Soft Tissue Allograft and Double-Bundle Reconstruction

Clinics in Sports Medicine

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 639-660

  Tejwani, Samir G ^a   Shen, Wei ^b   Fu, Freddie H ^b  

^a KAISER PERMANENTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOGRAFT; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION; AUTOGRAFT; BIOMECHANICS; HUMAN; KINEMATICS; LIGAMENT SURGERY; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; REVIEW; SOFT TISSUE ALLOGRAFT; SURGICAL ANATOMY; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL INSTRUMENT; SURGICAL PATIENT; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; HUMANS; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; TENDONS; TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS;

EID: 34848925463     PISSN: 02785919     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2007.06.004     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Griffin L.Y., Agel J., Albolm M.J., et al. Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: risk factors and prevention strategies. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 8 3 (2000) 141-150
2. O'Rahilly R. The early prenatal development of the human knee joint. J Anat 85 (1951) 166-170
3. Gardner E., and O'Rahilly R. The early development of the knee joint in staged human embryos. J Anat 102 (1968) 289-299
4. Chhabra A., Starman J.S., Ferretti M., et al. Anatomic, radiographic, biomechanical, and kinematic evaluation of the anterior cruciate ligament and its two functional bundles. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 Suppl 4 (2006) 2-10
5. Girgis F.G., Marshal J.L., and Monajem A. The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. Anatomical, functional and experimental analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 106 (1975) 216-231
6. Amis A.A., and Dawkins G.P. Functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament. Fibre bundle actions related to ligament replacements and injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Br 73 2 (1991) 260-267
7. Harner C.D., Baek G.H., Vogrin T.M., et al. Quantitative analysis of human cruciate ligament insertions. Arthroscopy 15 7 (1999) 741-749
8. Odensten M., and Gillquist J. Functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament and a rationale for reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am 67 (1985) 257-262
9. Takahashi M., Doi M., Abe M., et al. Anatomical study of the femoral and tibial insertions of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of human anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 34 (2006) 787-792
10. Duthon V.B., Barea C., Abrassart S., et al. Anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 (2006) 204-213
11. Mochizuki T., Muneta T., Nagase T., et al. Cadaveric knee observation study for describing anatomic femoral tunnel placement for two-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 22 4 (2006) 356-361
12. Freedman K.B., D'Amato M.J., Nedeff D.D., et al. Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a metaanalysis comparing patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts. Am J Sports Med 31 (2003) 2-11
13. Yunes M., Richmond J.C., Engels E.A., et al. Patellar versus hamstring tendons in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a meta-analysis. Arthroscopy 17 (2001) 248-257
14. Anderson A.F., Snyder R.B., and Lipscomb Jr. A.B. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A prospective randomized study of three surgical methods. Am J Sports Med 29 (2001) 272-279
15. Aune A.K., Holm I., Risberg M.A., et al. Four-strand hamstring tendon autograft compared with patellar tendon-bone autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A randomized study with two-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 29 (2001) 722-728
16. Fithian D.C., Paxton E.W., Stone M.L., et al. Prospective trial of a treatment algorithm for the management of the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knee. Am J Sports Med 33 3 (2005) 333-334
17. Kocher M.S., Steadman J.R., Briggs K.K., et al. Relationships between objective assessment of ligament stability and subjective assessment of symptoms and function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 32 (2004) 629-634
18. Sakane M., Fox R.J., and Woo S.L. In situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament and its bundles in response to anterior tibial loads. J Orthop Res 15 2 (1997) 285-293
19. Gabriel M.T., Wong E.K., Wool S.L., et al. Distribution of in situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament in response to rotatory loads. J Orthop Res 22 1 (2004) 85-89
20. Zantop T., Herbort M., Raschke M.J., et al. The role of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament in anterior tibial translation and internal rotation. Am J Sports Med 35 (2007) 223-227
21. Woo S.L., Kanamori A., Zeminski J., et al. The effectiveness of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with hamstrings and patellar tendon. A cadaveric study comparing anterior tibial and rotational loads. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84 (2002) 907-914
22. Yagi M., Wong E.K., Kanamori A., et al. Biomechanical analysis of an anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 30 (2002) 660-666
23. Tashman S., Collon D., Anderson K., et al. Abnormal rotational knee motion during running after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 32 (2004) 975-983
24. Georgoulis A.D., Ristanis S., Chouliaras V., et al. Tibial rotation is not restored after ACL reconstruction with a hamstring graft. Clin Orthop Relat Res 454 (2007) 89-94
25. Yagi M., Ryosuke K., Nagamune K., et al. Double-bundle ACL reconstruction can improve rotational stability. Clin Orthop Relat Res 454 (2007) 100-107
26. Colombet P., Robinson J., Christel P., et al. Using navigation to measure rotation kinematics during ACL reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 454 (2007) 59-65
27. Vidal A.F., Brucker P.U., Fu F.H., et al. Anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using tibialis anterior tendon autografts. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics 15 (2005) 140-145
28. Hara K., Kubo T., Suginoshita T., et al. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using a double bundle. Arthroscopy 16 (2000) 860-864
29. Muneta T., Sekiya I., Yagishita K., et al. Two-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using semitendinosus tendon with EndoButtons: operative technique and preliminary results. Arthroscopy 15 6 (1999) 618-624
30. Hamada M., Shino K., Horibe S., et al. Single-versus bi-socket anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autogenous multiple-stranded hamstring tendons with EndoButton femoral fixation: a prospective study. Arthroscopy 17 8 (2001) 801-807
31. Colombet P., Robinson J., Jambou S., et al. Two-bundle, four-tunnel anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 (2006) 629-636
32. Marcacci M., Molgora A.P., Zaffagnini S., et al. Anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstrings. Arthroscopy 19 (2003) 540-546
33. Takeuchi R., Saito T., Mituhashi S., et al. Double-bundle anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-hamstring-bone composite graft. Arthroscopy 18 (2002) 550-555
34. Yasuda K., Kondo E., Ichiyama H., et al. Anatomic reconstruction of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament using hamstring tendon grafts. Arthroscopy 20 (2004) 1015-1025
35. Kennedy J.C., Alexander I.J., and Hayes K.C. Nerve supply of the human knee and its functional importance. Am J Sports Med 10 (1982) 329-335
36. Schutte M.J., Dabezies E.J., Zimny M.L., et al. Neural anatomy of the human anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69 (1987) 243-247
37. Brucker P.U., Zelle B.A., and Fu F.H. Revision after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by restoration of the posterolateral bundle. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics 15 (2005) 146-150
38. Delay B.S., Smolinski R.J., Wind W.M., et al. Current practices and opinions in ACL reconstruction and rehabilitation: results of a survey of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine. Am J Knee Surg 14 (2001) 85-91
39. Sachs R.A., Daniel D.M., Stone M.L., et al. Patellofemoral problems after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 17 6 (1989) 760-765
40. Aglietti P., Buzzi R., D'Andria S., et al. Patellofemoral problems after intraarticular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 288 (1993) 195-204
41. Cory I.S., Webb J.M., Clingeleffer A.J., et al. Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: a comparison of patellar tendon autograft and four-strand hamstring tendon autograft. Am J Sports Med 27 (1999) 444-454
42. Bach Jr. B.R., Tradonsky S., Bojchuk J., et al. Arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft: five-to nine-year follow-up evaluation. Am J Sports Med 26 (1998) 20-29
43. Kleipool A.E., van Loon T., and Marti R.K. Pain after use of the central third of the patellar tendon for cruciate ligament reconstruction. 33 patients followed 2-3 years. Acta Orthop Scand 65 (1994) 62-66
44. Shaieb M.D., Kan D.M., Chang S.K., et al. A prospective randomized comparison of patellar tendon versus semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 30 2 (2002) 214-220
45. Pinczewski L.A., Lyman J., Salmon L.J., et al. A 10-year comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon and patellar tendon autograft: a controlled, prospective trial. Am J Sports Med (2007) [e-pub doi:10.1177/0363546506296042]
46. Aglietti P., Giron F., Buzzi R., et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: bone-patellar tendon-bone compared with double semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafts. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg 86 (2004) 2143-2155
47. Ejerhed L., Kartus J., Senert N., et al. Patellar tendon or semitendinosus tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? A prospective randomized study with a two-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 31 (2003) 19-25
48. Feller J.A., and Webster K.E. A randomized comparison of patellar tendon and hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 31 (2003) 564-573
49. Marumoto J.M., Mitsunaga M.M., Richardson A.B., et al. Late patellar tendon ruptures after removal of the central third for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A report of two cases. Am J Sports Med 24 (1996) 698-701
50. Marder R.A., Raskind J.R., and Carroll M. Prospective evaluation of arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patellar tendon versus semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Am J Sports Med 19 5 (1991) 478-484
51. Simonian P.T., Mann F.A., and Mandt P.R. Indirect forces and patella fracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the patellar ligament. Case report. Am J Knee Surg 8 (1995) 60-65
52. Rosenberg T.D., Franklin J.L., Baldwin G.N., et al. Extensor mechanism function after patellar tendon graft harvest for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 20 5 (1992) 519-526
53. Eriksson K., Anderberg P., Hamberg P., et al. A comparison of quadruple semitendinosus and patellar tendon grafts in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83 3 (2001) 348-354
54. Sajovic M., Vengust V., Komadina R., et al. A prospective, randomized comparison of semitendinosus and gracilis tendon versus patellar tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: five-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 34 12 (2006) 1933-1940
55. Roe J., Pinczewski L.A., Russell V.J., et al. A 7-year follow-up of patellar tendon and hamstring tendon grafts for arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 33 (2006) 1337-1345
56. Woo S.L., Hollis J.M., Adams D.J., et al. Tensile properties of the human femur-anterior cruciate ligament-tibia complex. The effects of specimen age and orientation. Am J Sports Med 19 (1991) 217-225
57. Brown Jr. C.H., Steiner M.E., and Carson E.W. The use of hamstring tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Technique and results. Clin Sports Med 12 (1993) 723-756
58. Cross M.J., Roger G., Kujawa P., et al. Regeneration of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons following their transection for repair of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 20 2 (1992) 221-223
59. Yasuda K., Tsujino J., Ohkoshi Y., et al. Graft site morbidity with autogenous semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Am J Sports Med 23 (1995) 706-714
60. Nakamura N., Horibe S., Sasaki S., et al. Evaluation of active knee flexion and hamstring strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons. Arthroscopy 18 6 (2002) 598-602
61. Adachi N., Ochi M., Uchio Y., et al. Harvesting hamstring tendons for ACL reconstruction influences postoperative hamstring muscle performance. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 123 9 (2003) 460-465
62. Clatworthy M.G., Annear P., Bulow J.U., et al. Tunnel widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective evaluation of hamstring and patella tendon grafts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 7 3 (1999) 138-145
63. Aglietti P., Buzzi R., Zaccherotti G., et al. Patellar tendon versus doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 22 2 (1994) 211-218
64. Otero A.L., and Hutcheson L. A comparison of the doubled semitendinosus/gracilis and central third of the patellar tendon autografts in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 9 2 (1993) 143-148
65. Salmon L.J., Refshauge K.M., Russell V.J., et al. Gender differences in outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft. Am J Sports Med 34 (2006) 621-629
66. Staubli H.U., Schatzmann L., Brunner P., et al. Mechanical tensile properties of the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament in young adults. Am J Sports Med 27 1 (1999) 27-34
67. Harris N.L., Smith D.A., Lamoreaux L., et al. Central quadriceps tendon for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Part I: morphometric and biomechanical evaluation. Am J Sports Med 25 1 (1997) 23-28
68. Noyes F.R., Butler D.L., Grood E.S., et al. Biomechanical analysis of human ligament grafts used in knee-ligament repairs and reconstructions. J Bone Joint Surg Am 66 3 (1984) 344-352
69. Jansson K.A., Linko E., Sandelin J., et al. A prospective randomized study of patellar versus hamstring tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 31 (2003) 12-18
70. Laxdal G., Sernert N., Ejerhed L., et al. A prospective comparison of bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring tendon grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in male patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15 2 (2007) 115-125
71. Gasser S., and Uppal R. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a new technique for Achilles tendon preparation. Arthroscopy 22 12 (2006) 1365 e1-3
72. Blauth W. 2-strip substitution-plasty of the anterior cruciate ligament with the quadriceps tendon. Unfallheilkunde 87 (1984) 45-51
73. Fulkerson J.P., and Langeland R. An alternative cruciate reconstruction graft: the central quadriceps tendon. Arthroscopy 11 (1995) 252-254
74. Pigozzi F., Di Salvo V., Parisi A., et al. Isokinetic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: quadriceps tendon versus patellar tendon. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 44 3 (2004) 288-293
75. Chen C.H., Chuang T.Y., Wang K.C., et al. Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon autograft: clinical outcome in 4-7 years. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 11 (2006) 1077-1085
76. Lee S., Seong S.C., Jo H., et al. Outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadriceps tendon autograft. Arthroscopy 20 8 (2004) 795-802
77. Antonogiannakis E., Yiannakopoulos C.K., Hiotis I., et al. Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadriceps tendon autograft and bioabsorbable cross-pin fixation. Arthroscopy 21 7 (2005) 894
78. Kim S.J., Jung K.A., and Song D.H. Arthroscopic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autogenous quadriceps tendon. Arthroscopy 22 7 (2006) 797 e1-5
79. West R.V., and Harner C.D. Graft selection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 13 3 (2005) 197-207
80. Miller M.D., and Harner C.D. The use of allograft. Techniques and results. Clin Sports Med 12 4 (1993) 757-770
81. Buck B.E., Malinin T.I., and Brown M.D. Bone transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus. An estimate of risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clin Orthop Relat Res 240 (1989) 129-136
82. Busch M.P., Lee L.L., Satten G.A., et al. Time course of detection of viral and serologic marker preceding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion: implications for screening of blood and tissue donors. Transfusion 35 (1995) 91-97
83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hepatitis C virus transmission from an antibody-negative organ and tissue donor-United States, 2000-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 (2003) 273-276
84. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: allograft-associated bacterial infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 (2002) 207-210
85. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Invasive Streptococcus pyogenes after allograft implantation-Colorado, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 (2003) 1173-1176
86. Jackson D.W., Corsetti J., and Simon T.M. Biologic incorporation of allograft anterior cruciate ligament replacements. Clin Orthop Relat Res 324 (1996) 126-133
87. Wilson T.C., Kantaras A., Atay A., et al. Tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med 32 (2004) 543-549
88. Gibbons M.J., Butler D.L., Grood E.S., et al. Effects of gamma irradiation on the initial mechanical and material properties of goat bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts. J Orthop Res 9 (1991) 209-218
89. Godette G.A., Kopta J.A., and Egle D.M. Biomechanical effects of gamma irradiation on fresh frozen allografts in vivo. Orthopedics 19 (1996) 649-653
90. Vangsness Jr. C.T., Wagner P.P., Moore T.M., et al. Overview of safety issues concerning the preparation and processing of soft-tissue allografts. Arthroscopy 22 12 (2006) 1351-1358
91. Woll J.E. Standards for tissue banking (2001), American Association of Tissue Banks, McLean (VA)
92. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About tissue transplants. March 20, 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/tissueTransplantsFAQ.html. Accessed January 28, 2007.
93. Cole D.W., Ginn T.A., Chen G.J., et al. Cost comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: autograft versus allograft. Arthroscopy 21 7 (2005) 786-790
94. Poehling G.G., Curl W.W., Lee C.A., et al. Analysis of outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament repair with 5-year follow-up: allograft versus autograft. Arthroscopy 21 7 (2005) 774-785
95. Kleipool A.E., Zijl J.A., and Willems W.J. Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft or autograft. A prospective study with an average follow up of 4 years. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 6 4 (1998) 224-230
96. Shelton W.R., Papendick L., and Dukes A.D. Autograft versus allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 13 4 (1997) 446-449
97. Guidoin M.F., Marois Y., Bejui J., et al. Analysis of retrieved polymer fiber based replacements for the ACL. Biomaterials 21 23 (2000) 2461-2474
98. Richmond J.C., Manseau C.J., Patz R., et al. Anterior cruciate reconstruction using a Dacron ligament prosthesis. A long-term study. Am J Sports Med 20 1 (1992) 24-28
99. Bolton C.W., and Bruchman W.C. The GORE-TEX expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prosthetic ligament. An in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 196 (1985) 202-213
100. Mody B.A., Howard L., Harding M.L., et al. The ABC carbon and polyester prosthetic ligament for ACL-deficient knees. Early results in 31 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 75 5 (1993) 818-821
101. Dunn M.G., Liesch J.B., Tiku M.L., et al. Development of fibroblast-seeded ligament analogs for ACL reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res 29 11 (1995) 1363-1371
102. Bellincampi L.D., Closkey R.F., Prasad R., et al. Viability of fibroblast-seeded ligament analogs after autogenous implantation. J Orthop Res 16 4 (1998) 414-420
103. Lin V.S., Lee M.C., O'Neal S., et al. Ligament tissue engineering using synthetic biodegradable fiber scaffolds. Tissue Eng 5 5 (1999) 443-452
104. Van Eijk F., Saris D.B., Riesle J., et al. Tissue engineering of ligaments: a comparison of bone marrow stromal cells, anterior cruciate ligament, and skin fibroblasts as cell source. Tissue Eng 10 5-6 (2004) 893-903
105. Vunjak-Novakovic G., Altman G., and Horan R. Tissue engineering of ligaments. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 6 (2004) 131-156
106. Altman G.H., Horan R.L., Martin I., et al. Cell differentiation by mechanical stress. FASEB J 16 2 (2002) 270-272
107. Altman G.H., Horan R.L., Lu H.H., et al. Silk matrix for tissue engineered anterior cruciate ligaments. Biomaterials 23 20 (2002) 4131-4141
108. Chen J., Altman G.H., Karageorgiou V., et al. Human bone marrow stromal cell and ligament fibroblast responses on RGD-modified silk fibers. J Biomed Mater Res 67 2 (2003) 559-570
109. Cooper J.A., Lu H.H., Ko F.K., et al. Fiber-based tissue-engineered scaffold for ligament replacement: design considerations and in vitro evaluation. Biomaterials 26 13 (2005) 1523-1532
110. Lu H.H., Cooper Jr. J.A., Manuel S., et al. Anterior cruciate ligament regeneration using braided biodegradable scaffolds: in vitro optimization studies. Biomaterials 26 23 (2005) 4805-4816
111. Cooper Jr. J.A., Bailey L.O., Carter J.N., et al. Evaluation of the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, Achilles tendon and patellar tendon as cell sources for tissue-engineered ligament. Biomaterials 27 13 (2006) 2747-2754
112. Majima T., Funakosi T., Iwasaki N., et al. Alginate and chitosan polyion complex hybrid fibers for scaffolds in ligament and tendon tissue engineering. J Orthop Sci 10 3 (2005) 302-307
113. Cristino S., Grassi F., Toneguzzi S., et al. Analysis of mesenchymal stem cells grown on a three-dimensional HYAFF 11-based prototype ligament scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res 73 3 (2005) 275-283
114. Berry C.C., Cacou C., Lee D.A., et al. Dermal fibroblasts respond to mechanical conditioning in a strain profile dependent manner. Biorheology 40 1-3 (2003) 337-345
115. Berry C.C., Shelton J.C., Bader D.L., et al. Influence of external uniaxial cyclic strain on oriented fibroblast-seeded collagen gels. Tissue Eng 9 4 (2003) 613-624
116. Goh J.C., Ouyang H.W., Teoh S.H., et al. Tissue-engineering approach to the repair and regeneration of tendons and ligaments. Tissue Eng 9 Suppl 1 (2003) S31-S44