Gender differences in occupational distributions among workers

Monthly Labor Review

Volumn 130, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 19-23

  Gabriel, Paul E ^a   Schmitz, Susanne ^b  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

^b ELMHURST COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35048874132     PISSN: 00981818     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Francine D. Blau,'Marianne A. Ferber, and Anne E. Winkler, The Economics of Women, Men, and Work, 4th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall, 2002).
2. Peter J. Schmidt and Robert P. Strauss, "The Prediction of Occupation Using Multiple Logit Models," International Economic Review, June 1975, pp. 471-86;
3. and Solomon Polacheck, "Occupational Self-selection: A Human Capital Approach to Sex Differences in Occupational Structures," Review of Economics and Statistics, February 1981, pp. 60-69.
4. Schmidt and Strauss, "The Prediction of Occupation";
5. Paul W. Miller and Paul A. Volker, "On the Determination of Occupational Attainment and Mobility," Journal of Human Resources, spring 1985, pp. 197-213;
6. Andrew M. Gill, "Incorporating the Causes of Occupational Differences in Studies of Racial Wage Differentials," Journal of Human Resources, winter 1994, pp. 20-41;
7. and Paul E. Gabriel, Susanne Schmitz, and Donald R. Williams, "The Relative Occupational Attainment of Young Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics," Southern Economic Journal, July 1990, pp. 35-46.
8. Schmidt and Strauss, "The Prediction of Occupation";
9. and Gabriel and others, "The Relative Occupational Attainment."
10. Following the standard approach, equation (4) is based on the assumption that men, as a group, encounter the "discrimination-free" occupational structure. The expected occupational distribution of women is obtained by summing the estimates from (4) across all workers in the womens sample. (For a discussion of this approach, see Miller and Volker, "On the Determination of Occupational Attainment";
11. and Gabriel and others, "The Relative Occupational Attainment.")
12. Miller and Volker,"On the Determination of Occupational Attainment";
13. and Schmidt and Strauss, "The Prediction of Occupation."
14. Gary S. Becker, The Economics of Discrimination, 2d ed. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1971);
15. and Polacheck, "Occupational Self-selection."
16. For a summary of alternative explanations of gender employment patterns based on sociological theories of labor market outcomes, see Robert M. Blackburn, Jude Browne, Bradley Brooks, and Jennifer Jarman, "Explaining Gender Segregation," British Journal of Sociology, December 2002, pp. 513-36.
17. The 1994 wave of the NLSY79 was selected because it is the last of the annual surveys; beginning in 1994, the NLSY was conducted on a biannual basis. Thus, 1994 represents the last year in which we have continuous information on labor force participation. The year 2000 was selected because it is the most recent wave available.
18. The age distribution (35-43 years) of the NLSY sample used in this analysis falls within the standard classification of "prime-age" workers (generally considered to be between 35 and 54 years old).
19. Emplayment and Earnings (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002), pp. 209-10.
20. The multinomial logit estimates used to derive the expected occupational distributions in table 2 are available from the authors upon request. For a discussion of the multinomial logit estimation technique, see G. S. Maddala, Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983). Also, the Index of Dissimilarity value for 2001 (in table 1) refers to the entire U.S. labor force (age 20 and older). The figures for 1994 and 2000 (in table 2) are based on samples drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (ages 34-43). Thus, the Index of Dissimilarity values for 2001 are not directly comparable with those for 1994 and 2000.
21. Blau and others, The Economics of Women, Men, and Work.
22. Catherine Hakim, Work-Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century (Oxford, U.K., Oxford University Press, 2000).
23. John Robst and Jennifer Van Gilder,"Atrophy Rates in Male and Female Occupations," Economics Leters, December 2000, pp. 407-13.
24. Blackburn and, others, "Explaining Gender Segregation."