Not so rare Earth? New developments in understanding the origin of the Earth and Moon

Chemie der Erde

Volumn 67, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 179-200

  Righter, Kevin ^a  

^a NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Earth; Giant impact; Magma ocean; Moon; Origin of water

Indexed keywords

COMET; EARTH; IMPACT; MODELING; MOON; PLANETARY EVOLUTION;

EID: 34848840955     PISSN: 00092819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemer.2007.05.002     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Abe, Y., Ohtani, E., Okuchi, T., Righter, K., Drake, M.J., 2000. Water in the early Earth. In: Canup, R., Righter, K. (Eds.), Origin of the Earth and Moon, pp. 413-434.
2. Agnor C.B., Canup R.M., and Levison H.F. On the character and consequences of large impacts in the late stage of terrestrial planet formation. Icarus 142 (1999) 219-237
3. 176Lu decay constant. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 1261-1270
4. Andreasen R., and Sharma M. Solar Nebula heterogeneity in p-process samarium and neodymium isotopes. Science 314 (2006) 806-809
5. Asimov I. Extraterrestrial Civilizations (1979), Fawcett Columbine Books, New York 282pp
6. Asphaug E., Agnor C.B., and Williams Q. Hit-and-run planetary collisions. Nature 439 (2006) 155-160
7. Beaulieu J.-P., et al. Discovery of a cool planet of 5.5 Earth masses through gravitational microlensing. Nature 439 (2006) 437-441
8. Becker H., Horan M.F., Walker R.J., Gao S., Lorand J.-P., and Rudnick R.L. Highly siderophile element composition of the Earth's primitive upper mantle: constraints from new data on peridotite massifs and xenoliths. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 4528-4550
9. Becker R.H., Clayton R.N., Galimov E.M., Lammer H., Marty B., Pepin R.O., and Wieler R. Isotopic signatures of volatiles in terrestrial planets - Working Group Report. Space Sci. Rev. 106 (2003) 377-410
10. Belbruno E., Gott J.R.I.,. Where did the Moon come from?. Astrophys. Jour. 129 (2005) 1724-1745
11. Benz W., Slattery W.L., and Cameron A.G.W. The origin of the Moon and the single impact hypothesis I1. Icarus 66 (1986) 515-535
12. Borg L.E., and Draper D.S. A petrogenetic model for the origin and compositional variation of the Martian basaltic meteorites. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 38 (2003) 1713-1732
13. Borg L.E., Nyquist L.E., Wiesmann H., Shih C.-Y., and Reese Y. The age of Dar al Gani 476 and the differentiation history of the Martian meteorites inferred from their radiogenic isotopic systematics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 (2003) 3519-3536
14. Boss A.P. Temperatures in protoplanetary disks. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 26 (1998) 26-53
15. Boss A.P., and Goswami J.N. Presolar cloud collapse and the formation and early evolution of the solar nebula. In: Lauretta D.S., and McSween Jr. H.Y. (Eds). Meteorites and the Early Solar System II (2006), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 171-186
16. Bottke W.F., Nesvorny D., Grimm R.E., Morbidelli A., and O'Brien D.P. Iron meteorites as remnants of planetesimals formed in the terrestrial planet region. Nature 439 (2006) 821-824
17. 142Nd evidence for early (>4.53 Ga) global differentiation of the silicate Earth. Science 309 (2005) 576-581
18. 142Nd evidence for early Earth differentiation. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXV (2003) 1945
19. Brandon A.D., Walker R.J., Morgan J.W., and Goles G.G. Re-Os isotopic evidence for early differentiation of the Martian mantle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (2000) 4083-4095
20. Brandon A.D., Humayun M., Puchtel I.S., and Zolensky M.E. Re-Os isotopic systematics and platinum group element composition of the Tagish Lake carbonaceous chondrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 1619-1631
21. Bromley B.C., and Kenyon S.J. A hybrid N-body coagulation code for planet formation. Astron. J. 131 (2006) 2737-2748
22. Busemann, H., Lorenzetti, S., Eugster, O., 2004. Solar noble gases in the angrite parent body - evidence from volcanic volatiles trapped in D'Orbigny glass. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXV, abstract no. 1705.
23. Bussey, D.B.J., Lucey, P.G., Steutel, D., Robinson, M.S., Spudis, P.D., Edwards, K.D., 2003. Permanent shadow in simple craters near the lunar poles, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1278. doi:10.1029/2002GL016180.
24. Cameron A.G.W. The origin of the Moon and the single impact hypothesis V5. Icarus 126 (1997) 126-137
25. Cameron A.G.W. High-resolution simulations of the giant impact. In: Canup R.M., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 133-144
26. Cameron A.G.W. From interstellar gas to the Earth-Moon system. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 36 (2001) 9-22
27. Cameron A.G.W., and Ward W.R. The origin of the Moon. Lunar Planet. Sci. VII (1976) 120
28. Canup R.M. Dynamics of lunar formation. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42 (2004) 441-475
29. Canup R.M. Simulations of a late lunar-forming impact. Icarus 168 (2004) 433-456
30. Canup R.M. A giant impact origin of Pluto-Charon. Science 307 (2005) 546-548
31. Canup R.M., and Agnor C.B. Accretion of the terrestrial planets and the Earth-Moon system. In: Canup R.M., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 113-132
32. Canup R.M., and Asphaug E. The origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation. Nature 412 (2001) 708-712
33. Canup R.M., and Pierazzo E. Retention of water during planet-scale collisions. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVII (2006) 2160
34. Carlson R.W. Application of the Pt-Re-Os isotopic system to mantle geochemistry and geochronology. Lithos 82 (2005) 249-272
35. Carlson, R.W., Boyet, M., 2006. Early planetary differentiation: unmixing and remixing planetary interiors. In: Workshop on Early Planetary Differentiation, LPI Contribution No. 1335, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 20-21.
36. 142Nd evidence from Isua metamorphosed sediments for early differentiation of the Earth's mantle. Nature 423 (2003) 428-432
37. Chabot N.L., Draper D.S., and Agee C.B. Conditions of core formation in the Earth: constraints from nickel and cobalt partitioning. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 2141-2151
38. Chambers J. Making more terrestrial planets. Icarus 152 (2001) 205-224
39. Chambers J. Planetary accretion in the inner solar system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 223 (2004) 241-252
40. Chambers J.E. Mixing scales and planetesimal source regions. In: Lauretta D.S., and McSween Jr. H.Y. (Eds). Meteorites and the Early Solar System II (2005), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 943pp
41. Chou, C.-L., 1978. Fractionation of siderophile elements in the Earth's upper mantle. In: Proceedings of the Ninth Lunar Planetary Science Conference, pp. 219-230.
42. Ciesla F.J., Lauretta D.S., Cohen B.A., and Hood L.L. A nebular origin for chondritic fine-grained phyllosilicates. Science 299 (2003) 549-552
43. Cottrell, E., Walker, D., 2004. Ultra-high temperature effects in Earth's Magma Ocean: Pt and W Partitioning. In: Workshop on Oxygen in the Terrestrial Planets, July 20-23, 2004, Santa Fe, New Mexico, abstract no. 3046.
44. Cottrell E., and Walker D. Constraints on core formation from Pt partitioning in mafic silicate liquids at high temperatures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 1565-1580
45. Danielson, L.R., Sharp, T.G., Hervig, R.L., 2005. Implications for core formation of the Earth from high pressure-temperature Au partitioning experiments. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVI, No. 1955.
46. Danielson, L.R., Righter, K., Sutton, S.R., Newville, M., Le, L., 2006. The oxidation state of tungsten in iron bearing and iron free silicate glasses: initial results from W L-edge XANES measurements. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, V11D-0627.
47. Dauphas N., Robert F., and Marty B. The late asteroidal and cometary bombardment of Earth as recorded in water deuterium to protium ratio. Icarus 148 (2000) 508-512
48. Deloule E., Robert F., and Doukhan J.C. Interstellar hydroxyl in meteoritic chondrules: implications for the origin of water in the inner solar system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 3367-3378
49. Delsemme A. The origin of the atmosphere and the oceans. In: Thomas P.J., Chyba C.F., and McKay C.P. (Eds). Comets and the Origin and Evolution of Life (1997), Springer, New York 29-67 296pp
50. Drake M.J. Accretion and primary differentiation of the Earth: a personal journey. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (2000) 2363-2370
51. Drake M.J. Origin of water in the terrestrial planets. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 40 (2005) 519-527
52. Drake M.J., and Righter K. Determining the composition of the Earth. Nature 416 (2002) 39-44
53. Dreibus G., and Wanke H. Comment on "Comparative geochemistry of basalts from the Earth, Moon, HED asteroid, and Mars: implication for the origin of the Moon", by Ruzicka, Snyder and Taylor (2001). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2002) 979-997
54. Elkins-Tanton L.T., Parmentier E.M., and Hess P.C. Magma ocean fractional crystallization and cumulate overturn in terrestrial planets: implications for Mars. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 38 (2003) 1753-1771
55. Engrand C., DeLoule E., Robert F., Maurette M., and Kurat G. Extraterrestrial water in micrometeorites and cosmic spherules from Antarctica: an ion microprobe study. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 34 (1998) 773-786
56. Ertel W., Walter M.J., Drake M.J., and Sylvester P.J. Experimental study of platinum solubility in silicate melt to 14 GPa and 2273 K: Implications for accretion and core formation in Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 2591-2602
57. 142Nd isotope systematics in the SNC meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 4557-4571
58. Gaillard, F., Schmidt, B.C., McCammon, C.A., Pichvant, M., Scaillet, B., Mackwell, S.J., 2004. Redox exchanges in hydrous magma. Oxygen in the Terrestrial Planets, #3056.
59. Galimov E.M. Redox evolution of the Earth caused by a multi-stage formation of its core. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 233 (2005) 263-276
60. Garrick-Bethell I., Wisdom J., and Zuber M.T. Evidence for a past high eccentricity lunar orbit. Science 313 (2006) 652-655
61. Genda H., and Abe Y. Enhanced atmospheric loss on protoplanets at the giant impact phase in the presence of oceans. Nature 433 (2005) 842-844
62. Goldreich P., Lithwick Y., and Sari R. Planet formation by coagulation: a focus on Uranus and Neptune. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42 (2004) 549-601
63. Greenwood R.C., Franchi I.A., Jambon A., and Buchanan P.C. Widespread magma oceans on asteroidal bodies in the early solar system. Nature 435 (2005) 916-918
64. Hagerty J.J., Shearer C.K., and Vaniman D.T. Heat-producing elements in the lunar mantle: insights from ion microprobe analyses of lunar pyroclastic glasses. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 3457-3476
65. Halliday, A.N., 2004a. The origin and earliest history of the Earth. In: Davis, A.M. (Ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 1, pp. 509-557.
66. Halliday A.N. Mixing, volatile loss and compositional change during impact-driven accretion of the Earth. Nature 427 (2004) 505-509
67. Halliday A.N., Lee D.C., Christensen J.N., Rehkämper M., Yi W., Luo X., Hall C.M., Ballentine C.J., Pettke T., and Stirling C. Applications of multiple collector-ICPMS to cosmochemistry, geochemistry, and paleoceanography. Geichim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 919-940
68. Halliday, A.N., Lee, D.C., Fehr, M., Quitté, G., Porcelli, D., Rehkämper, M., 2002. Accretion and accredited anomalies. Gold Conference Abstracts, A304.
69. 182Hf in the early Solar System and constraints on the timescale of terrestrial accretion and core formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 1131-1153
70. 144Nd in SNC meteorites. Science 267 (1995) 213-216
71. Hartmann W.K., and Davis D.R. Satellite-sized planetesimals and lunar origin. Icarus 24 (1975) 504-514
72. 16O-rich isotopic composition for the protosolar nebula. Nature 434 (2005) 619-621
73. 107Ag isotope systematics. Lunar. Planet. Sci. XXXI, #1812.
74. Hayashi C., Nakazawa K., and Mizuno H. Earth's melting due to the blanketing effect of the primordial dense atmosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 43 (1979) 22-28
75. Hoink T., Schmalzl J., and Hansen U. Dynamics of metal-silicate separation in a terrestrial magma ocean. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7 (2006) Q09008 10.1029/2006GC001268
76. Holzheid A., Sylvester P.J., O'Neill H.St.C., Rubie D.C., and Palme H. Evidence for a late chondritic veneer in the Earth's mantle from high pressure partitioning of palladium and platinum. Nature 406 (2000) 396-399
77. Hostetler, C.J., Drake, M.J., 1980. On the early global melting of the terrestrial planets. In: Proceedings of the 11th Lunar Planetary Science Conference, pp. 1915-1929.
78. Humayun M., and Clayton R.N. Potassium isotope cosmochemistry: genetic implications of volatile element depletion. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 (1995) 2131-2148
79. Huss G.R. When the dust unsettles. Nature 440 (2006) 751-752
80. Ikoma, M., Genda, H., 2006. The initial states of the terrestrial planets embedded in the solar nebula. In: Workshop on Early Planetary Differentiation, LPI Contribution No. 1335, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 50-51.
81. 180Hf in meteoritic zircons. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 (2003) 4849-4856
82. Ireland T.R., Holden P., Norman M.D., and Clarke J. Isotopic enhancements of 17O and 18O from solar wind particles in the lunar regolith. Nature 440 (2006) 776-778
83. Jacobsen S.B. The Hf-W isotopic system and the origin of the Earth and Moon. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 33 (2005) 531-570
84. Kaula W.M. Thermal evolution of Earth and Moon growing by planetesimal impacts. J. Geophys. Res. 84 (1979) 999-1008
85. Keller, L.P., Flynn, G.J., 2001. Matrix mineralogy of the Tagish lake carbonaceous chondrite: TEM and FTIR Studies. In: 32nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, #1639.
86. Kenyon S.J., and Bromley B.C. Terrestrial planet formation, I: the transition from oligarchic growth to chaotic growth. Astron. J. 131 (2006) 1837-1850
87. Kleine T., Mezger K., Palme H., and Munker C. Rapid accretion and early core formation on asteroids and the terrestrial planets from Hf-W chronometry. Nature 418 (2002) 952-954
88. Kleine T., Mezger K., Palme H., and Munker C. The W isotope evolution of the bulk silicate Earth: constraints on the timing and mechanisms of core formation and accretion. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 228 (2004) 109-1223
89. Kokubo E., Canup R.M., and Ida S. Lunar accretion from an impact-generated disk. In: Canup R.M., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 145-163
90. Korotev R.L. Lunar geochemistry as told by lunar meteorites. Chem. Erde 65 (2005) 297-346
91. Lee D.C., and Halliday A.N. Hf-W isotopic evidence for rapid accretion and differentiation in the early solar system. Science 274 (1996) 1876-1879
92. Lee D.C., and Halliday A.N. Core formation on Mars and differentiated asteroids. Nature 388 (1998) 854-857
93. Lee D.-C., Halliday A.N., Snyder G.A., and Taylor L.A. Age and origin of the Moon. Science 278 (1997) 1098
94. Lee D.C., Halliday A.N., Leya I., Wieler R., and Wiechert U. Cosmogenic tungsten and the origin and earliest differentiation of the Moon. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 198 (2002) 267-274
95. Levison, H.F., Nesvorny, D., Agnor, C.M., Morbidelli, A. 2005. The role of dynamical friction in terrestrial planet formation. In: AAS/Division of Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts, Vol. 37, abstract 25.01.
96. Leya I., Wieler R., and Halliday A.N. Cosmic-ray production of tungsten isotopes in lunar samples and meteorites and its implications for Hf-W cosmochemistry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 175 (2000) 1-12
97. Li J., and Agee C.B. Geochemistry of mantle-core formation at high pressure. Nature 381 (1996) 686-689
98. Lin, D.N.C., Nagasawa, M., Thommes, E., 2006. The final assemblage of terrestrial planets in the Solar System. In: Workshop on Early Planetary Differentiation, LPI Contribution No. 1335, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houstonp, 63pp.
99. Lovis C., Mayor M., Pepe F., Alibert Y., Benz W., Bouchy F., Correia A.C.M., Laskar J., Mordasini C., Queloz D., et al. An extrasolar planetary system with three Neptune-mass planets. Nature 441 (2006) 305-309
100. Magna T., Wiechert U., and Halliday A.N. New constraints of the lithium isotope compositions of the Moon and terrestrial planets. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 243 (2006) 336-353
101. Marty, B., Yokochi, R., 2006. Water in the early Earth. In: Keppler, H., Smyth, J.R. (Eds.), Water in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals, Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 62, pp. 410-435.
102. McCanta M.C., Treiman A.H., and Essene E. LAP 04840: an amphibole-bearing R chondrite. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 41 (2006) A118
103. McFarlane, E.A., 1989. Formation of the Moon in a giant impact: composition of the impactor. In: Proceedings of the 19th Lunar Planetary Science Conference, pp. 593-605.
104. Melosh, H.J., 2000. A new and improved equation of state for impact computations. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXI, #1903.
105. Melosh, H.J., 2007. A new and improved equation of state for impact computations. Meteoritics Planet. Sci., submitted for publication.
106. 2O in magmas to 3 kilobars. Am. Mineral. 83 (1998) 36-42
107. Morbidelli A., Chambers J., Lunine J.I., Petit J.M., Robert F., Valsecchi G.B., and Cyr K. Source regions and timescales for delivery of water to the Earth. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 35 (2000) 1309-1320
108. 92Zr and the early differentiation history of planetary bodies. Science 289 (2000) 1538-1541
109. Münker C., Pfander J.A., Weyer S., Buchl A., Kleine T., and Mezger K. Evolution of planetary cores and the Earth-Moon system from Nb-Ta systematics. Science 301 (2003) 84-87
110. Murthy V.R. Early differentiation of the Earth and the problem of mantle siderophile elements: a new approach. Science 253 (1991) 303-306
111. Nagasawa M., Tanaka H., and Ida S. Orbital evolution of asteroids during depletion of the solar nebula. Astron. J. 119 (2000) 1480-1497
112. Nagasawa M., Lin D.N.C., and Thommes E.W. Dynamical shake-up of planetary systems, I: embryo trapping and induced collisions by the sweeping secular resonance and embryo-disk tidal interaction. Astrophys. J. 635 (2005) 578-598
113. Nagasawa, M., Thommes, E.W., Kenyon, S.J., Bromley, B.C., Lin, D.N.C., 2007. The diverse origins of terrestrial-planet systems. In: Reipurth, B., Jewitt, D., Keil, K., (Eds.), Protostars and Protoplanets V, pp. 1-16.
114. Nimmo F., and Agnor C.B. Isotopic outcomes of N-body accretion simulations: constraints on equilibration processes during large impacts from Hf/W observations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 243 (2006) 26-43
115. Norman M.D., Borg L.E., Nyquist L.E., and Bogard D.D. Chronology, geochemistry, and petrology of a ferroan noritic anorthosite clast from Descartes breccia 67215: clues to the age, origin, structure, and impact history of the lunar crust. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 38 (2003) 645-662
116. 142Nd formation interval for the lunar mantle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 (1995) 2817-2837
117. O'Brien D.P., Morbidelli A., and Levison H.F. Terrestrial planet formation with strong dynamical friction. Icarus 184 (2006) 39-58
118. Ohtani E., Yurimoto H., and Seto S. Element partitioning between metallic liquid, silicate liquid, and lower-mantle minerals: implications for core formation of the Earth. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 100 (1997) 97-114
119. Owen T., and Bar-Nun A. Volatile contributions from icy planetesimals. In: Canup R.M., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 459-470
120. Pahlevan, K., Stevenson, D.J., 2005. The oxygen isotpe similarity between the Earth and Moon - source region or formation process. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVI, #2382.
121. Palme H. Are there chemical gradients in the inner solar system?. Space Sci. Rev. 192 (2000) 237-262
122. Pattou L., Lorand J., and Gros M. Non-chondritic platinum group element ratios in the Earth's mantle. Nature 379 (1996) 712-715
123. Pepin R.O. On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmosphere and meteoritic volatiles. Icarus 92 (1991) 2-79
124. Pepin R.O., and Porcelli D. Origin of noble gases in the terrestrial planets. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 47 (2002) 191-246
125. Pepin R.O., and Porcelli D. Xenon isotope systematics, giant impacts, and mantle degassing on the early Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 250 (2006) 470-485
126. Podosek F.A. Noble gases. In: Davis A.M. (Ed). Treatise on Geochemistry, Vol. 1: Meteorites, Comets and Planets (2003), Elsevier Press, New York 381-405
127. Podosek F.A., and Ozima M. The xenon age of the Earth. In: Canup R.M., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 63-74
128. Porcelli D., and Pepin R.O. Rare gas constraints on Early Earth History. In: Canup R.M., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 435-458
129. Poitraisson F., Halliday A.N., Lee D.-C., Levasseur S., and Teutsch N. Iron isotope differences between Earth, Moon, Mars and Vesta as possible records of contrasted accretion mechanisms. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 223 (2004) 253-266
130. Pritchard M., and Stevenson D.J. Thermal aspects of a lunar origin by giant impact. In: Canup R.M., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 179-196
131. 180Hf of the solar system based on iron meteorite data. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 219 (2004) 201-207
132. Ranen M.C., and Jacobsen S.B. Barium isotopes in chondritic meteorites: implications for planetary reservoir models. Science 314 (2006) 809-812
133. Rankenburg K., Brandon A.D., and Neal C.R. Neodymium isotope evidence for a chondritic composition of the Moon. Science 312 (2006) 1369-1372
134. Raymond S.N., Quinn T., and Lunine J.I. Making other Earths: dynamical simulations of terrestrial planet formation and water delivery. Icarus 168 (2004) 1-17
135. Raymond S.N., Mandel A.M., and Sigurdsson S. Exotic Earths: forming habitable worlds with giant planet migration. Science 313 (2006) 1413-1416
136. Reese C.C., and Solomatov V.S. Fluid dynamics of local Martian magma oceans. Icarus 184 (2006) 102-120
137. Righter K. Does the Moon have a metallic core? Constraints from giant impact modelling and siderophile elements. Icarus 158 (2002) 1-13
138. Righter K. Metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements and core formation in the early Earth and terrestrial planets. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 31 (2003) 135-174
139. Righter, K., 2005. Highly siderophile elements: constraints on Earth accretion and early differentiation. In: Bass, J., van der Hilst, R., Matas, J., Trampert, J. (Eds.), Earth's Deep Mantle: Structure, Composition and Evolution. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, Vol. 160, pp. 201-218.
140. Righter K., and Drake M.J. A magma ocean on Vesta: core formation and petrogenesis of eucrites and diogenites. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 32 (1997) 929-944
141. Righter K., and Drake M.J. Effect of water on metal-silicate partitioning of siderophile elements: a high pressure and temperature terrestrial magma ocean and core formation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 171 (1999) 383-399
142. Righter, K., Neff, K.E., 2007. Temperature and oxygen fugacity constraints on CK and R chondrites and implications for water and oxidation in the early solar system. Polar Sci., in press.
143. Righter K., and Shearer C.K. Magmatic fractionation of Hf and W: constraints on the timing of core formation and differentiation in the Moon and Mars. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 (2003) 2497-2507
144. 2 and silicate and metallic melt composition. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 100 (1997) 115-134
145. Righter K., Hervig R.L., and Kring D.A. Accretion and core formation in Mars: Mo contents of melt inclusions in three SNC meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 2167-2177
146. Righter K., Drake M.J., and Scott E.R.D. Compositional relationships between meteorites and terrestrial planets. In: Lauretta D.S., and McSween Jr. H.Y. (Eds). Meteorites and the Early Solar System II (2006), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 803-828
147. Ringwood A.E. Origin of the Earth and Moon (1979), Springer, New York
148. Rivera E.J., Lissauer J.J., Butler R.P., Marcy G.W., Vogt S.S., Fischer D.A., Brown T.M., Laughlin G., and Henry G.W. A ∼7.5 M planet orbiting the nearby star, GJ 876. Astrophys. J. 634 (2005) 625-640
149. Robert F. The origin of water on Earth. Science 293 (2001) 1056-1058
150. Rubie D.C., Melosh H.J., Reid J.E., Liebske C., and Righter K. Mechanisms of metal-silicate equilibration in the terrestrial magma ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 205 (2003) 239-255
151. Rubie, D.R., Nimmo, F., Melosh, H.J., 2007. Formation of the Earth's core. Treatise on Geophysics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, submitted.
152. 2O-induced high surface temperature. In: Newsom H.E., and Jones J.H. (Eds). Origin of the Earth (1990), Oxford University Press, New York 195-219
153. Schediwy S., Rosman K.J.R., and deLaeter J.R. Isotope fractionation of cadmium in lunar material. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 243 (2006) 326-335
154. Schmidt G., Palme H., Kratz K.-L., and Kurat G. Are highly siderophile elements (PGE, Re, Au) fractionated in the upper mantle of the Earth? New results on peridotites from Zabargad. Chem. Geol. 163 (2000) 167-188
155. Schoenberg R., Kamber B.S., Collerson K.D., and Eugster O. New W isotope evidence for rapid terrestrial accretion and very early core formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66 (2002) 3151-3160
156. 92Nb. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 775-785
157. Schönbächler M., Carlson R.W., and Hauri E.H. The Pd-Ag chronometer and early planetary differentiation. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 41 (2006) 5330
158. Seitz, H.-M., Brey, G.P., Weyer, S., Durali, S., Ott, U., Münker, C., 2005. Lithium isotope compositions of Martian and lunar reservoirs. Gatlinburg, TN MetSoc, #5102.
159. Seitz H.-M., Brey G.P., Weyer S., Durali S., Ott U., Münker C., and Mezger K. Lithium isotope compositions of Martian and lunar reservoirs. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 245 (2006) 6-18
160. Sephton M.A., James R.H., and Zolensky M.E. The origin of dark inclusions in Allende: new evidence from lithium isotopes. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 41 (2006) 1039-1044
161. Stevenson D. Greenhousees and magma oceans. Nature 335 (1988) 587
162. Stimpfl, M., Lauretta, D.S., Drake, M.J., 2004. Adsorption as a mechanism to deliver water to Earth. In: 67th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, Rio de Janiero, Brazil, #5218.
163. Taylor G.J. Core formation in asteroids. J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 14717-14726
164. Taylor L.A., Rossman G.R., and Qi Q. Where has all the lunar water gone?. Lunar Planet. Sci. 26 (1995) 1399
165. Taylor S.R. Accretion in the inner nebula: the relationship between terrestrial planetary compositions and meteorites. Meteoritics 26 (1991) 267-277
166. Taylor S.R. On the difficulties of making Earth-like planets. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 34 (1999) 317-329
167. Taylor, S.R., Taylor, G.J., Taylor, L.A., 2006. The Moon: a Taylor perspective, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, available online, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.262.
168. Tonks W.B., and Melosh H.J. The physics of crystal settling and suspension in a turbulent magma ocean. In: Newsom H., and Jones J.H. (Eds). The Origin of the Earth (1990), Oxford Press, London 151-174
169. Valley J.W., Lackey J.S., Cavosie A.J., Clechenko C.C., Spicuzza M.J., Basei M.A.S., Bindeman I.N., Ferreira V.P., Sial A.N., King E.M., Peck W.H., Sinha A.K., and Wei C.S. 4.4 billion years of crustal maturation: oxygen isotope ratios of magmatic zircon. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 150 (2005) 561-580
170. Wade J., and Wood B.J. Core formation and the oxidation state of the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 236 (2005) 78-95
171. Walter M.J., Newsom H., Ertel W., and Holzheid A. Siderophile elements in the Earth and Moon: metal/silicate partitioning and implications for core formation. In: Canup R.M., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 265-290
172. Wänke H. Constitution of terrestrial planets. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A 393 (1981) 287-302
173. Ward P.W., and Brownlee D. Rare Earth (2000), Copernicus Press, New York 333pp
174. Ward W.R., Colombo G., and Franklin F.A. Secular resonance, solar spin down, and the orbit of Mercury. Icarus 28 (1976) 441-452
175. Warren P.H. Inheritance of silicate differentiation during lunar origin by giant impact. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 112 (1992) 101-116
176. Wasson J.T. The building stones of the planets. In: Vilas F., Chapman C.R., and Mathews M.S. (Eds). Mercury (1988), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 622-650
177. Weidenschilling S.J. Formation of planetesimals and accretion of the terrestrial planets. Space Sci. Rev. 92 (2000) 295-310
178. Wetherill G.W. The formation and habitability of extra-solar planets. Icarus 119 (1996) 219-238
179. Wiechert U., Halliday A.N., Lee D.-C., Snyder G.A., Taylor L.A., and Rumble D. Oxygen isotopes and the Moon-forming giant impact. Science 294 (2001) 345-347
180. Wiens R.C., Huss G.R., and Burnett D.S. The solar oxygen isotopic composition: predictions and implications for solar nebula processes. Meteoritics Planet. Sci. 34 (1999) 99-108
181. Williams D.M., and Pollard D. Earth-Moon interactions: implications for terrestrial climate and life. In: Canup R.M., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 513-525
182. Williams H.M., McCammon C.A., Peslier A.H., Halliday A.N., Levasseur S., Teutsch N., and Burg J.-P. Iron isotope fractionation and the oxygen fugacity of the mantle. Science 304 (2004) 1656-1658
183. Wood, J.A., 1986. Moon over Mauna Loa: a review of hypotheses of formation of Earth's Moon. In: Hartmann, W.K., Phillips, R.J., Taylor, G.J. (Eds.), Origin of the Moon, pp. 17-55.
184. 97Mo chronometer and it implications for timing of terrestrial accretion and core formation. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXIX, #1802.
185. Yin Q., Jacobsen S.B., Yamashita K., Blichert-Toft J., Telouk P., and Albarede F. A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites. Nature 418 (2002) 949-952
186. Yuki, T., Abe, Y., 2005. Core formation condition that satisfies both Ni abundance and W isotopic ratio. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVI, #1638.