Regional bone mineral density in male athletes: A comparison of soccer players, runners and controls

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 41, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 664-668

  Fredericson, Michael ^a   Chew, Kelvin ^b   Ngo, Jessica ^a   Cleek, Tammy ^c   Kiratli, Jenny ^d   Cobb, Kristin ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^c FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d VA PALO ALTO HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BODY FAT; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; BONE DENSITY; BONE MINERAL; CALCANEUS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; FEMUR NECK; HIP; HUMAN; LEG; LUMBAR SPINE; MALE; RUNNING; SPORT;

ABSORPTIOMETRY, PHOTON; ADULT; BODY MASS INDEX; BONE DENSITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; RUNNING; SOCCER;

EID: 34948848677     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.030783     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Recker RR, Davies KM, Hinders SM, et al. Bone gain in young adult women. JAMA 1992;268:2403-8.
2. American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand on osteoporosis and exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27: i-vii).
3. Milgrom C, Finestone A, Simkin A, et al. In-vivo strain measurements to evaluate the strengthening potential of exercises on the tibial bone. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2000;82:591-4.
4. Frost H. Why do marathon runners have less bone than weight lifters? A vital biomechanical view and explanation. Bone 1997;20:183-9.
5. Skerry T. Mechanical loading and bone: what sort of exercise is beneficial to the skeleton? Bone 1997;20:179-81.
6. Andreoli A, Monteleone M, Van Loan M, et al. Effects of different sports on bone density and muscle mass in highly trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:507-11.
7. Morel J, Combe B, Francisco J, et al. Bone mineral density of 704 amateur sportsmen involved in different physical activities. Osteoporos Int 2001;12:152-7.
8. Cavanagh PR, Lafortune MA. Ground reaction forces in distance running. J Biomech 1980;13:397-406.
9. Breit GA, Whalen RT. Prediction of human gait parameters from temporal measures of foot-ground contact. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;294:540-7.
10. Crossley K, Bennel K, Wrigley T, et al. Ground reaction forces, bone characteristics, and tibial stress fracture in male runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31/8:1088-93.
11. McNair PJ, Prapavessis H. Normative data of vertical ground reaction forces during landing from a jump. J Sci Med Sport 1999;21:86-8.
12. Milgrom C, Simkin A, Eldad A, et al. Using bone's adaptation ability to lower the incidence of stress fractures. Am J Sports Med 2000;28:245-51.
13. Calbet JA, Dorado C, Diaz-Herrera P, et al. High femoral bone mineral content and density in male football (soccer) players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1682-7.
14. Hind K, Truscott JG, Evans JA. Low lumbar spine bone mineral density in both male and female endurance runners, Bone 2006;38:880-5.
15. Kemmler W, Engelke K, Baumann H, et al. Bone status in elite male runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006;96:78-85.
16. Wittich A, Mautalen CA, Oliveri MB, et al. Professional football (soccer) players have a markedly greater skeletal mineral content, density and size than age- and BMI-matched controls. Calcif Tissue Int 1998;63:112-17.
17. Bobbert MF, Huijing PA, Van Ingen Schenau GJ. Drop jumping. II. The influence of dropping height on the biomechanics of drop jumping. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987;19:339-46.
18. Fredericson M, Ngo J, Cobb K. Effects of ball sports on future risk of stress fracture in runners. Clin J Sport Med 2005;15:136- 41.
19. Robling AG, Hinant FM, Burr DB, et al. Shorter, more frequent mechanical loading sessions enhance bone mass. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;34:196-202.
20. Heinonen A, Sievanen H, Kyrolainen H, et al. Mineral mass, size, and estimated mechanical strength of triple jumpers' lower limb. Bone 2001;29:279-85.
21. Hetland ML, Haarbo J, Christiansen C. Low bone mass and high bone turnover in male long distance runners. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:770-5.
22. Bilanin J, Blanchard M, Russek-Cohen E. Lower vertebral bone density in male long distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989;21:66-70.
23. Nichols JF, Palmer JE, Levy SS. Low bone mineral density in highly trained male master cyclists. Osteoporos Int 2003;14:644-9.
24. MacConnie SE, Barkan A, Lampman RM, et al. Decreased hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in male marathon runners. N Engl J Med 1986;315:411-17.
25. Wheeler GH, Singh M, Pierce WD, et al. Endurance training decreases serum testosterone levels in men without change in luteinizing hormone pulsatile release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:422-5.
26. Hackney AC, Fahrner CL, Stupnicki R. Reproductive hormonal responses to maximal exercise in endurance-trained men with low resting testosterone levels. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1997;105:291-5.
27. Hackney AC, Fahrner CL, Gulledge TP. Basal reproductive hormonal profiles are altered in endurance trained men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1998;38:138-41.
28. Hackney AC, Dobridge J. Exercise and male hypogonadism: testosterone, the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, and physical exercise In: Winters S, ed. Male hypogonadism:basic, clinical, and therapeutic principles. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003:305-30.
29. Watrous DA, Andrews BS. The metabolism and immunology of bone. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1989;19:45-65.
30. Gurlek A, Bayraktar M, Ariyurek M. Inappropriate reference range for peak bone mineral density in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: implications for the interpretation of T-scores. Osteoporos Int 2000;11:809-13.
31. Heinrich CH, Going SB, Pamenter RW, et al. Bone mineral content of cyclically menstruating female resistance and endurance trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22:558-62.