Culling-induced social perturbation in Eurasian badgers Meles meles and the management of TB in cattle: An analysis of a critical problem in applied ecology

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 274, Issue 1626, 2007, Pages 2769-2777

  Carter, Stephen P ^a,c   Delahay, Richard J ^a   Smith, Graham C ^a   Macdonald, David W ^b   Riordan, Philip ^b   Etherington, Thomas R ^a   Pimley, Elizabeth R ^a   Walker, Neil J ^a   Cheeseman, Chris L ^a  

^a CENTRAL SCIENCE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c Central Science Laboratory   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Behaviour; Disease control; Movement; Social organization; Wildlife disease reservoir

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM; CATTLE; CULLING; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MUSTELID; PERTURBATION; SOCIAL ORGANIZATION; TUBERCULOSIS;

ARTICLE; CATTLE DISEASE; DATA ANALYSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; IMMIGRATION; INCIDENCE; LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIAL ASPECT;

EURASIA; EUROPE; IRELAND; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

BOS; BOVINAE; MELES MELES; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS; TAXIDIINAE;

EID: 35048886454     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0998     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Anderson, R. M. 1991 Populations and infectious diseases: ecology or epidemiology. J. Anim. Ecol. 60, 1-50. (doi:10. 2307/5443)
2. Barlow, N. D. 1996 The ecology of wildlife disease control: simple models revisited. J. Appl. Ecol. 33, 303-314. (doi:10.2307/2404752)
3. Barlow, N. D. 2000 Non-linear transmission and simple models for bovine tuberculosis. J. Anim. Ecol. 69, 703-713. (doi:10.1046/j.1365- 2656.2000.00428.x)
4. Bourne, F. J., Donnelly, C., Cox, D., Gettinby, G., McInerney, J., Morrison, I. & Woodroffe, R. 1998 Towards a sustainable policy to control TB in cattle. A scientific initiative. First report of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food, London, UK.
5. Bourne, F. J., Donnelly, C., Cox, D., Gettinby, G., McInerney, J., Morrison, I. & Woodroffe, R. 2005 An epidemiological investigation into bovine tuberculosis: towards a science-based control strategy. Fourth report of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, London, UK.
6. Bourne, F. J., Donnelly, C., Cox, D., Gettinby, G., McInerney, J., Morrison, I. & Woodroffe, R. 2007 Bovine TB: the scientific evidence, a science base for a sustainable policy to control TB in cattle, an epidemiological investigation into bovine tuberculosis. Final report of the Independent Scientific Group on Cattle TB. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, London, UK.
7. Brown, H. K. & Prescott, R. P. 1999 Applied mixed models in medicine. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
8. Caley, P., Spencer, N. J., Cole, R. A. & Efford, M. G. 1998 The effect of manipulating population density on the probability of den-sharing among common brushtail possums, and the implications for transmission of bovine tuberculosis. Wildl. Res. 25, 383-392. (doi:10.1071/ WR97029)
9. Cheeseman, C. L., Jones, G. W., Gallagher, J. & Mallinson, P. J. 1981 The population structure, density and prevalence of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in badgers (Meles meles) from four areas in south-west England. J. Appl. Ecol. 18, 795-804. (doi:10.2307/ 2402370)
10. Cheeseman, C. L., Wilesmith, J. W., Ryan, J. & Mallinson, P. J. 1987 Badger population dynamics in a high density area. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 58, 279-294.
11. Cheeseman, C. L., Cresswell, W. J., Harris, S. & Mallinson, P. J. 1988 Comparison of dispersal and other movements in two badger Meles meles populations. Mammal Rev. 18, 51-59.
12. Cheeseman, C. L., Mallinson, P. J., Ryan, J. & Wilesmith, J. W. 1993 Recolonisation by badgers in Gloucestershire. In The badger (ed. T. J. Hayden), pp. 78-93. Dublin, Ireland: Royal Irish Academy.
13. Clifton-Hadley, R. S., Sayers, A. R. & Stock, M. P. 1995a Evaluation of an ELISA for Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers Meles meles. Vet. Rec. 137, 555-558.
14. Clifton-Hadley, R. S., Wilesmith, J. W., Richards, M. S., Upton, P. & Johnston, S. 1995b The occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle in and around an area subject to extensive badger control. Epidemiol. Infect. 114, 179-193.
15. Delahay, R. J., Brown, J. A., Mallinson, P. J., Spyvee, P. D., Handoll, D., Rogers, L. M. & Cheeseman, C. L. 2000 The use of marked bait in studies of the territorial organisation of the European badger Meles meles. Mammal Rev. 30, 73-87. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2000.00058.x)
16. Delahay, R. J., Wilson, G., Rogers, L. M. & Cheeseman, C. L. 2003 Bovine tuberculosis in badgers: can culling control the disease. In Conservation and conflict: mammals and farming in Britain (eds F. Tattersall & W. Manley), pp. 165-171. Otley, UK: Westbury Publishing.
17. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) 2004 Preparing for a new GB strategy on bovine tuberculosis. Consultation document. London, UK: Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs.
18. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) 2005 Controlling the spread of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in high incidence areas in England: badger culling. Consultation document. London, UK: Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs.
19. Donnelly, C. A., Woodroffe, R., Cox, D. R., Bourne, J., Gettinby, G., Le Fevre, A. M., McInerney, J. P. & Morrison, W. I. 2003 Impact of localized badger culling on tuberculosis incidence in British cattle. Nature 426, 834-837. (doi:10.1038/nature02192)
20. Donnelly, C. A. et al. 2006 Positive and negative effects of widespread badger culling on tuberculosis in cattle. Nature 439, 843-846. (doi:10.1038/nature04454)
21. Donnelly, C. A. et al. 2007 Impacts of widespread badger culling on cattle tuberculosis: concluding analyses from a large-scale field trial. J. Infect. Dis. 11, 300-308. (doi:10. 1016/j.ijid.2007.04.001)
22. Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) 2005 ArcGIS, version 9.1. Redlands, CA: ESRI.
23. Eves, J. A. 1999 Impact of badger removal on bovine tuberculosis in east county Offaly. Ir. Vet. J. 52, 199-203.
24. Gallagher, J. & Clifton-Hadley, R. S. 2000 Tuberculosis in badgers; a review of the disease and its significance for other animals. Res. Vet. Sci. 69, 203-217. (doi:10.1053/ rvsc.2000.0422)
25. Gallagher, J., Monies, R., Gavier-Widen, M. & Rule, B. 1998 Role of infected, non-diseased badgers in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in the badger. Vet. Rec. 142, 710-714.
26. Griffin, J. M., Williams, D. H., Kelly, G. E., Clegg, T. A., O'Boyle, I. O., Collins, J. D. & More, S. J. 2005 The impact of badger removal on the control of tuberculosis in cattle herds in Ireland. Prev. Vet. Med. 67, 237-266. (doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.10.009)
27. Heydon, M. J. & Reynolds, J. C. 2000 Demography of rural foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in relation to cull intensity in three contrasting regions of Britain. J. Zool. 251, 265-276. (doi:10.1111/j.1469- 7998.2000.tb00609.x)
28. Krebs, J. R., Anderson, R., Clutton-Brock, T., Morrison, I., Young, D., Donnelly, C., Frost, S. & Woodroffe, R. 1997 Bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers. London, UK: HMSO.
29. Kruuk, H. 1978 Spatial organisation and territorial behaviour of the European badger (Meles meles). J. Zool. 184, 1-19.
30. Le Fevre, A. M. et al. 2005 The impact of localised reactive badger culling versus no culling on TB incidence in British cattle: a randomised trial. See http://www.defra.gov.uk/ animal/tb/isg/pdf/lefevre1005.pdf.
31. Lloyd-Smith, J. O., Cross, P. C., Briggs, C. J., Daugherty, M., Getz, W. M., Latto, J., Sanchez, M. S., Smith, A. B. & Swei, A. 2005 Should we expect population thresholds for wildlife disease? Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 511-519. (doi:10. 1016/j.tree.2005.07.004)
32. Macdonald, D. W. 1995 Wildlife rabies: the implications for Britain. Unresolved questions for the control of wildlife rabies: social perturbation and interspecific interactions. In Rabies in a changing world (eds. P. H. Beynon & A. T. B. Ednay), pp. 33-48. Cheltenham, UK: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
33. Macdonald, D. W. & Bacon, P. J. 1982 Fox society, contact rate and rabies epizootiology. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1-3, 247-256. (doi:10.1016/0147-9571(82) 90045-5)
34. Macdonald, D. W. & Voigt, D. R. 1985 The biological basis of rabies models. In Population dynamics of rabies in wildlife (ed. P. J. Bacon), pp. 71-108. London, UK: Academic Press.
35. Macdonald, D. W., Riordan, P. & Mathews, F. 2006 Biological hurdles to the control of TB in cattle: a test of two hypotheses concerning wildlife to explain the failure of control. Biol. Conserv. 131, 268-286. (doi:10.1016/ j.biocon.2006.05.006)
36. Muirhead, R. H., Gallagher, J. & Burn, K. J. 1974 Tuberculosis in wild badgers in Gloucestershire: epidemiology. Vet. Res. 95, 552-555.
37. O'Corry-Crowe, G., Eves, J. & Hayden, T. J. 1993 Sett distribution, territory size and population density of badgers (Meles meles L.) in East Offaly. In The badger (ed. T. J. Hayden), pp. 35-56. Dublin, Ireland: Royal Irish Academy.
38. O'Corry-Crowe, G., Hammond, R., Eves, J. & Hayden, T. J. 1996 The effect of reduction in badger density on the spatial organisation and activity of badgers Meles meles L. in relation to farms in central Ireland. Biol. Environ.: Proc. R. Ir. Acad. 96B, 147-158.
39. O'Máirtin, D. O., Williams, D. H., Griffin, J. M., Dolan, L. A. & Eves, J. A. 1998 The effect of a badger removal programme on the incidence of tuberculosis in an Irish cattle population. Prev. Vet. Med. 34, 47-56. (doi:10.1016/ S0167-5877(97)00067-6)
40. Overend, E. D. 1980 Badgers and TB - does gassing spread the disease? Oryx 15, 338-340.
41. Pritchard, D. G., Stuart, F. A., Wilesmith, J. W., Cheeseman, C. L., Brewer, J. I., Bode, R. & Sayers, P. E. 1986 Tuberculosis in East Sussex. III. Comparison of postmortem and clinical methods for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in badgers. J. Hyg. 97, 27-36.
42. Rogers, L. M., Delahay, R., Cheeseman, C. L., Langton, S., Smith, G. C. & Clifton-Hadley, R. S. 1998 Movement of badgers Meles meles in a high-density population: individual, population and disease effects. Proc. R. Soc. B 265, 1269-1276. (doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0429)
43. Roper, T. J. & Lüps, P. 1993 Disruption of territorial behaviour in badgers Meles meles. Z. Säugetierkd. 58, 252-255.
44. Smith, G. C. 2001 Models of Mycobacterium bovis in wildlife and cattle. Tuberculosis 81, 51-64. (doi:10.1054/tube. 2000.0264)
45. Smith, G. C. & Cheeseman, C. L. 2007 Efficacy of trapping during the initial proactive culls in the randomised badger culling trial. Vet. Rec. 160, 723-726.
46. Smith, G. C. & Harris, S. 1989 The control of rabies in urban fox populations. In Mammals as pests (ed. R. J. Putman), pp. 209-224. London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
47. Smith, G. C., Cheeseman, C. L., Wilkinson, D. & Clifton-Hadley, R. S. 2001 A model of bovine tuberculosis in the badger Meles meles: the inclusion of cattle and the use of a live test. J. Appl. Ecol. 38, 520-535. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00610.x)
48. Smith, G. C., Bennett, R., Wilkinson, D. & Cooke, R. 2007 A cost-benefit analysis of culling badgers to control bovine tuberculosis. Vet. J. 173, 302-310. (doi:10.1016/j.tvjl. 2005.11.017)
49. Tuyttens, F. A. M. & Macdonald, D. W. 2000 Consequences of social perturbation for wildlife management and conservation. In Behaviour and conservation (eds M. Gosling & W. Sutherland), pp. 315-329. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
50. Tuyttens, F. A. M., Delahay, R. J., Macdonald, D. W., Cheeseman, C. L., Long, B. & Donnelly, C. A. 2000a Spatial perturbation caused by a badger Meles meles culling operation: implications for the function of territoriality and the control of bovine tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis. J. Anim. Ecol. 69, 815-828. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00437.x)
51. Tuyttens, F. A. M., Macdonald, D. W., Rogers, L. M., Cheeseman, C. L. & Roddam, A. W. 2000b Comparative study on the consequences of culling badgers (Meles meles) on biometrics, population dynamics and movement. J. Anim. Ecol. 69, 567-580. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656. 2000.00419.x)
52. Vicente, J., Delahay, R. J., Walker, N. & Cheeseman, C. L. 2007 Social organization and movement influence the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in an undisturbed high density badger Meles meles population. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 348-360. (doi:10.111/j.1365-2656.2006.01199.x)
53. Wobeser, G. A. 1994 Investigation and management of disease in wild animals. New York, NY; London, UK: Plenum Press.
54. Woodroffe, R. et al. 2005 Effects of culling on badger Meles meles spatial organization: implications for the control of bovine tuberculosis. J. Appl. Ecol. 42, 852-862. (doi:10. 1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01081.x)
55. Woodroffe, R. et al. 2006 Culling and cattle controls influence tuberculosis risk for badgers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 14 713-14 717. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0606251103)
56. Woodroffe, R. et al. 2007 Effects of culling on badger abundance: implications for tuberculosis control. J. Zool. (doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998. 2007.00353.x)