The Indian movement and political democracy in Ecuador

Latin American Politics and Society

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 1-34

  Zamosc, Leon ^a  

^a San Diego   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL SOCIETY; DEMOCRACY; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; LOCAL PARTICIPATION; POLITICAL CHANGE; SOCIAL MOVEMENT;

ECUADOR; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 34848924265     PISSN: 1531426X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/lap.2007.0036     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Almeida, Ileana, and Nidia Arrobo. 2002. Ecuador: Informe final. Report of the LatAutonomy project. Vienna: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Contemporary Research on Latin America.
2. Andolina, Robert. 2003. The Sovereign and Its Shadow: Constituent Assembly and Indigenous Movement in Ecuador. Journal of Latin American Studies 35, 4: 721-51.
3. Barreda, Mikel, Marc Bou, Oscar del Alamo, Inigo Macías, Marc Navarro, and Pere Torres. 2005.Perfil de gobernabilidad de Ecuador. Barcelona: Institut Internacional de Governabilitat de Catalunya.
4. Beck, Scott. H., and Kenneth J. Mijeski. 2001. Barricades and Ballots: Ecuador's Indians and the Pachakutik Political Movement. Ecuadorian Studies1.
5. Blumer, Herbert. 1951. Social Movements. In New Outline of the Principles of Sociology, 2nd ed. rev., ed. A. M. Lee. New York: Barnes and Noble. 199-220.
6. Bobbio, Norberto. 1987. The Future of Democracy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
7. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1985. The Forms of Capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. J. G. Richardson. New York: Greenwood Press. 241-58.
8. Cameron, John D. 2005. Municipal Democratization in Rural Latin America: Methodological Insights from Ecuador. Bulletin of Latin American Research 24, 3: 367-90.
9. Carothers, Thomas. 1999. Civil Society. Foreign Policy, Winter: 18-29.
10. Carrasco, Hernán. 1993. Democratización de los poderes locales y levantamiento indígena. In Sismo étnico en el Ecuador: varias perspectivas, ed. José Almeida et al. Quito: Abya-Yala. 29-69.
11. Centro de Estudios y Datos (Cedatos). 2000a. Los acontecimientos nacionales del 21 de enero. Estudios y Datos 25: 173.
12. Centro de Estudios y Datos. 2000b. Reacciones frente al cambio de gobierno. Estudios y Datos 25: 173.
13. Cohen, Jean L., and Andrew Arato. 1992. Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press.
14. El Comercio (Quito). 2002a. La centro-izquierda lucha por su unidad. May 30.
15. El Comercio (Quito). 2002b. Sin mayores resultados la cita de centro-izquierda. February 27.
16. El Comercio (Quito) 2002c. Tres factores jugaron en favor de Lucio Gutiérrez. July 10.
17. El Comercio (Quito) 2002d. Gutiérrez: el pinchazo va. December 13.
18. El Comercio (Quito) 2003a. Pachakutik se quedó fuera del poder. August 7.
19. El Comercio (Quito) 2003b. La alianza de Gobierno cayó por su propio peso en 6 meses. August 10.
20. El Comercio (Quito) 2003c. La Conaie y Pachakutik con una táctica defensiva. August 16.
21. El Comercio (Quito) 2003d. La relación Conaie-Pachakutik está en crisis. September 3.
22. El Comercio (Quito) 2003e. Lucio Gutiérrez gana un "round" a la Conaie. October 18.
23. El Comercio (Quito) 2004a. La Conaie pone pausa a su protesta contra el gobierno. January 12.
24. El Comercio (Quito) 2004b. Los amazónicos en paz. January 20.
25. El Comercio (Quito) 2004c. La Feine hace la paz con Gutiérrez. February 1.
26. El Comercio (Quito) 2004d. Indígenas suspenden las protestas. February 17.
27. El Comercio (Quito) 2004e. En las movilizaciones se evidenció la crisis de la Conaie. February 21.
28. El Comercio (Quito) 2004f. Presidente Gutiérrez posesionó a Vargas. May 31.
29. El Comercio (Quito) 2004g. Dirigencia de la Conaie prepara levantamiento. June 6.
30. El Comercio (Quito) 2004h. La Conaie y Pachakutik se critican por el fracaso del levantamiento. June 11.
31. Conaghan, Catherine. 1989. Ecuador: The Politics of Locos. Hemisphere 1, 1: 13-15.
32. Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE). 1988. Memorias del segundo congreso de la CONAIE.
33. Confederación de Nacionalidades Indigenas del Ecuador (CONAIE). 1993. Proyecto politico de las nacionalidades y pueblos del Ecuador.
34. Confederación de Nacionalidades Indigenas del Ecuador (CONAIE). 1995. Resoluciones de la asamblea extraordinaria. December 3.
35. Confederación de Nacionalidades Indigenas del Ecuador (CONAIE). 2003. Resoluciones de la asamblea. February 18.
36. Consejo de Nacionalidades y Pueblos Indígenas del Ecuador (CODENPE). 2000. Nuestros derechos en la constitución. Quito: Génesis.
37. Coordinadora Agraria Nacional (CAN). 1993a. Por la tierra, la paz y el desarrollo. March 10.
38. Coordinadora Agraria Nacional (CAN). 1993b. Proyecto de ley agraria integral. July 5.
39. Coser, Lewis A. 1956. The Functions of Social Conflict. New York: Free Press.
40. Dávila Loor, Jorge. 2000. El salto al vacío y el asalto al cielo: reflexión sobre los acontecimientos del viernes 21 y sábado 22 de enero del 2000. Ecuador Debate, 49.
41. De la Torre, Carlos. 1997, Populism and Democracy: Political Discourses and Cultures in Contemporary Ecuador. Latin American Perspectives 24, 3: 12-25.
42. Della Porta, Donatella, and Mario Diani. 1999. Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
43. Dieterich, Heinz. 2001. La cuarta via al poder. Bogotá: Desde Abajo.
44. Dworkin, Ronald M. 1978. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
45. Ecuarunari-Confederación de Pueblos de la Nacionalidad Quichua. 2003. Resoluciones de la asamblea extraordinaria. February 14.
46. Edwards, Bob, and Michael W. Foley. 1998. Civil Society and Social Capital Beyond Putnam. American Behavioral Scientist 42, 1: 124-40.
47. Escobar, Arturo, and Sonia E. Alvarez. 1992a. Introduction: Theory and Protest in Latin America Today. In The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy, ed. Escobar and Alvarez. Boulder: Westview Press. 1-15.
48. Escobar, Arturo, and Sonia E, Alvarez 1992b. Conclusion: Theoretical and Political Horizons of Change in Contemporary Latin American Social Movements. In The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy, ed. Escobar and Alvarez. Boulder: Westview Press. 317-29.
49. Forbrig, Joerg, 2002. The Nexus Between Civil Society and Democracy. In Political Priorities Between East and Wesk Europe's Rediscovered Wealth, ed. W. Reichel. Vienna: Institut für den Donauraurn und Mitteleuropa. 79-103.
50. Goldstone, Jack A. 2003. Bridging Institutionalized and Noninstitutionalized Politics. In States, Parties, and Social Movements, ed. Jack. A. Goldstone. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1-24.
51. Habermas, Jürgen. 1985. Civil Disobedience: Litmus Test for the Democratic Constitutional State. Berkeley Journal of Sociology 30, 96-116.
52. Heberle, Rudolf 1951. [I Social Movements: An Introduction to Political Sociology New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
53. Held, David. 1996. Models of Democracy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
54. Hernández, José, Marco Aráuz, Byron Rodríguez, and Leonel Bejarano. 2000. 21 de enero: la vorágine que acabo con Mahuad. Quito: El Comercio.
55. Ibarra, A. 1987. Los indígenas y el estado en el Ecuador. Quito: Abya-Yala.
56. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (INEC). 2001. Sexto censo nacional de población, 2001. Quito: INEC.
57. Isaacs, Anita. 1993. Mílitary Rule and Transition in Ecuador, 1972-92. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
58. Kipu - el mundo indígena en la prensa ecuatoriana. Press reports. 1993. Press reports on the mobilization to defend the rural health service. January 9-18.
59. Kipu - el mundo indígena en la prensa ecuatoriana. 1994. Press reports on protest mobilizations. May 7-July 16.
60. Kipu - el mundo indígena en la prensa ecuatoriana. 1996. Press reports on Pachakutik's electoral results. May 20-30.
61. Kipu - el mundo indígena en la prensa ecuatoriana. 1998. Press reports on protest mobilizations. September 9-October 21.
62. Kipu - el mundo indígena en la prensa ecuatoriana. 1999a. Press reports on protest mobilizations. March 11-25.
63. Kipu - el mundo indígena en la prensa ecuatoriana. 1999b. Press reports on protest mobilizations. July 7-August 3.
64. Korovkin, Tanya. 2001. Reinventing the Communal Tradition: Indigenous Peoples, Civil Society, and Democratization in Andean Ecuador. Latin American Research Review 36, 3: 37-77.
65. Larrea, Fernando, and Ana M. Larrea. 1998. Participación ciudadana, relaciones interétnicas y construcción del poder local en Saquisilí. Paper presented at the conference "Gobiernos Locales y Desarrollo Rural en los Andes," Lima, September 14.
66. Latinobarómetro. 2004. Informe resumen: una década de mediciones, 1996-2004. Santiago de Chile: Corporación Latinobarómetro.
67. León, Jorge. 1991. Las organizaciones indígenas: igualdad y diferencia. In Indios: una reflexión sobre el levantamiento indígena de 1990, ed. D. Cornejo Menacho. Quito: Abya-Yala, 373-418.
68. León, Jorge. 1994. De campesinos a ciudadanos diferentes: el levantamiento indígena. Quito: Abya-Yala.
69. León Guzmán, Mauricio. 2003. Etnicidad y exclusión en el Ecuador: una mirada a partir del censo de población de 2001. Internal memo. Quito: Sistema Integrado de Indicadores Sociales del Ecuador.
70. Linz, Juan J. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
71. Lluco, Miguel. 2000. El movimiento indígena y la construcción de una democracia radical. Boletin del Instituto Cientifico de Culturas Indígenas 10.
72. Lora, Eduardo. 1997. A Decade of Structural Reforms in Latin America. Working Paper Green Series 348. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
73. Lucas, Kintto. 2000. La rebelión de los indios. Quito: Abya-Yala.
74. Lucero, José A. 2001. Crisis and Contention in Ecuador. Journal of Democracy 12, 2: 59-73.
75. Macas, Luis. A. 2004. Democracia e interculturalidad. Boletin del Instituto Científico de Culturas Indígenas 63.
76. Markoff, John. 2004. Contention and the Troubled History of Democracy. Paper presented at the Workshop on Contentious Politics, Binghamton University, April 18.
77. Marx, Gary T., and Douglas McAdam. 1994. Collective Behavior and Social Movements: Process and Structure. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
78. McAdam, Douglas, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 1996. To Map Contentious Politics. Mobilization 1, 1: 17-34.
79. Melucci, Alberto. 1994, A Strange Kind of Newness: What's "New" in New Social Movements? In New Social Movements: From ideology to Identity, ed. Enrique Laraña, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 101-30.
80. Morley, Samuel A., Roberto Machado, and Stefano Pettinato. 1999. Indexes of Structural Reform in Latin America. Economic Reform Series 12. Santiago: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
81. Moya, Ruth A. 1990. A Decade of Bilingual Education and Indigenous Participation in Ecuador. Prospects 20, 3: 331-43.
82. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1994. President Durán Battles Congress over Constitutional Reforms. October 21.
83. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1995. President Sixto Durán Suffers Defeat in Referendum on Constitutional Reforms. December 1.
84. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1996. Controversy Permeates President Abdalá Bucaram's Tumultuous First Three Months in Office. November 15.
85. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1997a. Government Economic Plan Continues to Generate Broad Opposition. January 10.
86. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1997b. Congress Votes to Oust President Abdalá Bucaram. February 7.
87. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1998a. President-Elect Jamil Mahuad Must Walk Political and Economic Tightrope. July 24.
88. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1998b. President Jamil Mahuad introduces Unpopular Economic Measures. September 18.
89. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1999a. President Jamil Mahuad Says Country Is in Financial Crisis. January 22.
90. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1999b. Ecuador Devalues Its Currency as Crisis Continues. February 26.
91. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1999c. Congress Approves President Jamil Mahuad's Economic Package. April 30.
92. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1999d. President Jamil Mahuad Battered by Protests. July 16.
93. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1999e. International Monetary Fund Approves Standby Loan. September 3.
94. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 1999f. Crises Plague Administration. November 5.
95. NotiSur-South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2000a. Cabinet Resigns After President Jamil Mahuad Adopts Dollar as Local Currency Amid Protests. January 14.
96. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2000b. Indian Protests Topple Presidency of Jamil Mahuad, Vice President Gustavo Noboa Takes Over. January 28.
97. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2002a. Economy Minister Resigns amid Scandal. June 28.
98. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2002b. Presidential Elections Go to Runoff. October 25.
99. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2002c. Lucio Gutiérrez Wins Presidency in Runnoff. December 6.
100. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2003a. Lucio Gutiérez Takes Office as President. January 17.
101. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2003b. Indigenous Cabinet Members Walk Tightrope Between Administration and Communities. February 14.
102. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2003c. President Lucio Gutiérrez Hit by More Strikes, Dissention Within Coalition Government. June 20.
103. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2003d. Narco-Scandal Threatens Government of President Lucio Gutiérrez. December 5.
104. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2004a. Miss Universe Contest, OAS Summit Draw Protests to Quito. June 11.
105. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2004b. President Lucio, Gutiérrez Overcomes Impeachment Effort. November 19.
106. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2005a. Constitutional Crisis Erupts After President Lucio Gutiérrez and Parliament Remove Supreme Court. January 7.
107. NotiSur - South American Political and Economic Affairs (newsletter). 2005b. Congress Removes President Lucio, Gutiérrez. April 22.
108. Oxhorn, Philip. 2003. Social Inequality, Civil Society, and the Limits of Citizenship in Latin America. In What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America, ed. Susan Eckstein and Timothy Wickham-Crowley. Berkeley: University of California Press. 35-63.
109. Pachakutik - Movimiento de Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik. 1999. Hacia el nuevo milenio: base ideológica y programática. Boletin El Churo MUPP 2.
110. Pachano, Simón. 1996. Democracia sin sociedad. Quito: ILDIS.
111. Piven, Francis F., and Richard A. Cloward. 1977. Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. New York: Pantheon.
112. Pizzorno, Alessandro. 1978. Political Exchange and Collective Identity in Industrial Conflict. In The Resurgence of Class Conflict in Western Europe since 1968, ed. Colin Crouch and Alessandro Pizzorno. London: Macmillan. 277-98.
113. Ponce, Javier. 2000. La madrugada los sorprendió en el poder. Quito: Planeta.
114. Portes, Alejandro. 1998. Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology 24, 1: 1-25.
115. Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
116. Radcliffe, Sarah A., Nina Laurie, and Robert Andolina. 2002. Re-territorialised Space and Ethnic Political Participation: Indigenous Municipalities in Ecuador. Space and Polity 6, 3: 289-305.
117. Ramón, Galo. 1981. La comunidad indigena ecuatoriana. In Comunidad andina: alternativas políticas de desarrollo, ed. A. Guerrero et al. Quito: CAAP. 65-86.
118. Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
119. República del Ecuador. 1998. Constitución política de la República del Ecuador. Quito: República del Ecuador.
120. Rona Tas, Akos. 1998. Path Dependence and Capital Theory: Sociology of the Post-Communist Economic Transformation. East European Politics and Societies 12, 1: 107-32.
121. Rosenblum, Nancy L., and Robert C. Post. 2002. Introduction. In Civil Society and Government, ed. Rosenblum and Post. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1-26.
122. Sánchez Parga, José. 1986. La trama del poder en la comunidad andina. Quito: CAAP.
123. Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1976. Critique of Dialectical Reason. London: New Left Books.
124. Sawyer, Suzana. 1997. The 1992 Indian Mobilization in Lowland Ecuador. Latin American Perspectives 24, 3: 65-83.
125. Scholte, Jan A. 2004. Civil Society and Democratically Accountable Global Governance. Government and Opposition 39, 2: 211-33.
126. Scott, Richard. 1995. Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
127. Stepan, Alfred. 1988. Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
128. Tamayo, Eduardo. 1996. Movimientos sociales: la riqueza de la diversidad. Quito: ALAI.
129. Tarrow, Sidney G. 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
130. Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. New York: McGraw-Hill.
131. Tilly, Charles. 1998. Social Movements and (All Sorts of) Other Political Interactions. Theory and Society 27, 4: 453-80.
132. Touraine, Alain. 1981. The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press.
133. Tilly Charles. 1988. Return of the Actor: Social Theory in Postindustrial Society. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
134. Viteri Díaz, Galo. 1998. Las políticas de ajuste: Ecuador 1982-1996. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional.
135. Walzer, Michael. 2002. Equality and Civil Society. In Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society, ed. S. Chambers and W. Kymlicka. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 35-49.
136. Zamosc, Leon. 1994. Agrarian Protest and the Indian Movement in the Ecuadorian Highlands. Latin American Research Review 29, 3: 37-68.
137. Zamosc, Leon. 2004. The Indian Movement in Ecuador: From Politics of Influence to Politics of Power. In The Struggle for Indigenous Rights in Latin America, ed. N. G. Postero and Zamosc. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 131-57.
138. Zhingri, Patricio. 2002. Democracia y pueblos indigenas. Boletín del Instituto Científico de Culturas Indígenas 35.