Factors associated with menstrual dysfunction and self-reported bone stress injuries in female runners in the ultra-and half-marathons of the Two Oceans

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 41, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 679-683

  Micklesfield, L K ^a,b   Hugo, J ^b   Johnson, C ^b   Noakes, T D ^b   Lambert, E V ^b  

^a SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; BONE INJURY; BONE STRESS INJURY; EATING DISORDER; ENERGY BALANCE; FEMALE; FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MARATHON RUNNER; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITY; PREMENOPAUSE; PREVALENCE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RUNNING; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF REPORT; SPORT; SYNDROME DELINEATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BODY MASS INDEX; BODY WEIGHT; BONE DENSITY; EATING DISORDERS; FEMALE; FRACTURES, STRESS; HUMANS; MENARCHE; MENSTRUATION DISTURBANCES; MIDDLE AGED; QUESTIONNAIRES; RUNNING;

EID: 34948831046     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.037077     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Otis CL, Drinkwater B, Johnson M, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29: i-ix).
2. Khan KM, Liu-Ambrose T, Sran MM, et al. New criteria for female athlete triad syndrome? As osteoporosis is rare, should osteopenia be among the criteria for defining the female athlete triad syndrome? Br J Sports Med 2002;36:10-3.
3. Micklesfield LK, Lambert EV, Fataar AB, et al. Bone mineral density in mature, premenopausal ultramarathon runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:688-96.
4. Torstveit MK, Sundgot-Borgen J. The female athlete triad exists in both elite athletes and controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:1449-59.
5. Wolman RL, Harries M. Menstrual abnormalities in elite athletes. Clin Sports Med 1989;1:95-100.
6. Torstveit MK, Sundgot-Borgen J. Participation in leanness sports but not training volume is associated with menstrual dysfunction: a national survey of 1276 elite athletes and controls. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:141-7.
7. Drinkwater BL, Nilson K, Chesnut CH III, et al. Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes. N Engl J Med 1984;311:277-81.
8. Marcus R, Cann C, Madvig P, et al. Menstrual function and bone mass in elite women distance runners. Endocrine and metabolic features. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:158-63.
9. Micklesfield LK, Reyneke L, Fataar A, et al. Long-term restoration of deficits in bone mineral density is inadequate in premenopausal women with prior menstrual irregularity. Clin J Sport Med 1998;8:155-63.
10. Miller KK, Lee EE, Lawson EA, et al. Determinants of skeletal loss and recovery in Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:2931-7.
11. Drinkwater BL, Nilson K, Ott S, et al. Bone mineral density after resumption of menses in amenorrheic athletes. JAMA 1986;256:380-2.
12. Lindberg JS, Powell MR, Hunt MM, et al. Increased vertebral bone mineral in response to reduced exercise in amenorrheic runners. West J Med 1987;146:39-42.
13. Jonnavithula S, Warren MP, Fox RP, et al. Bone density is compromised in amenorrheic women despite return of menses: a 2-year study. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:669-74.
14. Keen AD, Drinkwater BL. Irreversible bone loss in former amenorrheic athletes. Osteoporos Int 1997;7:311-5.
15. Gibson JH, Mitchell A, Reeve J, et al. Treatment of reduced bone mineral density in athletic amenorrhea: a pilot study. Osteoporos Int 1999;10:284-9.
16. Warren MP, Brooks-Gunn J, Fox RP, et al. Persistent osteopenia in ballet dancers with amenorrhea and delayed menarche despite hormone therapy: a longitudinal study. Fertil Steril 2003;80:398- 404.
17. Yates A, Edman JD, Crago M, et al. Using an exercise-based instrument to detect signs of an eating disorder. Psychiatry Res 2001;105:231-41.
18. Yates A, Edman JD, Crago M, et al. Eating disorder symptoms in runners, cyclists, and paddlers. Addict Behav 2003;28:1473-80.
19. Myburgh KH, Hutchins J, Fataar AB, et al. Low bone density is an etiologic factor for stress fractures in athletes. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:754-9.
20. Bennell K, Malcolm SA, Thomas SA, et al. Risk factors for stress fractures in track and field athletes. Am J Sports Med 1996;24:810-7.
21. Cobb KL, Bachrach LK, Greendale G, et al. Disordered eating, menstrual irregularity, and bone mineral density in female runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:711-9.
22. Mazess RB, Barden MS. Bone density in premenopausal women: effects of age, dietary intake, physical activity, smoking, and birth-control pills. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:132-42.
23. Zanker CL, Swaine IL. Relation between bone turnover, oestradiol, and energy balance in women distance runners. Br J Sports Med 1998;32:167-71.
24. Zanker CL, Swaine IL. The relationship between serum oestradiol concentration and energy balance in young women distance runners, Int J Sports Med 1998;19:104-8.