All roads lead to Rome, or the liberal cosmopolitan agenda as a blueprint for a neo-conservative legal order

Global Jurist

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2007, Pages

  De La Rasilla Del Moral, Ignacio ^a,b  

^a GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSIDAD PABLO DE OLAVIDE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Democratic peace theory; Kantian theory of international law; Liberal cosmopolitan; Neo conservative; Right to democratic governance

Indexed keywords

EID: 34948894343     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19342640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2202/1934-2640.1233     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. K.Rasler, & W.R. Thompson, Puzzles of the Democratic Peace Theory, Geopolitics and the Transformation of World Politics, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 6.
2. J.W.Owen, IV "International Law and the Liberal Peace" in G.H.Fox and B.R.Roth (eds.) Democratic Governance and International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2000)343, 343
3. B.Russett, Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security, (Harvard University Press, 1990) 123
4. L.Jack, "Domestic Politics and War' (1988) 18 Journal of Interdisciplinary History 662.
5. D.V.Babst, "Elective Governments -A Force for Peace" (1964)The Wisconsin Sociologist, 3 (1), 9
6. Layne, C. "Kant or Cant: the Myth of the Democratic Peace" in M.E. Brown,. S.M.Lynn-Jones, and S.E.,Miller, Debating the Democratic Peace, (Boston: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1996)
7. D.Batistella, Théories des relations internationales, (Presses de Sciences Po, 2003), 470.
8. I.de la Rasilla del Moral «Sofisma y realidad del paradigma exterior democrático estadounidense, una aproximacion » (2005) Revista Internacional de Pensamiento Político, 1 (1), 64
9. K.Jaechun, "Democratic Peace and Covert War: A Case Study of the U.S. Covert War in Chile" (2005) 12 Journal of International and Area Studies 25.
10. L.Cecelia "Kant, the Republican Peace and Moral Guidance in International Law" (1994) 48 Ethics & International Affairs 39, 42.
11. M.Doyle, "Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace" (2005) 3 American Political Science Review 463, 463
12. S.Marks, The Riddle of All Constitutions: International Law, Democracy and the Critique of Ideology, (Oxford University Press, 2000) 36
13. For an ordered exegesis of Kant's Perpetual Peace, see : F.J.Contreras, Kant y la Guerra: una revision de La Paz Perpetua desde las preguntas actuales, (Ed.Tirant lo blanch, 2007)
14. B.Russett, «Why Democratic Peace?" in M.E.,Brown, S.M. Lynn-Jones,., and S.E.Miller,. Debating the Democratic Peace, (The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1996) 92
15. B.Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton University Press, 1993)
16. J.A.Owen, "Democratic Peace Research: Whence and Whiter?" (2004) 41 International Politics 605
17. J.W.Patty, R.Wand & A.Weber,., "Agreeing to Fight: An Explanation of the Democratic Peace" (2006) 5 Politics, Philosophy and Economics 305.
18. E.A.Henderson, "Mistaken Identity: Testing the Clash of Civilizations Thesis in Light of Democratic Peace Claims" (2004) 34 British Journal of Political Science 539.
19. W.W.Widmaier, "The Democratic Peace is What States Make of it: A Constructivist Analysis of the US-Indian "Near Miss" in the 1971 South Asian Crisis (2005) 11 European Journal of International Relations 431
20. B.F.,Tessman, "Critical Periods and Regime Type: Integrating Power Cycle with the Democratic Peace Hypothesis" (2005) 31 International Interactions 223.
21. Karen,R. & W.R.Thompson"The Democratic Peace and a Sequential, Reciprocal, Causal Arrow Hypothesis" (2004) 37 Comparative Political Studies 879.
22. F.Chernoff, "The Study of Democratic Peace and Progress in International Relations"(2004) 6 International Studies Review 49.
23. M.Mousseau "The Nexus of Market Society, Liberal Preferences and Democratic Peace: Interdisciplinary Theory and Evidence" (2003) 47 International Studies Quarterly 483.
24. D.A.Van Belle "Dinosaurs and the Democratic Peace: Paleontological Lessons for Avoiding the Extinction of Theory in Political Science" (2006) 7 International Studies Perspectives 287.
25. For a more developed analysis, while slightly overlapping, of the contents of this survey from a doctrinal historical perspective, see: I. de la Rasilla del Moral, «Kant as the Post-Cold War Prophet ? Remarks on the Evolving Path of the Right to Democratic Governance» International Affairs and Politics (Ed.Athens Institute for Education and Research, 2007) (forthcoming)
26. F.R.Tesón "The Kantian Theory of International Law" (1992) Columbia Law Review 53
27. The seminal works of the field are widely regarded to be 1)T.M. Franck, «The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance», (1992)86 American Journal of International Law (1992) 46
28. and 2) G.H.FOX «The Right to Political Participation in International Law» (1992) 17 Yale Journal of International Law 539
29. G.Simpson, « Imagined Consent : Democratic Liberalism in International Legal Theory" (1994) The Australian Yearbook of International Law 103.
30. Ibid
31. G.Simpson "Two Liberalisms" The European Journal of International Law (2001) 12 537.
32. See further: I.de la Rasilla del Moral, «Alicia a traves del espejo o apuntes para una teoría neoconservadora del Derecho internacional» (2007) Révue quebecoise de droit international (forthcoming)
33. J.Rawls The Law of Peoples with "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited"(Harvard University Press, 1999)
34. Ibid., 8.
35. For a more positivist-oriented introductory overview introducing a multi-faceted perspective see: I. de la Rasilla del Moral, "The Boy Who Cried Wolf! The Dimensions of Emergence of the Right to Democratic Governance and the Fundamentals of International Law: An Overview", Paper presented to the Biannual conference of the European Society of International Law, Paris, La Sorbonne(May, 2006) published at the Paris Agorae of the European Society of International, pp. 1-20.
36. R.Burchill, (Ed.) International Law and Democracy (Ashgate, 2006)
37. R. Janse "The Legitimacy of Humanitarian Interventions" (2006) 19 Leiden Journal of International Law 669.
38. F.R.Tesón "Tyrants and Empires: Reply to Terry Nardin" (2005)19 Ethics & International Affairs 27, 30
39. S.Marks «The End of History? Reflections on Some International Legal Theses" (1997)8 European Journal Of International Law, 449
40. G.Simpson, « Imagined Consent : Democratic Liberalism in International Legal Theory"(1994) The Australian Yearbook of International Law, 103
41. G.Simpson Great Powers and Outlaw States Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order (Cambridge University Press, 2004)
42. Teson, supra note 26
43. F.R. Tesón, "Defending International Law" in ASIL Centennial Discussion on a Just World Under Law: Why Obey International Law?, at http://law.ubalt.edu/asil/teson.htm) (Last visited 3 April 2007)
44. The « must read » doctrinal work in the fiel is :Alejandro Lorite Escorihuela, Cultural Relativism the American Way: The Nationalist School of International Law in the United States (2005) 5 Global Jurist Issue 1, Frontiers, pp.1-166. On the neoconservative theory of international law, see further : I.de la Rasilla del Moral, « Alicia a traves del espejo o apuntes para una teoría neoconservadora del Derecho internacional » (2007) Révue quebecoise de droit international, pp.1-35 (forthcoming) and I. de la Rasilla del Moral, «Reading Jeremy A Rabkin : Remarks on Post-Sovereignty and International Legal Neo-Conservatism » (2007) in 8 German Law Journal 8.
45. T.M. Franck, Fairness in the International Legal and Institutional System : General Course on Public International Law, Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1994)
46. I.de la Rasilla del Moral "El interregno neo-conservador" preliminary study to W. Kristol and R. Kagan (eds) Peligros Presentes: crisis y oportunidad en la política exterior y de defensa estadounidense. (Cordoba:Editorial Almuzara, January, 2005)
47. B.S.Chimni "International Institutions Today: An Imperial Global State in the Making" (2004) 15 European Journal of International Law 1
48. Tesón, supra note 42
49. For a critique, see: Corten, Olivier "Operation Iraqi Freedom: Peut-on admettre l'argument de l'autorisation implicite du Conseil de Sécurité?" (2003) Revue Belge de Droit International 205.
50. For an overview of the resulting doctrinal map, see further, F.J. Contreras & I. de la Rasilla "Of Law as War and War as Law" (2007) in Leiden Journal of International Law (forthcoming).
51. Tesón, supra note 42
52. F.R.Tesón, A Philosophy of International Law (Westview Press, 1998). For an erudite analysis of the Kantian opus (otherwise, Zum ewigen Frieden) from which Tesón adopts his Kantian credentials, see in Spanish F.J.Contreras, Kant y la Guerra: una revision de La Paz Perpetua desde las preguntas actuales, (Ed.Tirant lo blanch, 2007)
53. Ibid., 26
54. Ibid. 40
55. Ibid. 43
56. th Annual Meeting 22, 22. Evidently Tesón was forgetting that the allegedly more peaceful character of democratic states towards each other is paralleled in Doyle's model itself with the patent war-proneness of democratic states towards nondemocratic states as seen supra.
57. Tesón., supra note 51
58. th Annual Meeting 113.
59. Tesón., supra note 51
60. Ibid.
61. th Annual Meeting, pp. 113-118
62. Tesón., supra note 51
63. th Annual Meeting, 78,79.
64. Ibid.
65. For an early jurisprudential application of Tesón's view, see: Tesón, Fernando,« Le Peuple, C'Est Moi! The World Court and Human Rights", (1987) 81 American Journal of International Law 173
66. Tesón., supra note 51 at 58
67. Ibid., 57
68. Ibid.,58
69. For an analysis of Tesón's views on the matter within an overview of the scholarly debate on the much debated question of humanitarian intervention in the context of an exegesis of the fifth preliminary article of Kant's Zum ewigen Frieden, see in Spanish : F.J.Contreras, Kant y la Guerra: una revision de La Paz Perpetua desde las preguntas actuales, (Ed.Tirant lo blanch, 2007), 107
70. F.R.Tesón, "Ending Tyranny in Iraq", (2005) 19 Ethics & International Affairs 1
71. Ibid.
72. Tesón., supra note 42
73. th Annual Meeting 192
74. rd Annual Meeting 558, 565
75. F.R.Tesón « Two Mistakes about Democracy" (1998) IV International Legal Theory 1.
76. M.Koskenniemi, "The Lady Doth Protest Too Much" Kosovo and the Turn to Ethics in International Law" (2002) 65 Modern Law Review 159, 160.
77. See, introductorily: D.Archibugi, D.Held, and M. Kohler (eds) Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy (Standford. University Press, 1998) and D.Archibugi, (Ed.) Debating Cosmopolites, (Verso, 2003)
78. R.Pierik & W.Werner,"Cosmopolitism, Global Justice, and International Law" (2005) 18 Leiden Journal of International Law, 679, 679.
79. J.Rawls, The Law of Peoples with "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited" (Harvard University Press, 1999)
80. (i) peoples are free and independent; (ii) peoples are to observe treaties; (iii) peoples are equal and are parties to the agreements binding on them; (iv) peoples have a duty of non-intervention; (v) peoples have the right of self-defence, but not the right to wage war other than for self-defence; (vi) peoples are to honour human rights; (vil) peoples are to observe justice in war; and (viii) peoples have a duty to assist peoples lacking the resources to sustain just regimes. See: ibid., at 37.
81. F.J.Contreras, Kant y la Guerra: una revision de La Paz Perpetua desde las preguntas actuales, (Ed.Tirant lo blanch, 2007) 186. The quotation not literally translated reads in Spanish as follows: « Parece, pues, que Rawls, trabajado quizás por las críticas comunitarias a su primera teoría de la justicia, ha terminado haciendo concesiones muy significativas al relativismo politico-cultural, traicionando la vocación universalista de su liberalismo »
82. Against this interpretation from a methodological analytical standpoint of the inner logic of Rawl's model see, however, Kok-Chor Tan «International Toleration : Rawlsian versus Cosmopolitan » (2005) 18 Leiden Journal of International Law, 685, 688. Tan summarises this point as follows: "If this were so, the Law of Peoples would be stable for the wrong reason" at 691.
83. See e.g. Lea Brilmayer's blunt assertion that "international lawyers and statements should leave Rawls' books on the shelf for philosophers" in L.Brilmayer "What Use is John Rawls' Theory of Justice to Public International Law" (2000) 6 International Legal Theory 36.
84. G.Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order (Cambridge University Press, 2004)
85. H.D.Gould,., A Response to Professor Brilmayer on Rawls" (2000) 6 International Legal Theory 42
86. Ibid., 42
87. M.Sellers, "The Law of Peoples" (2000) 6 International Legal Theory 44.
88. A. Buchanan, 'Rawls's Law of Peoples: Rules for a Vanished Westphalian World', (2000) 110 Ethics 697.
89. Tan., supra note 81 at 686.
90. Ibid.,692
91. See e.g. Kristol and Kagan's claim that "the domestic re-moralization of America requires the re-moralization of American foreign policy » Kristol, William& Kagan, Robert, "Towards a NeoReaganite Foreign Policy" (1996) 75 Foreign Affairs 4.
92. See further : De la Rasilla., supra note 31 and I. de la Rasilla del Moral "De la straussmania o algunos apuntes en torno a la influencia de Leo Strauss sobre el pensamiento neoconservador estadounidense" in R.Soriano (Ed.) Fuentes e influencias del pensamiento neoconservador estadounidense (Sevilla: Editorial Aconcagua 2007)
93. See: Krauthammer, Charles, "Democratic Realism: An American Foreign Policy for an Unipolar World" 2004 Irving Kristol Lecture, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2004. pp.1-19.
94. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, March 2006 at http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/ (last visited 1 April 2007)
95. As shown by quotations like the following one under the heading "The Way Ahead": "To protect our Nation and honour our values, the United States seeks to extend freedom across the globe by leading an international effort to end tyranny and to promote effective democracy" (p.8) and a few lines after "Although tyranny has few advocates, it needs more adversaries" (p.9)
96. Like it already did with the legality of the pre-emptive use of force, a development that was, as such, doctrinally welcomed by some doctrine in terms of Apocalypse Law. For the use of the expression, see: R.Charvin, «La guerre anglo-américaine contre l'Irak et le droit international: Apocalypse Law » (Actualité et droit international, 2003) at http://www.tidi.org/adi (last visited 1 April 2007)