Selective predisposition to bacterial infections in IRAK-4-deficient children: IRAK-4-dependent TLRs are otherwise redundant in protective immunity

Journal of Experimental Medicine

Volumn 204, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 2407-2422

  Ku, Cheng Lung ^a,b   Von Bernuth, Horst ^a,b,c   Picard, Capucine ^a,b,r   Zhang, Shen Ying ^a,b   Chang, Huey Hsuan ^a,b   Yang, Kun ^a,b   Chrabieh, Maya ^a,b   Issekutz, Andrew C ^d   Cunningham, Coleen K ^e   Gallin, John ^f   Holland, Steven M ^f   Roifman, Chaim ^g   Ehl, Stephan ^h   Smart, Joanne ⁱ   Tang, Mimi ⁱ   Barrat, Franck J ^j   Levy, Ofer ^k,l   McDonald, Douglas ^k,l   Day Good, Noorbibi K ^m   Miller, Richard ⁿ   Takada, Hidetoshi ^o   Hara, Toshiro ^o   Al Hajjar, Sami ^p   Al Ghonaium, Abdulaziz ^p   Speert, David ^q   Sanlaville, Damien ^r   Li, Xiaoxia ^s   Geissmann, Frédéric ^b,t   Vivier, Eric ^u   Maródi, László ^v   Garty, Ben Zion ^w   Chapel, Helen ^x   Rodriguez Gallego, Carlos ^y   Bossuyt, Xavier ^z   Abel, Laurent ^a,b   Puel, Anne ^a,b   Casanova, Jean Laurent ^a,b,r   more..

^a IMAGINE INSTITUTE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^c DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^d DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^e DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^g HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^h UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

ⁱ ROYAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^j Dynavax Technologies Corporation   (United States)

^k BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^l HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

ⁿ 3M COMPANY   (United States)

^o KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^p KING FAISAL SPECIALIST HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (Saudi Arabia)

^q UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^r HÔPITAL NECKER ENFANTS MALADES   (France)

^s LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^t INSERM   (France)

^u CNRS   (France)

^v UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN   (Hungary)

^w SCHNEIDER CHILDREN S MEDICAL CENTER OF ISRAEL   (Israel)

^x JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^y HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE GRAN CANARIA DR NEGRÍN   (Spain)

^z UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED KINASE 4; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MONOKINE; POLYINOSINIC POLYCYTIDYLIC ACID; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BLOOD EXAMINATION; BONE MARROW CELL; CHILD CARE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DENDRITIC CELL; GENE MUTATION; GRANULOCYTE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNITY; LEUKOCYTE; MONOCYTE; MORTALITY; NATURAL KILLER CELL; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; SCHOOL CHILD; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELLS, CULTURED; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CYTOKINES; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; INFANT; INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED KINASES; LEUKOCYTES; MALE; MUTATION; MYELOID CELLS; PEDIGREE; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS;

EID: 34948904198     PISSN: 00221007     EISSN: 00221007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070628     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Picard, C., A. Puel, M. Bonnet, C.L. Ku, J. Bustamante, K. Yang, C. Soudais, S. Dupuis, J. Feinberg, C. Fieschi, et al. 2003. Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with IRAK-4 deficiency. Science. 299:2076-2079.
2. Kuhns, D.B., D.A. Long Priel, and J.I. Gallin. 1997. Endotoxin and IL-1 hyporesponsiveness in a patient with recurrent bacterial infections. J. Immunol. 158:3959-3964.
3. Haraguchi, S., N.K. Day, R.P. Nelson Jr., P. Emmanuel, J.E. Duplantier, C.S. Christodoulou, and R.A. Good. 1998. Interleukin 12 deficiency associated with recurrent infections. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:13125-13129.
4. Medvedev, A.E., A. Lentschat, D.B. Kuhns, J.C. Blanco, C. Salkowski, S. Zhang, M. Arditi, J.I. Gallin, and S.N. Vogel. 2003. Distinct mutations in IRAK-4 confer hyporesponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide and interleukin 1 in a patient with recurrent bacterial infections. J. Exp. Med. 198:521-531.
5. Currie, A.J., D.J. Davidson, G.S. Reid, S. Bharya, K.L. MacDonald, R.S. Devon, and D.P. Speert. 2004. Primary immunodeficiency to pneumococcal infection due to a defect in Toll-like receptor signaling. J. Pediatr. 144:512-518.
6. Chapel, H., A. Puel, H. von Bernuth, C. Picard, and J.L. Casanova. 2005. Shigella sonnei meningitis due to interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 deficiency: first association with a primary immune deficiency. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40:1227-1231.
7. Takada, H., H. Yoshikawa, M. Imaizumi, T. Kitamura, J. Takeyama, S. Kumaki, A. Nomura, and T. Hara. 2006. Delayed separation of the umbilical cord in two siblings with interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 deficiency: rapid screening by flow cytometer. J. Pediatr. 148:546-548.
8. Cardenes, M., H. von Bernuth, A. Garcia-Saavedra, E. Santiago, A. Puel, C.L. Ku, J.F. Emile, C. Picard, J.L. Casanova, E. Colino, et al. 2006. Autosomal recessive interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 deficiency in fourth-degree relatives. J. Pediatr. 148:549-551.
9. Davidson, D.J., A.J. Currie, D.M. Bowdish, K.L. Brown, C.M. Rosenberger, R.C. Ma, J. Bylund, P.A. Campsall, A. Puel, C. Picard, et al. 2006. IRAK-4 mutation (Q293X): rapid detection and characterization of defective post-transcriptional TLR/IL-1R responses in human myeloid and non-myeloid cells. J. Immunol. 177:8202-8211.
10. von Bernuth, H., C.L. Ku, C. Rodriguez-Gallego, S. Zhang, B.Z. Garty, L. Marodi, H. Chapel, M. Chrabieh, R.L. Miller, C. Picard, et al. 2006. A fast procedure for the detection of defects in Toll-like receptor signaling. Pediatrics. 118:2498-2503.
11. McDonald, D.R., D. Brown, F.A. Bonilla, and R.S. Geha. 2006. Interleukin receptor-associated kinase-4 deficiency impairs Toll-like receptor-dependent innate antiviral immune responses. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 118:1357-1362.
12. Ku, C.L., C. Picard, M. Erdos, A. Jeurissen, J. Bustamante, A. Puel, H. von Bernuth, O. Filipe-Santos, H.H. Chang, T. Lawrence, et al. 2007. IRAK4 and NEMO mutations in otherwise healthy children with recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease. J. Med. Genet. 44:16-23.
13. Yang, K., A. Puel, S. Zhang, C. Eidenschenk, C.L. Ku, A. Casrouge, C. Picard, H. von Bernuth, B. Senechal, S. Plancoulaine, et al. 2005. Human TLR-7-, -8-, and -9-mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda is IRAK-4 dependent and redundant for protective immunity to viruses. Immunity. 23:465-478.
14. Yamamoto, M., S. Sato, H. Hemmi, K. Hoshino, T. Kaisho, H. Sanjo, O. Takeuchi, M. Sugiyama, M. Okabe, K. Takeda, and S. Akira. 2003. Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Science. 301:640-643.
15. Hoebe, K., X. Du, P. Georgel, E. Janssen, K. Tabeta, S.O. Kim, J. Goode, P. Lin, N. Mann, S. Mudd, et al. 2003. Identification of Lps2 as a key transducer of MyD88-independent TIR signalling. Nature. 424:743-748.
16. Kawai, T., O. Takeuchi, T. Fujita, J. Inoue, P.F. Muhlradt, S. Sato, K. Hoshino, and S. Akira. 2001. Lipopolysaccharide stimulates the MyD88-independent pathway and results in activation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 and the expression of a subset of lipopolysaccharide-inducible genes. J. Immunol. 167:5887-5894.
17. Oshiumi, H., M. Matsumoto, K. Funami, T. Akazawa, and T. Seya. 2003. TICAM-1, an adaptor molecule that participates in Toll-like receptor 3-mediated interferon-beta induction. Nat. Immunol. 4:161-167.
18. Hayashi, F., T.K. Means, and A.D. Luster. 2003. Toll-like receptors stimulate human neutrophil function. Blood. 102:2660-2669.
19. Kadowaki, N., S. Ho, S. Antonenko, R.W. Malefyt, R.A. Kastelein, F. Bazan, and Y.J. Liu. 2001. Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different Toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens. J. Exp. Med. 194:863-869.
20. Hornung, V., S. Rothenfusser, S. Britsch, A. Krug, B. Jahrsdorfer, T. Giese, S. Endres, and G. Hartmann. 2002. Quantitative expression of Toll-like receptor 1-10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J. Immunol. 168:4531-4537.
21. Ito, T., R. Amakawa, T. Kaisho, H. Hemmi, K. Tajima, K. Uehira, Y. Ozaki, H. Tomizawa, S. Akira, and S. Fukuhara. 2002. Interferon α and interleukin 12 are induced differentially by Toll-like receptor 7 ligands in human blood dendritic cell subsets. J. Exp. Med. 195:1507-1512.
22. Krug, A., S. Rothenfusser, V. Hornung, B. Jahrsdorfer, S. Blackwell, Z.K. Ballas, S. Endres, A.M. Krieg, and G. Hartmann. 2001. Identification of CpG oligonucleotide sequences with high induction of IFN-alpha/beta in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 31:2154-2163.
23. Hasan, U., C. Chaffois, C. Gaillard, V. Saulnier, E. Merck, S. Tancredi, C. Guiet, F. Briere, J. Vlach, S. Lebecque, et al. 2005. Human TLR10 is a functional receptor, expressed by B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which activates gene transcription through MyD88. J. Immunol. 174:2942-2950.
24. Gorden, K.B., K.S. Gorski, S.J. Gibson, R.M. Kedl, W.C. Kieper, X. Qiu, M.A. Tomai, S.S. Alkan, and J.P. Vasilakos. 2005. Synthetic TLR agonists reveal functional differences between human TLR7 and TLR8. J. Immunol. 174:1259-1268.
25. Renn, C.N., D.J. Sanchez, M.T. Ochoa, A.J. Legaspi, C.K. Oh, P.T. Liu, S.R. Krutzik, P.A. Sieling, G. Cheng, and R.L. Modlin. 2006. TLR activation of Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells triggers an antiviral immune response. J. Immunol. 177:298-305.
26. Nagase, H., S. Okugawa, Y. Ota, M. Yamaguchi, H. Tomizawa, K. Matsushima, K. Ohta, K. Yamamoto, and K. Hirai. 2003. Expression and function of Toll-like receptors in eosinophils: activation by Toll-like receptor 7 ligand. J. Immunol. 171:3977-3982.
27. Dasari, P., I.C. Nicholson, G. Hodge, G.W. Dandie, and H. Zola. 2005. Expression of Toll-like receptors on B lymphocytes. Cell. Immunol. 236:140-145.
28. Caron, G., D. Duluc, I. Fremaux, P. Jeannin, C. David, H. Gascan, and Y. Delneste. 2005. Direct stimulation of human T cells via TLR5 and TLR7/8: flagellin and R-848 up-regulate proliferation and IFN-gamma production by memory CD4+ T cells. J. Immunol. 175:1551-1557.
29. Tabiasco, J., E. Devevre, N. Rufer, B. Salaun, J.C. Cerottini, D. Speiser, and P. Romero. 2006. Human effector CD8+ T lymphocytes express TLR3 as a functional coreceptor. J. Immunol. 177:8708-8713.
30. Wesch, D., S. Beetz, H.H. Oberg, M. Marget, K. Krengel, and D. Kabelitz. 2006. Direct costimulatory effect of TLR3 ligand poly(I:C) on human gamma delta T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 176:1348-1354.
31. Suzuki, N., S. Suzuki, G.S. Duncan, D.G. Millar, T. Wada, C. Mirtsos, H. Takada, A. Wakeham, A. Itie, S. Li, et al. 2002. Severe impairment of interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor signalling in mice lacking IRAK-4. Nature. 416:750-756.
32. Suzuki, N., S. Suzuki, D.G. Millar, M. Unno, H. Hara, T. Calzascia, S. Yamasaki, T. Yokosuka, N.J. Chen, A.R. Elford, et al. 2006. A critical role for the innate immune signaling molecule IRAK-4 in T cell activation. Science. 311:1927-1932.
33. Day, N., N. Tangsinmankong, H. Ochs, R. Rucker, C. Picard, J.L. Casanova, S. Haraguchi, and R. Good. 2004. Interleukin receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-4) deficiency associated with bacterial infections and failure to sustain antibody responses. J. Pediatr. 144:524-526.
34. Enders, A., U. Pannicke, R. Berner, P. Henneke, K. Radlinger, K. Schwarz, and S. Ehl. 2004. Two siblings with lethal pneumococcal meningitis in a family with a mutation in interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4. J. Pediatr. 145:698-700.
35. Medvedev, A.E., K. Thomas, A. Awomoyi, D.B. Kuhns, J.I. Gallin, X. Li, and S.N. Vogel. 2005. Cutting edge: expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) proteins with mutations identified in a patient with recurrent bacterial infections alters normal IRAK-4 interaction with components of the IL-1 receptor complex. J. Immunol. 174:6587-6591.
36. Lavine, E., R. Somech, J.Y. Zhang, A. Puel, X. Bossuyt, C. Picard, J.L. Casanova, and C.M. Roifman. 2007. Cellular and humoral aberrations in a kindred with IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 deficiency. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.04.038.
37. Janeway, C.A., Jr., and R. Medzhitov. 2002. Innate immune recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20:197-216.
38. Takeda, K., T. Kaisho, and S. Akira. 2003. Toll-like receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21:335-376.
39. Beutler, B., Z. Jiang, P. Georgel, K. Crozat, B. Croker, S. Rutschmann, X. Du, and K. Hoebe. 2006. Genetic analysis of host resistance: Toll-like receptor signaling and immunity at large. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 24:353-389.
40. Qin, J., Z. Jiang, Y. Qian, J.L. Casanova, and X. Li. 2004. IRAK4 kinase activity is redundant for interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase phosphorylation and IL-1 responsiveness. J. Biol. Chem. 279:26748-26753.
41. Kim, T.W., K. Staschke, K. Bulek, J. Yao, K. Peters, K.H. Oh, Y. Vandenburg, H. Xiao, W. Qian, T. Hamilton, et al. 2007. A critical role for IRAK4 kinase activity in Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity. J. Exp. Med. 204:1025-1036.
42. Zhang, S.Y., E. Jouanguy, S. Ugolini, A. Smahi, G. Elain, P. Romero, D. Segal, V. Sancho-Shimizu, L. Lorenzo, A. Puel, et al. 2007. TLR3 deficiency in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Science. 317:1522-1527.
43. Takeuchi, O., K. Hoshino, and S. Akira. 2000. Cutting edge: TLR2-deficient and MyD88-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection. J. Immunol. 165:5392-5396.
44. Skerrett, S.J., H.D. Liggitt, A.M. Hajjar, and C.B. Wilson. 2004. Cutting edge: myeloid differentiation factor 88 is essential for pulmonary host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not Staphylococcus aureus. J. Immunol. 172:3377-3381.
45. Albiger, B., A. Sandgren, H. Katsuragi, U. Meyer-Hoffert, K. Beiter, F. Wartha, M. Hornef, S. Normark, and B.H. Normark. 2005. Myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent signalling controls bacterial growth during colonization and systemic pneumococcal disease in mice. Cell. Microbiol. 7:1603-1615.
46. Khan, A.Q., Q. Chen, Z.Q. Wu, J.C. Paton, and C.M. Snapper. 2005. Both innate immunity and type 1 humoral immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae are mediated by MyD88 but differ in their relative levels of dependence on Toll-like receptor 2. Infect. Immun. 73:298-307.
47. Delale, T., A. Paquin, C. Asselin-Paturel, M. Dalod, G. Brizard, E.E. Bates, P. Kastner, S. Chan, S. Akira, A. Vicari, et al. 2005. MyD88-dependent and -independent murine cytomegalovirus sensing for IFN-alpha release and initiation of immune responses in vivo. J. Immunol. 175:6723-6732.
48. Mansur, D.S., E.G. Kroon, M.L. Nogueira, R.M.E. Arantes, S.C.O. Rodrigues, S. Akira, R.T. Gazzinelli, and M.A. Campos. 2005. Lethal encephalitis in myeloid differentiation factor 88-deficient mice infected with herpes simplex virus 1. Am. J. Pathol. 166:1419-1426.
49. Edelson, B.T., and E.R. Unanue. 2002. MyD88-dependent but Toll-like receptor 2-independent innate immunity to Listeria: no role for either in macrophage listericidal activity. J. Immunol. 169:3869-3875.
50. Seki, E., H. Tsutsui, N.M. Tsuji, N. Hayashi, K. Adachi, H. Nakano, S. Futatsugi-Yumikura, O. Takeuchi, K. Hoshino, S. Akira, et al. 2002. Critical roles of myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent proinflammatory cytokine release in early phase clearance of Listeria monocytogenes in mice. J. Immunol. 169:3863-3868.
51. Feng, C.G., C.A. Scanga, C.M. Collazo-Custodio, A.W. Cheever, S. Hieny, P. Caspar, and A. Sher. 2003. Mice lacking myeloid differentiation factor 88 display profound defects in host resistance and immune responses to Mycobacterium avium infection not exhibited by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and TLR4-deficient animals. J. Immunol. 171:4758-4764.
52. Scanga, C.A., J. Aliberti, D. Jankovic, F. Tilloy, S. Bennouna, E.Y. Denkers, R. Medzhitov, and A. Sher. 2002. Cutting edge: MyD88 is required for resistance to Toxoplasma gondii infection and regulates parasite-induced IL-12 production by dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 168:5997-6001.
53. Yauch, L.E., M.K. Mansour, S. Shoham, J.B. Rottman, and S.M. Levitz. 2004. Involvement of CD14, Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and MyD88 in the host response to the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans in vivo. Infect. Immun. 72:5373-5382.
54. Bellocchio, S., C. Montagnoli, S. Bozza, R. Gaziano, G. Rossi, S.S. Mambula, A. Vecchi, A. Mantovani, S.M. Levitz, and L. Romani. 2004. The contribution of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor superfamily to innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens in vivo. J. Immunol. 172:3059-3069.
55. van der Aar, A.M., R.M. Sylva-Steenland, J.D. Bos, M.L. Kapsenberg, E.C. de Jong, and M.B. Teunissen. 2007. Loss of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 on Langerhans cells abolishes bacterial recognition. J. Immunol. 178:1986-1990.
56. Faure, E., O. Equils, P.A. Sieling, L. Thomas, F.X. Zhang, C.J. Kirschning, N. Polentarutti, M. Muzio, and M. Arditi. 2000. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates NF-kappaB through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in cultured human dermal endothelial cells. Differential expression of TLR-4 and TLR-2 in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275:11058-11063.
57. Spachidou, M.P., E. Bourazopoulou, C.I. Maratheftis, E.K. Kapsogeorgou, H.M. Moutsopoulos, A.G. Tzioufas, and M.N. Manoussakis. 2007. Expression of functional Toll-like receptors by salivary gland epithelial cells: increased mRNA expression in cells derived from patients with primary Sjogren' s syndrome. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 147:497-503.
58. Greene, C.M., and N.G. McElvaney. 2005. Toll-like receptor expression and function in airway epithelial cells. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.). 53:418-427.
59. Bozza, S., F. Bistoni, R. Gaziano, L. Pitzurra, T. Zelante, P. Bonifazi, K. Perruccio, S. Bellocchio, M. Neri, A.M. Iorio, et al. 2006. Pentraxin 3 protects from MCMV infection and reactivation through TLR sensing pathways leading to IRF3 activation. Blood. 108:3387-3396.
60. Casanova, J.L., and L. Abel. 2004. The human model: a genetic dissection of immunity to infection in natural conditions. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4:55-66.
61. Casanova, J.-L., and L. Abel. 2007. Human genetics of infectious diseases: a unified theory. EMBO J. 26:915-922.
62. Casanova, J.L., and L. Abel. 2002. Genetic dissection of immunity to mycobacteria: the human model. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20:581-620.
63. Casrouge, A., S.Y. Zhang, C. Eidenschenk, E. Jouanguy, A. Puel, K. Yang, A. Alcais, C. Picard, N. Mahfoufi, N. Nicolas, et al. 2006. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in human UNC-93B deficiency. Science. 314:308-312.
64. Hultgren, O.H., L. Svensson, and A. Tarkowski. 2002. Critical role of signaling through IL-1 receptor for development of arthritis and sepsis during Staphylococcus aureus infection. J. Immunol. 168:5207-5212.
65. Zwijnenburg, P.J., T. van der Poll, S. Florquin, J.J. Roord, and A.M. Van Furth. 2003. IL-1 receptor type 1 gene-deficient mice demonstrate an impaired host defense against pneumococcal meningitis. J. Immunol. 170:4724-4730.
66. Koedel, U., B. Angele, T. Rupprecht, H. Wagner, A. Roggenkamp, H.W. Pfister, and C.J. Kirschning. 2003. Toll-like receptor 2 participates in mediation of immune response in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. J. Immunol. 170:438-444.
67. Malley, R., P. Henneke, S.C. Morse, M.J. Cieslewicz, M. Lipsitch, C.M. Thompson, E. Kurt-Jones, J.C. Paton, M.R. Wessels, and D.T. Golenbock. 2003. Recognition of pneumolysin by Toll-like receptor 4 confers resistance to pneumococcal infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100:1966-1971.
68. Branger, J., S. Knapp, S. Weijer, J.C. Leemans, J.M. Pater, P. Speelman, S. Florquin, and T. van der Poll. 2004. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in gram-positive and gram-negative pneumonia in mice. Infect. Immun. 72:788-794.
69. Knapp, S., C.W. Wieland, C. van ' t Veer, O. Takeuchi, S. Akira, S. Florquin, and T. van der Poll. 2004. Toll-like receptor 2 plays a role in the early inflammatory response to murine pneumococcal pneumonia but does not contribute to antibacterial defense. J. Immunol. 172:3132-3138.
70. Dessing, M.C., K.F. van der Sluijs, S. Florquin, S. Akira, and T. van der Poll. 2007. Toll-like receptor 2 does not contribute to host response during postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 36:609-614.
71. von Bernuth, H., A. Puel, C.L. Ku, K. Yang, J. Bustamante, H.H. Chang, C. Picard, and J.L. Casanova. 2005. Septicemia without sepsis: inherited disorders of nuclear factor-kappa B-mediated inflammation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 ( Suppl. 7 ):S436-S439.
72. Suresh, M.V., S.K. Singh, D.A. Ferguson Jr., and A. Agrawal. 2007. Human C-reactive protein protects mice from Streptococcus pneumoniae infection without binding to pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. J. Immunol. 178:1158-1163.
73. Suresh, M.V., S.K. Singh, D.A. Ferguson Jr., and A. Agrawal. 2006. Role of the property of C-reactive protein to activate the classical pathway of complement in protecting mice from pneumococcal infection. J. Immunol. 176:4369-4374.
74. Casanova, J.L., and L. Abel. 2005. Inborn errors of immunity to infection: the rule rather than the exception. J. Exp. Med. 202:197-201.
75. Kawagoe, T., S. Sato, A. Jung, M. Yamamoto, K. Matsui, H. Kato, S. Uematsu, O. Takeuchi, and S. Akira. 2007. Essential role of IRAK-4 protein and its kinase activity in Toll-like receptor-mediated immune responses but not in TCR signaling. J. Exp. Med. 204:1013-1024.
76. Janssen, E., K. Tabeta, M.J. Barnes, S. Rutschmann, S. McBride, K.S. Bahjat, S.P. Schoenberger, A.N. Theofilopoulos, B. Beutler, and K. Hoebe. 2006. Efficient T cell activation via a Toll-interleukin 1 receptor-independent pathway. Immunity. 24:787-799.
77. Gavin, A.L., K. Hoebe, B. Duong, T. Ota, C. Martin, B. Beutler, and D. Nemazee. 2006. Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses in the absence of Toll-like receptor signaling. Science. 314:1936-1938.
78. Hirsch, M.S., B. Zisman, and A.C. Allison. 1970. Macrophages and age-dependent resistance to herpes simplex virus in mice. J. Immunol. 104:1160-1165.
79. Pham, L.N., M.S. Dionne, M. Shirasu-Hiza, and D.S. Schneider. 2007. A specific primed immune response in Drosophila is dependent on phagocytes. PLoS Pathog. 3:e26.
80. Filipe-Santos, O., J. Bustamante, M.H. Haverkamp, E. Vinolo, C.L. Ku, A. Puel, D.M. Frucht, K. Christel, H. von Bernuth, E. Jouanguy, et al. 2006. X-linked susceptibility to mycobacteria is caused by mutations in NEMO impairing CD40-dependent IL-12 production. J. Exp. Med. 203:1745-1759.