Cf. Robert Berkhofer, A Behavioral Approach to Historical Analysis (New York: Free Press, 1969);
111. also see William Buxton, Talcott Parsons and the Capitalist Nation-State: Political Sociology as a Strategic Vocation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985), 144, 167-81. This sense of a "behavioral" turn is not to be confused with the behaviorism of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, against which Parsons had always polemicized.
112. For a brief discussion of this point, see Perry Anderson, Considerations on Western Marxism (London: NLB, 1979), 75, 79-80, 92-93.
113. Talcott Parsons and Neil Smelser, Economy and Society: A Study in the Integration of Economic and Social Theory (New York: Free Press, 1956), 22-24, 29, 57, 75, 92-93, 139, 143, 281-85.
114. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (1944; Boston: Beacon, 1957), 252-54;
115. quoted in Istvan Meszaros, Beyond Capital: Toward a Theory of Transition (London: Merlin, 1995), 777.
116. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., quoted in Nelson Lichtenstein, State of the Union: A Century of American Labor (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2002), 151-52.
117. G. Bromley Oxnam, The Church and Contemporary Change, part 1
118. quoted in Robert Wuthnow, The Restructuring of American Religion (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1988), 38.
119. Daniel Bell echoed Lippmann as well as Berle and Means as he wrote that "private productive property, especially in the United States, is largely a fiction", and that "two 'silent' revolutions... seem to be in process" accompanying the rise of managerial authority: "One is a change in the mode of access to power insofar as inheritance alone is no longer all-determining; the other is a change in the nature of power-holding itself insofar as technical skill rather than property, and political position rather than wealth, have become the basis on which power is wielded." The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties, rev. ed. (New York: Free Press, 1960), 44-45.
120. Andrew Shonfield, quoted in William Leuchtenberg, The FDR Years: On Roosevelt and His Legacy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 305.
121. David Riesman, "A Personal Memoir: My Political Journey", in Conflict and Consensus: A Festschrift in Honor of Lewis A. Coser, ed. Walter W. Powell and Richard Robbins (New York: Free Press, 1984), 327-64;
122. David Riesman, "My Education in Soc 2 and My Efforts to Adapt It in the Harvard Setting", in MacAloon, General Education in the Social Sciences, 178-216;
123. Riesman to Mead, July 12, 1948, Mead Papers, box C19, Correspondence 1948 R.
124. David Riesman with Nathan Glazer, Faces in the Crowd: Individual Studies in Character and Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1952), 37-38.
125. See Eugene Lunn, "Beyond 'Mass Culture': The Lonely Crowd, the Uses of Literacy, and the Postwar Era", Theory and Society 19(1990):63-86.
126. For a reading of Riesman as exponent of an individualist revival, aimed against an overorganized society, see Wilfred McClay; The Masterless: Self and Society in Modern America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 226-57.
127. Robert A. Dahl, "Socialist Programs and Democratic Politics: An Analysis" (Ph. D. dissertation, Yale University, 1940).
128. Robert A. Dahl and Charles E. Lindblom, Politics, Economics, and Welfare: Planning and Politico-Economic Systems Resolved into Basic Social Processes (New York: Harper, 1953), 4-5, 7, 16, 46.
129. Howard Brick, "Optimism of the Mind: Imagining Postindustrial Society in the 1960s and 1970s", American Quarterly 44 (September 1992):348-80.
130. Daniel Bell, "The Post-Industrial Society", in Technology and Social Change, ed. Eli Ginzberg (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964), 44-59.
131. Berle, "Property, Production, and Revolution, a Preface to the Revised Edition", in Berle and Means, Modern Corporation, xxvi (emphasis added). Tellingly, Berle relied on the old socialist slogan (in italics) to define the direction of contemporary social change.
132. Amitai Etzioni, The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes (New York: Free Press, 1968), 198, 211, 516, 528.
133. See Etzioni, The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics (New York: Free Press, 1988)
134. and Etzioni, ed., The Essential Communitarian Reader (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998.
135. See also the critique of Etzioni's communitarianism in Samuel Farber, SocialDecay and Transformation: A View from the Left (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2000), esp. 11-14.
136. Richard Lannoy, The Speaking Tree: A Study of Indian Culture and Society (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), 426-27.
137. Howard Brick, Daniel Bell and the Decline of Intellectual Radicalism: Social Theory and Political Reconciliation in the 1940s (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 199-210.
138. See Robert Collins, "The Economic Crisis of 1968 and the Waning of the 'American Century, '" American Historical Review 101 (April 1996):396-422.
139. Daniel Bell and Irving Kristol, eds., The Crisis of Economic Theory (New York: Basic Books, 1981).
140. See also Michael A. Bernstein, A Perilous Progress: Economists and Public Purpose in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 148-84.
141. On the general revival of Marxism in the 1970s, see Bertell Oilman and Edward Vernoff, eds., The Left Academy: Marxist Scholarship on American Campuses (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982).
142. Parsons, The System of Modern Societies, 11-14.
143. See The American Societal Community, Parsons Papers, Harvard University Archives.
144. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, vol. 3, The Perspective of the World, trans. Siân Reynolds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984)
145. (French, Le temps du monde, 1979), 619.
146. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, vol. 2, The Wheels of Commerce, 231.
147. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, rev. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982);
148. Michael Novak, The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982);
149. Irving Kristol, Two Cheers for Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1978);
150. Ernest Mandel, Late Capitalism, trans. Joris De Bres (London: NLB, 1975);
151. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Capitalist World-Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979);
152. Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (London: Verso, 1994);
153. Robert Brenner, "Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe", Past and Present 70 (February 1976)
154. reprinted in, The Brenner Debate, ed. T. H. Aston and C. H. E. Philpin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985);
155. Robert Brenner, "The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism", New Left Review 104 (July-August 1977):25-92;
156. J. Rogers Hollingsworth and Robert Boyer, eds., Contemporary Capitalism: The Embeddedness of Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997);
157. Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1990).
158. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, vol. 3, The Perspective of the World, 619-32.
159. Charles S. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1975, 1988), 43, 3, 82, 9, 594.
160. Arno Mayer, "Europe After the Great Thaw", Nation, April 9, 1990, 492.
161. Martin J. Sklar, "The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism: A Note on the Capitalism-Socialism Mix in U. S. and World Development", in The United States as a Developing Country (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992);
162. James Livingston, Pragmatism and the Political Economy of Cultural Revolution, 1850-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994);
163. Fred L. Block, Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990)
164. and "Rethinking 'Capitalism, '" in Economic Sociology, ed. Nicole Woolsey Biggart (Cambridge: Blackwell, 2002).