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▶ Andrews KL, Husmann DA. Bladder dysfunction and management in multiple sclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72(12):1176-1183. A review of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for bladder symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (MS).
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▶ Andrews KL, Husmann DA. Bladder dysfunction and management in multiple sclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72(12):1176-1183. A review of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for bladder symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (MS).
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▶ Bass B, Weinshenker B, Rice GP, et al. Tizanidine versus baclofen in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 1988;15(1):15-19. A randomized, blinded, crossover study of baclofen and tizanidine in 66 patients with MS demonstrating similar effects on spasticity but more weakness caused by baclofen.
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▶ Bass B, Weinshenker B, Rice GP, et al. Tizanidine versus baclofen in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 1988;15(1):15-19. A randomized, blinded, crossover study of baclofen and tizanidine in 66 patients with MS demonstrating similar effects on spasticity but more weakness caused by baclofen.
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▶ Benedict RH, Cox D, Thompson LL, et al. Reliable screening for neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2004;10(6):675-678. A consensus report recommending a standardized battery of neuropsychological tests for assessing cognition in patients with MS.
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▶ Benedict RH, Cox D, Thompson LL, et al. Reliable screening for neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2004;10(6):675-678. A consensus report recommending a standardized battery of neuropsychological tests for assessing cognition in patients with MS.
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▶ Bittar RG, Hyam J, Nandi D, et al. Thalamotomy versus thalamic stimulation for multiple sclerosis tremor. J Clin Neurosci 2005;12(6):638-642. An observational study of thalamotomy versus thalamic stimulation in 20 patients with intractable tremor from MS. Thalamotomy produced greater reduction in tremor but was associated with significant new neurologic deficits.
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▶ Bittar RG, Hyam J, Nandi D, et al. Thalamotomy versus thalamic stimulation for multiple sclerosis tremor. J Clin Neurosci 2005;12(6):638-642. An observational study of thalamotomy versus thalamic stimulation in 20 patients with intractable tremor from MS. Thalamotomy produced greater reduction in tremor but was associated with significant new neurologic deficits.
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▶ Carone DA, Benedict RH, Munschauer FE, et al. Interpreting patient/informant discrepancies of reported cognitive symptoms in MS. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2005;11(5):574-583. A cross-sectional study of 122 patients with MS demonstrating substantial discrepancies between patient and informant reports of cognitive impairment.
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▶ Carone DA, Benedict RH, Munschauer FE, et al. Interpreting patient/informant discrepancies of reported cognitive symptoms in MS. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2005;11(5):574-583. A cross-sectional study of 122 patients with MS demonstrating substantial discrepancies between patient and informant reports of cognitive impairment.
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▶ Chou R, Peterson K, Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of skeletal muscle relaxants for spasticity and musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004;28:140-175. A systematic review of the evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of skeletal muscle relaxants for spasticity and musculoskeletal conditions.
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▶ Chou R, Peterson K, Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of skeletal muscle relaxants for spasticity and musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004;28:140-175. A systematic review of the evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of skeletal muscle relaxants for spasticity and musculoskeletal conditions.
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▶ Correale J, Fiol M, Gilmore W. The risk of relapses in multiple sclerosis during systemic infections. Neurology 2006;67(4):652-659. A prospective observational study of 60 patients with relapsing MS showing a significant association between systemic infections and risk of MS relapse, increased MRI activity, and T-cell activation.
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▶ Correale J, Fiol M, Gilmore W. The risk of relapses in multiple sclerosis during systemic infections. Neurology 2006;67(4):652-659. A prospective observational study of 60 patients with relapsing MS showing a significant association between systemic infections and risk of MS relapse, increased MRI activity, and T-cell activation.
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▶ Cutter NC, Scott DD, Johnson JC, Whiteneck G. Gabapentin effect on spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81(2):164-169. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study of gabapentin in 22 patients with MS demonstrating improvements in spasticity without negative effects on cognition.
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▶ Cutter NC, Scott DD, Johnson JC, Whiteneck G. Gabapentin effect on spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81(2):164-169. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study of gabapentin in 22 patients with MS demonstrating improvements in spasticity without negative effects on cognition.
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▶ DasGupta R, Fowler CJ. Bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: management strategies. Drugs 2003;63(2):153-166. An overview of potential treatments for bladder, bowel, and sexual symptoms in patients with MS.
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▶ DasGupta R, Fowler CJ. Bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: management strategies. Drugs 2003;63(2):153-166. An overview of potential treatments for bladder, bowel, and sexual symptoms in patients with MS.
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▶ Di Fabio RP, Soderberg J, Choi T, et al. Extended outpatient rehabilitation: its influence on symptom frequency, fatigue, and functional status for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79(2):141-146. A randomized wait-list controlled study of multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation in 46 patients with MS demonstrating reductions in fatigue and other symptoms but no change in functional abilities.
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▶ Di Fabio RP, Soderberg J, Choi T, et al. Extended outpatient rehabilitation: its influence on symptom frequency, fatigue, and functional status for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79(2):141-146. A randomized wait-list controlled study of multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation in 46 patients with MS demonstrating reductions in fatigue and other symptoms but no change in functional abilities.
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▶ Espir ML, Millac P. Treatment of paroxysmal disorders in multiple sclerosis with carbamazepine (Tegretol). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970;33(4):528-531. A case series describing benefits of carbamazepine for various paroxysmal sensory and motor symptoms in patients with MS.
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▶ Espir ML, Millac P. Treatment of paroxysmal disorders in multiple sclerosis with carbamazepine (Tegretol). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970;33(4):528-531. A case series describing benefits of carbamazepine for various paroxysmal sensory and motor symptoms in patients with MS.
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▶ Fischer JS, Priore RL, Jacobs LD, et al, and Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Neuropsychological effects of interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2000;48(6):885-892. A randomized placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in 166 patients with relapsing MS demonstrating improvements in information processing and learning/memory in the active treatment group.
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▶ Fischer JS, Priore RL, Jacobs LD, et al, and Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Neuropsychological effects of interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2000;48(6):885-892. A randomized placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in 166 patients with relapsing MS demonstrating improvements in information processing and learning/memory in the active treatment group.
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▶ Fox P, Bain Glickman S, et al. The effect of cannabis on tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004;62(7):1105-1109. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study of an oral cannabis extract on tremor in 14 patients with MS. None of the objective measures improved with active treatment.
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▶ Fox P, Bain PG, Glickman S, et al. The effect of cannabis on tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004;62(7):1105-1109. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study of an oral cannabis extract on tremor in 14 patients with MS. None of the objective measures improved with active treatment.
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▶ Freeman JA, Langdon DW, Hobart JC, Thompson AJ. The impact of inpatient rehabilitation on progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1997;42(2):236-244. A randomized wait-list controlled study of multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation in 66 patients with progressive MS. Impairment did not change, but disability and handicap were alleviated.
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▶ Freeman JA, Langdon DW, Hobart JC, Thompson AJ. The impact of inpatient rehabilitation on progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1997;42(2):236-244. A randomized wait-list controlled study of multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation in 66 patients with progressive MS. Impairment did not change, but disability and handicap were alleviated.
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▶ Gallien P, Reymann JM, Amarenco G, et al. Placebo controlled, randomised, double blind study of the effects of botulinum A toxin on detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76(12):1670-1676. A randomized placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin for bladder symptoms in 86 patients with MS demonstrating improved larger voids in actively treated patients but no difference in postvoid residual bladder
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▶ Gallien P, Reymann JM, Amarenco G, et al. Placebo controlled, randomised, double blind study of the effects of botulinum A toxin on detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76(12):1670-1676. A randomized placebo-controlled study of botulinum toxin for bladder symptoms in 86 patients with MS demonstrating improved larger voids in actively treated patients but no difference in postvoid residual bladder volumes.
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16
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▶ Gbadamosi J, Buhmann C, Moench A, Heesen C. Failure of ondansetron in treating cerebellar tremor in MS patients: an open-label pilot study. Acta Neurol Scand 2001;104(5):308-311. An observational study of ondansetron for tremor in 14 patients with MS. Results failed to confirm benefits noted in a prior placebo-controlled crossover study.
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▶ Gbadamosi J, Buhmann C, Moench A, Heesen C. Failure of ondansetron in treating cerebellar tremor in MS patients: an open-label pilot study. Acta Neurol Scand 2001;104(5):308-311. An observational study of ondansetron for tremor in 14 patients with MS. Results failed to confirm benefits noted in a prior placebo-controlled crossover study.
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▶ Gillen G. Improving mobility and community access in an adult with ataxia. Am J Occup Ther 2002;56(4):462-466. A single case report illustrating potential improved functional abilities in a patient with tremor from MS.
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▶ Gillen G. Improving mobility and community access in an adult with ataxia. Am J Occup Ther 2002;56(4):462-466. A single case report illustrating potential improved functional abilities in a patient with tremor from MS.
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▶ Hallett M, Lindsey JW, Adelstein BD, Riley PO. Controlled trial of isoniazid therapy for severe postural cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1985;35(9):1374-1377. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study of isoniazid for tremor in six patients with MS. Modest benefits were noted using several different assessment methods.
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▶ Hallett M, Lindsey JW, Adelstein BD, Riley PO. Controlled trial of isoniazid therapy for severe postural cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1985;35(9):1374-1377. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study of isoniazid for tremor in six patients with MS. Modest benefits were noted using several different assessment methods.
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▶ Henkin Y, Herishanu YO. Primidone as a treatment for cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis: two case reports. Isr J Med Sci 1989;25(12):720-721. A small case series demonstrating benefits from primidone for MS-related tremor in an open-label setting.
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▶ Henkin Y, Herishanu YO. Primidone as a treatment for cerebellar tremor in multiple sclerosis: two case reports. Isr J Med Sci 1989;25(12):720-721. A small case series demonstrating benefits from primidone for MS-related tremor in an open-label setting.
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▶ Kesselring J, Beer S. Symptomatic therapy and neurorehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2005;4(10):643-652. A review of comprehensive rehabilitation methods and evidence for an impact on quality of life.
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▶ Kesselring J, Beer S. Symptomatic therapy and neurorehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2005;4(10):643-652. A review of comprehensive rehabilitation methods and evidence for an impact on quality of life.
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▶ Koller WC. Pharmacologic trials in the treatment of cerebellar tremor. Arch Neurol 1984;41(3):280-281. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study of propranolol and isoniazid in patients with tremor from MS demonstrating no benefit of either treatment.
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▶ Koller WC. Pharmacologic trials in the treatment of cerebellar tremor. Arch Neurol 1984;41(3):280-281. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study of propranolol and isoniazid in patients with tremor from MS demonstrating no benefit of either treatment.
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▶ Krupp LB, Christodoulou C, Melville P, et al. Donepezil improved memory in multiple sclerosis in a randomized clinical trial. Neurology 2004;63(9):1579-1585. A randomized placebo-controlled study of donepezil for cognitive impairment in 69 patients with MS demonstrating improvements in verbal learning and memory over 24 weeks.
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▶ Krupp LB, Christodoulou C, Melville P, et al. Donepezil improved memory in multiple sclerosis in a randomized clinical trial. Neurology 2004;63(9):1579-1585. A randomized placebo-controlled study of donepezil for cognitive impairment in 69 patients with MS demonstrating improvements in verbal learning and memory over 24 weeks.
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23
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▶ Lopez del Val LJ, Santos S. [Gabapentin in the treatment of tremor.] Rev Neurol 2003;36(4):322-326. An observational study of add-on gabapentin in 63 patients with tremor of various types. Results were mixed depending on the underlying diagnosis.
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▶ Lopez del Val LJ, Santos S. [Gabapentin in the treatment of tremor.] Rev Neurol 2003;36(4):322-326. An observational study of add-on gabapentin in 63 patients with tremor of various types. Results were mixed depending on the underlying diagnosis.
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24
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▶ Mathiowetz VG, Finlayson ML, Matuska KM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an energy conservation course for persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005;11(5):592-601. A randomized wait-list controlled study of an energy conservation course in 169 patients with MS-related fatigue demonstrating benefits on fatigue and quality of life scales.
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▶ Mathiowetz VG, Finlayson ML, Matuska KM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an energy conservation course for persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005;11(5):592-601. A randomized wait-list controlled study of an energy conservation course in 169 patients with MS-related fatigue demonstrating benefits on fatigue and quality of life scales.
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▶ Mohr DC, Boudewyn AC, Goodkin DE, et al. Comparative outcomes for individual cognitive-behavior therapy, supportive-expressive group psychotherapy, and sertraline for the treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69(6):942-949. A randomized study comparing sertraline, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and group therapy for depression in 63 patients with MS. Sertraline and cognitive-behavioral therapy were more effective than group therapy.
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▶ Mohr DC, Boudewyn AC, Goodkin DE, et al. Comparative outcomes for individual cognitive-behavior therapy, supportive-expressive group psychotherapy, and sertraline for the treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69(6):942-949. A randomized study comparing sertraline, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and group therapy for depression in 63 patients with MS. Sertraline and cognitive-behavioral therapy were more effective than group therapy.
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26
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▶ Oken BS, Flegal K, Zajdel D, et al. Cognition and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: potential effects of medications with central nervous system activity. J Rehabil Res Dev 2006;43(1):83-90. A retrospective study in 70 patients with MS demonstrating associations between fatigue, cognitive impairment, and use of psychoactive medications.
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▶ Oken BS, Flegal K, Zajdel D, et al. Cognition and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: potential effects of medications with central nervous system activity. J Rehabil Res Dev 2006;43(1):83-90. A retrospective study in 70 patients with MS demonstrating associations between fatigue, cognitive impairment, and use of psychoactive medications.
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▶ Ozgocmen S, Bulut S, Ilhan N, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mineral density in multiple sclerosis: effect of ambulatory status and functional capacity. J Bone Miner Metab 2005;23(4):309-313.
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▶ Ozgocmen S, Bulut S, Ilhan N, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mineral density in multiple sclerosis: effect of ambulatory status and functional capacity. J Bone Miner Metab 2005;23(4):309-313.
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▶ Panitch HS, Thisted RA, Smith RA, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of dextromethorphan/quinidine for pseudobulbar affect in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2006;59(5):780-787. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of dextromethorphan/quinidine in 150 patients with pseudobulbar affect associated with MS demonstrating reductions in pathologic laughing and crying with active treatment.
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▶ Panitch HS, Thisted RA, Smith RA, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of dextromethorphan/quinidine for pseudobulbar affect in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2006;59(5):780-787. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of dextromethorphan/quinidine in 150 patients with pseudobulbar affect associated with MS demonstrating reductions in pathologic laughing and crying with active treatment.
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▶ Patten SB, Francis G, Metz LM, et al. The relationship between depression and interferon beta-1a therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005;11(2):175-181. A meta-analysis of six previous studies demonstrating an association between interferon beta and depression during the first 6 months of treatment. Depression assessment may have been confounded by typical flulike side effects of interferon.
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▶ Patten SB, Francis G, Metz LM, et al. The relationship between depression and interferon beta-1a therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005;11(2):175-181. A meta-analysis of six previous studies demonstrating an association between interferon beta and depression during the first 6 months of treatment. Depression assessment may have been confounded by typical flulike side effects of interferon.
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▶ Petajan JH, Gappmaier E, White AT, et al. Impact of aerobic training on fitness and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996;39(4):432-441. A randomized controlled study of exercise in 54 patients with MS demonstrating benefits on aerobic fitness and quality of life without changing impairment.
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▶ Petajan JH, Gappmaier E, White AT, et al. Impact of aerobic training on fitness and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996;39(4):432-441. A randomized controlled study of exercise in 54 patients with MS demonstrating benefits on aerobic fitness and quality of life without changing impairment.
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▶ Prosiegel M, Schelling A, Wagner-Sonntag E. Dysphagia and multiple sclerosis. Int MS J 2004;11(1):22-31. A review describing the evaluation and treatment of dysphagia in patients with MS.
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▶ Prosiegel M, Schelling A, Wagner-Sonntag E. Dysphagia and multiple sclerosis. Int MS J 2004;11(1):22-31. A review describing the evaluation and treatment of dysphagia in patients with MS.
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▶ Redelings MD, Lee NE, Sorvillo F. Pressure ulcers: more lethal than we thought? Adv Skin Wound Care 2005;18(7):367-372. A case-control study showing that decubitus ulcers are associated with fatal septic infections and are reported as a cause of thousands of deaths each year in the United States.
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▶ Redelings MD, Lee NE, Sorvillo F. Pressure ulcers: more lethal than we thought? Adv Skin Wound Care 2005;18(7):367-372. A case-control study showing that decubitus ulcers are associated with fatal septic infections and are reported as a cause of thousands of deaths each year in the United States.
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▶ Régis J, Metellus P, Hayashi M, et al. Prospective controlled trial of gamma knife surgery for essential trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 2006;104(6):913-924. An observational study of 100 patients with trigeminal neuralgia treated with radiosurgery demonstrating pain response in 83% and lasting sensory disturbance in 10%.
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▶ Régis J, Metellus P, Hayashi M, et al. Prospective controlled trial of gamma knife surgery for essential trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 2006;104(6):913-924. An observational study of 100 patients with trigeminal neuralgia treated with radiosurgery demonstrating pain response in 83% and lasting sensory disturbance in 10%.
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▶ Romero DV, Treston J, O'Sullivan AL. Raising awareness of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. Adv Skin Wound Care 2006;19(7):398-405. A review describing treatment options for pressure ulcers.
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▶ Romero DV, Treston J, O'Sullivan AL. Raising awareness of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. Adv Skin Wound Care 2006;19(7):398-405. A review describing treatment options for pressure ulcers.
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▶ Ross EL. The evolving role of antiepileptic drugs in treating neuropathic pain. Neurology 2000;55(5 suppl1):41-46. A review of studies demonstrating benefits of first-generation and newer anticonvulsants for neuropathic pain related to central and peripheral neurologic disorders.
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▶ Ross EL. The evolving role of antiepileptic drugs in treating neuropathic pain. Neurology 2000;55(5 suppl1):41-46. A review of studies demonstrating benefits of first-generation and newer anticonvulsants for neuropathic pain related to central and peripheral neurologic disorders.
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▶ Sanson F, Schergna E, Semenzato D, et al. [Therapeutic effects of trazodone in the treatment of tremor. Multicentric double-blind study.] Riv Neurol 1986;56(6):358-364. A randomized placebo-controlled study of trazodone in 47 patients with tremor from various causes. Results were mixed.
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▶ Sanson F, Schergna E, Semenzato D, et al. [Therapeutic effects of trazodone in the treatment of tremor. Multicentric double-blind study.] Riv Neurol 1986;56(6):358-364. A randomized placebo-controlled study of trazodone in 47 patients with tremor from various causes. Results were mixed.
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▶ Schiffer RB, Herndon RM, Rudick RA. Treatment of pathologic laughing and weeping with amitriptyline. N Engl J Med 1985;312(23):1480-1482. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study of amitriptyline for pseudobulbar affect in 12 patients with MS demonstrating benefits distinct from antidepressant effects.
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▶ Schiffer RB, Herndon RM, Rudick RA. Treatment of pathologic laughing and weeping with amitriptyline. N Engl J Med 1985;312(23):1480-1482. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study of amitriptyline for pseudobulbar affect in 12 patients with MS demonstrating benefits distinct from antidepressant effects.
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▶ Schwid SR, Covington M, Segal BM, Goodman AD. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: current understanding and future directions. J Rehabil Res Dev 2002;39(2):211-224. A review of the measurement, mechanisms, and treatment of fatigue in patients with MS.
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▶ Schwid SR, Covington M, Segal BM, Goodman AD. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: current understanding and future directions. J Rehabil Res Dev 2002;39(2):211-224. A review of the measurement, mechanisms, and treatment of fatigue in patients with MS.
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39
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▶ Schwid SR, Goodman AG, Puzas JE, et al. Sporadic corticosteroid pulses and osteoporosis in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1996;53(8):753-757. A prospective study of 30 patients with relapsing MS showing that bone density was decreased prior to a corticosteroid pulse and that a single corticosteroid pulse did not reduce bone density in fully ambulatory patients.
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▶ Schwid SR, Goodman AG, Puzas JE, et al. Sporadic corticosteroid pulses and osteoporosis in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1996;53(8):753-757. A prospective study of 30 patients with relapsing MS showing that bone density was decreased prior to a corticosteroid pulse and that a single corticosteroid pulse did not reduce bone density in fully ambulatory patients.
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40
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▶ Schwid SR, Petrie MD, McDermott MP, et al. Quantitative assessment of sustained-release 4-aminopyridine for symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1997;48(4):817-821. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study in 10 patients with MS demonstrating that 4-aminopyridine improved quantitative measures of motor function.
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▶ Schwid SR, Petrie MD, McDermott MP, et al. Quantitative assessment of sustained-release 4-aminopyridine for symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1997;48(4):817-821. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study in 10 patients with MS demonstrating that 4-aminopyridine improved quantitative measures of motor function.
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▶ Schwid SR, Petrie MD, Murray R, et al. A randomized controlled study of the acute and chronic effects of cooling therapy for MS. Neurology 2003;60(12):1955-1960. A randomized, multi-phase crossover study of cooling therapy in 84 patients with stable deficits from MS. Modest benefits were noted on quantitative measures of function and fatigue scales.
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▶ Schwid SR, Petrie MD, Murray R, et al. A randomized controlled study of the acute and chronic effects of cooling therapy for MS. Neurology 2003;60(12):1955-1960. A randomized, multi-phase crossover study of cooling therapy in 84 patients with stable deficits from MS. Modest benefits were noted on quantitative measures of function and fatigue scales.
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▶ Sheean G. Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity: a benefit-risk assessment. Drug Saf 2006;29(1):31-48. A review of the evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin for spasticity.
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▶ Sheean G. Botulinum toxin treatment of adult spasticity: a benefit-risk assessment. Drug Saf 2006;29(1):31-48. A review of the evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin for spasticity.
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▶ Stankoff B, Waubant E, Confavreux C, et al. Modafinil for fatigue in MS: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Neurology 2005;64(7):1139-1143. A randomized placebo-controlled study of modafinil in 115 patients with MS-related fatigue demonstrating no benefit of active treatment and failing to confirm a prior less-rigorous study.
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▶ Stankoff B, Waubant E, Confavreux C, et al. Modafinil for fatigue in MS: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Neurology 2005;64(7):1139-1143. A randomized placebo-controlled study of modafinil in 115 patients with MS-related fatigue demonstrating no benefit of active treatment and failing to confirm a prior less-rigorous study.
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