Handwritten address recognition using hidden markov models

Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)

Volumn 2956, Issue , 2004, Pages 103-122

  Brakensiek, Anja ^a   Rigoll, Gerhard ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHARACTER RECOGNITION; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD;

ADAPTATION TECHNIQUES; ADDRESS RECOGNITION; HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS (HMMS); MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD LINEAR REGRESSION; OUT OF VOCABULARY WORDS; REGIONAL DIFFERENCES; UNSUPERVISED ADAPTATION; VOCABULARY RECOGNITION;

HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS;

EID: 35048886519     PISSN: 03029743     EISSN: 16113349     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-24642-8_7     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. I. Bazzi, R. Schwartz, and J. Makhoul. An Omnifont Open-Vocabulary OCR System for English and Arabic. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 21(6):495-504, June 1999.
2. Anja Brakensiek, Andreas Kosmala, and Gerhard Rigoll. Comparing Adaptation Techniques for On-Line Handwriting Recognition. In 6th Int. Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), pages 486-490, Seattle, USA, September 2001.
3. Anja Brakensiek and Gerhard Rigoll. A Comparison of Character N-Grams and Dictionaries Used for Script Recognition. In 6th Int. Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), pages 241-245, Seattle, USA, September 2001.
4. Anja Brakensiek, Jörg Rottland, and Gerhard Rigoll. Handwritten Address Recognition with Open Vocabulary Using Charcter N-Grams. In 8th Int. Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), pages 357-362, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada, August 2002.
5. Anja Brakensiek, Jörg Rottland, and Gerhard Rigoll. Confidence Measures for an Address Reading System. In 7th Int. Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), Edinburgh. August 2003.
6. Anja Brakensiek, Jörg Rottland, Frank Wallhoff, and Gerhard Rigoll. Adaptation of an Address Reading System to Local Mail Streams. In 6th Int. Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), pages 872-876, Seattle, USA, September 2001.
7. Anja Brakensiek, Daniel Willett, and Gerhard Rigoll. Unlimited Vocabulary Script Recognition Using Character N-Grams. In 22. DAGM-Symposium, Tagungsband Springer-Verlag, pages 436-443, Kiel, Germany, September 2000.
8. T. Caesar, J.M. Gloger, and E. Mandler. Preprocessing and Feature Extraction for a Handwriting Recognition System. In Proc. Int. Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), pages 408-411, Tsukuba, Japan, October 1993.
9. P. Clarkson and R. Rosenfeld. Statistical Language Modeling Using the CMU-Cambridge Toolkit. In 5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech), pages 2707-2710, Rhodes, Greece, September 1997.
10. J.G.A. Dolfing and A. Wendemuth. Combination of Confidence Measures in Isolated Word Recognition. In 5th Int. Conference on Spoken Language Processsing (ICSLP), pages 3237-3240, Sydney, Australia, December 1998.
11. J. Franke, J.M. Gloger, A. Kaltenmeier, and E. Mandler. A Comparison of Gaussian Distribution and Polynomial Classifiers in a Hidden Markov Model Based System for the Recognition of Cursive Script. In Proc. Int. Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), pages 515-518, Ulm, Germany, August 1997.
12. J.-L. Gauvain and C.-H. Lee. Maximum a Posteriori Estimation for Multivariate Gaussian Mixture Observation of Markov Chains. IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, 2(2):291-298, April 1994.
13. J.M. Gloger, A. Kaltenmaier, E. Mandler, and L. Andrews. Reject Management in a Handwriting Recognition System. In Int. Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), pages 556-559, Ulm, Germany, August 1997.
14. T.J. Hazen and I. Bazzi. A Comparison and Combination of Methods for OOV Word Detection and Word Confidence Scoring. In IEEE Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Salt Lake City, Utah, May 2001.
15. Frederick Jelinek. Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1998.
16. S.M. Katz. Estimation of probabilities from sparse data for the language model component of a speech recognizer. IEEE Transactions on Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing, 35(3):400-401, 1987.
17. C.J. Leggetter and P.C. Woodland. Speaker Adaptation of Continuous Density HMMs using Multivariate Linear Regression. In Int. Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP), pages 451-454, Yokohama, Japan, September 1994.
18. Z. Lu, I. Bazzi, A. Kornai, J. Makhoul, P. Natarajan, and R. Schwartz. A Robust, Language-Independent OCR System. In Proc. 27th AIPR Workshop: Advances in Computer-Assisted Recognition (SPIE), pages 96-105, 1999.
19. E. Mandler and M. Oberländer. A single pass algorithm for fast contour coding of binary images. In 12. DAGM-Symposium, Tagungsband Springer-Verlag, pages 248-255, Oberkochen-Aalen, Germany, September 1990.
20. U.-V. Marti and H. Bunke. Unconstrained Handwriting Recognition: Language Models, Perplexity, and System Performance. In 7th Int. Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), pages 463-468, Amsterdam, Netherlands, September 2000.
21. S. Marukatat, T. Artieres, and P. Gallinari. Rejection measures for Handwriting sentence Recognition. In 8th Int. Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), pages 24-29, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada, August 2002.
22. U. Miletzki, T. Bayer, and H. Schäfer. Continuous Learning Systems: Postal Address Readers with built-in learning capability. In 5th Int. Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), pages 329-332, Bangalore, India, 1999.
23. D.B. Paul. An efficient A* stack decoder algorithm for continuous speech recognition with a stochastic language model. In IEEE Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pages 25-28, San Francisco, CA, March 1992.
24. J. Pitrelli and M. Perrone. Confidence Modeling for Verification Post-Processing for Handwriting Recognition. In 8th Int. Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), pages 30-35, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada, August 2002.
25. J.F. Pitrelli and E.H. Ratzlaff. Quantifying the Contribution of Language Modeling to Writer-Independent On-Line Handwriting Recognition. In 7th Int. Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), pages 383-392, Amsterdam, Netherlands. September 2000.
26. L.R. Rabiner and B.H. Juang. An Introduction to Hidden Markov Models. IEEE ASSP Magazine, pages 4-16, 1986.
27. R. Rose and D. Paul. A Hidden Markov Model based Keyword Recognition System. In IEEE Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pages 129-132, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1990.
28. Ronald Rosenfeld. Two decades of statistical language modeling: Where do we go from here? Proceedings of the IEEE, 88(8), 2000.
29. E.G. Schukat-Talamazzini. Automatische Spracherkennung - Grundlagen, statistische Modelle und effiziente Algorithmen. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1995.
30. M. Schüßler and H. Niemann. A HMM-based System for Recognition of Handwritten Adress Words. In 6th Int. Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), pages 505-514, Taejon, Korea, 1998.
31. A. Senior and K. Nathan. Writer adaptation of a HMM handwriting recognition system. In IEEE Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pages 1447-1450, Munich, Germany, April 1997.
32. M. Shridhar, F. Kimura, B. Truijen, and G.F. Houle. Impact of Lexicon Completeness on City Name Recognition. In 8th Int. Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR), pages 513-518, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada, August 2002.
33. T. Steinherz, E. Rivlin, and N. Intrator. Offline cursive sript word recognition - a survey. Int. Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR), 2:90-110, 1999.
34. C.I. Tomai, K.M. Allen, and S.N. Srihari. Recognition of Handwritten Foreign Mail. In 6th Int. Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), pages 882-886, Seattle, USA, September 2001.
35. V. Valtchev, J.J. Odell, P.C. Woodland, and S.J. Young. Lattice-Based Discriminative Training for Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition Systems. In IEEE Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pages 605-608, Atlanta, GA, May 1996.
36. A. Vinciarelli and S. Bengio. Writer adaptation techniques in HMM based Off-Line Cursive Script Recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters, 23(8):905-916, June 2002.
37. Frank Wallhoff, Daniel Willett, and Gerhard Rigoll. Frame Discriminative and Confidence-Driven Adaptation for LVCSR. In IEEE Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pages 1835-1838, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2000.
38. D. Willett, C. Neukirchen, and G. Rigoll. DUCODER-The Duisburg University LVSCR Stackdecoder. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), June 2000.
39. G. Williams and S. Renals. Confidence measures from local posterior probability estimates. Computer Speech and Language, 13:395-411, 1999.
40. S. Young. Detecting Misrecognitions and Out-Of Vocabulary Words. In IEEE Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pages 21-24, Adelaide, Australia, April 1994.