Directional responses of visual wulst neurones to grating and plaid patterns in the awake owl

European Journal of Neuroscience

Volumn 26, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 1950-1968

  Baron, Jerome ^a   Pinto, Lucas ^a   Dias, Marcelo Oliveira ^a   Lima, Bruss ^b   Neuenschwander, Sergio ^b  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Burrowing owl; Evolution; Motion integration; Visual forebrain

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIRECTIONAL VISION; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; MOTION ANALYSIS SYSTEM; MOVEMENT PERCEPTION; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; ORIENTING RESPONSE; OWL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL DETECTION; TELENCEPHALON; VISUAL CORTEX; VISUAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; VISUAL STIMULATION; VISUAL SYSTEM FUNCTION;

ACTION POTENTIALS; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; MOTION PERCEPTION; NEURONS; ORIENTATION; PHOTIC STIMULATION; STRIGIFORMES; TELENCEPHALON; VISUAL PATHWAYS; WAKEFULNESS;

EID: 34848828513     PISSN: 0953816X     EISSN: 14609568     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05783.x     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Adelson, E.H. Movshon, J.A. (1982) Phenomenal coherence of moving visual patterns. Nature, 300, 523 525.
2. Albright, T.D. (1984) Direction and orientation selectivity of neurons in visual area MT of the macaque. J. Neurophysiol., 52, 1106 1130.
3. Albright, T.D. (1989) Centrifugal directional bias in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the macaque. Vis. Neurosci., 2, 177 188.
4. Albright, T.D. Stoner, G.R. (1995) Visual motion perception. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 2433 2440.
5. Andersen, R.A. (1997) Neural mechanisms of visual motion perception in primates. Neuron, 18, 865 872.
6. Azzi, J.C.B. (2004) O mapa do córtex visual primário é visuotópico e não retinotópico: visuotopia do ponto cego em V1 de primatas (cebus apella). PhD Thesis. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
7. Barlow, H.B., Blakemore, C. Pettigrew, J.D. (1967) The neural mechanism of binocular depth discrimination. J. Physiol., 193, 327 342.
8. Blakemore, C. Tobin, E.A. (1972) Lateral inhibition between orientation detectors in the cat's visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 15, 439 440.
9. Bonds, A.B. (1989) Role of inhibition in the specification of orientation selectivity of cells in the cat striate cortex. Vis. Neurosci., 2, 41 55.
10. Born, R.T. Bradley, D.C. (2005) Structure and function of visual area MT. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 28, 157 189.
11. Bradley, D.C., Qian, N. Andersen, R.A. (1995) Integration of motion and stereopsis in middle temporal cortical area of macaques. Nature, 373, 609 611.
12. Bradshaw, M.F. Cumming, B.G. (1997) The direction of retinal motion facilitates binocular stereopsis. Proc. Biol. Sci., 264, 1421 1427.
13. Branch, M.A., Coleman, T.F. Li, Y. (1999) A subspace, interior and conjugate gradient method for large-scale bound-constrained minimization problems. SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 21, 1 23.
14. Bravo, H. Pettigrew, J.D. (1981) The distribution of neurons projecting from the retina and visual cortex to the thalamus and tectum opticum of the barn owl, Tyto alba, and the burrowing owl, Speotyto cunicularia. J. Comp. Neurol., 199, 419 441.
15. Britten, K.H. Newsome, W.T. (1998) Tuning bandwidths for near-threshold stimuli in area MT. J. Neurophysiol., 80, 762 770.
16. Britto, L.R., Gasparotto, O.C. Hamassaki, D.E. (1990) Visual telencephalon modulates directional selectivity of accessory optic neurons in pigeons. Vis. Neurosci., 4, 3 10.
17. Budzynski, C.A. Bingman, V.P. (2004) Participation of the thalamofugal visual pathway in a coarse pattern discrimination task in an open arena. Behav. Brain Res., 153, 543 556.
18. Campbell, F.W., Cleland, B.G., Cooper, G.F. Enroth-Cugell, C. (1968) The angular selectivity of visual cortical cells to moving gratings. J. Physiol., 198, 237 250.
19. Carandini, M. Ferster, D. (2000) Membrane potential and firing rate in cat primary visual cortex. J. Neurosci., 20, 470 484.
20. Carpenter, G.A. Grossberg, S. (1987) Discovering order in chaos: stable self-organization of neural recognition codes. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 504, 33 51.
21. Cooper, M.L. Pettigrew, J.D. (1979) A neurophysiological determination of the vertical horopter in the cat and owl. J. Comp. Neurol., 184, 1 26.
22. Coulombe, H.N. (1971) Behavior and population ecology of the burrowing owl, Speotyto cunicularia, in the Imperial Valley of California. Condor, 73, 162 176.
23. Crowder, N.A. Wylie, D.R. (2002) Responses of optokinetic neurons in the pretectum and accessory optic system of the pigeon to large-field plaids. J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol., 188, 109 119.
24. Crowder, N.A., Dickson, C.T. Wylie, D.R. (2004) Telencephalic input to the pretectum of pigeons: an electrophysiological and pharmacological inactivation study. J. Neurophysiol., 91, 274 285.
25. DeAngelis, G.C., Robson, J.G., Ohzawa, I. Freeman, R.D. (1992) Organization of suppression in receptive fields of neurons in cat visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 68, 144 163.
26. De Britto, L.R., Brunelli, M., Francesconi, W. Magni, F. (1975) Visual response pattern of thalamic neurons in the pigeon. Brain Res., 97, 337 343.
27. Deng, C. (2006) Relative contributions of the two visual pathways to avian behavior. Acta Zool. Sin., 52 (Suppl. 379 383.
28. Deng, C. Rogers, L.J. (2000) Organization of intratelencephalic projections to the visual Wulst of the chick. Brain Res., 856, 152 162.
29. De Valois, R.L., Albrecht, D.G. Thorell, L.G. (1982) Spatial frequency selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex. Vis. Res., 22, 545 559.
30. De Valois, R.L., Cottaris, N.P., Mahon, L.E., Elfar, S.D. Wilson, J.A. (2000) Spatial and temporal receptive fields of geniculate and cortical cells and directional selectivity. Vis. Res., 40, 3685 3702.
31. Diogo, A.C., Soares, J.G., Koulakov, A., Albright, T.D. Gattass, R. (2003) Electrophysiological imaging of functional architecture in the cortical middle temporal visual area of Cebus apella monkey. J. Neurosci., 23, 3881 3898.
32. Felleman, D.J. Kaas, J.H. (1984) Receptive-field properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area (MT) of owl monkeys. J. Neurophysiol., 52, 488 513.
33. Fennema, C. Thompson, W.B. (1979) Velocity determination in scenes containing several moving images. Comput. Graph. Image Proc., 9, 301 315.
34. Ferster, D. (2004) Assembly of receptive fields in primary visual cortex. In Chalupa, L.M. Werner, J.S. (Eds), The Visual Neurosciences. A Bradford Book. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 695 703.
35. Gioanni, H., Rey, J., Villalobos, J. Dalbera, A. (1984) Single unit activity in the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) during optokinetic, vestibular and visuo-vestibular stimulations in the alert pigeon (Columbia livia). Exp. Brain Res., 57, 49 60.
36. Gizzi, M.S., Katz, E., Schumer, R.A. Movshon, J.A. (1990) Selectivity for orientation and direction of motion of single neurons in cat striate and extrastriate visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 63, 1529 1543.
37. Grasse, K.L. Cynader, M.S. (1990) The accessory optic system in frontal-eyed animals. In Leventhal, A. (Ed.), Vision and Visual Dysfunction. McMillan, New York, pp. 111 139.
38. Guo, K., Benson, P.J. Blakemore, C. (2004) Pattern motion is present in V1 of awake but not anaesthetized monkeys. Eur. J. Neurosci., 19, 1055 1066.
39. Gur, M., Kagan, I. Snodderly, D.M. (2005) Orientation and direction selectivity of neurons in V1 of alert monkeys. functional relationships and laminar distributions. Cereb. Cortex, 15, 1207 1221.
40. Hahmann, U. Güntürkün, O. (1993) The visual acuity for the lateral visual field of the pigeon (Columba livia). Vis. Res., 33, 1659 1664.
41. Hamassaki, D.E., Gasparotto, O.C., Nogueira, M.I. Britto, L.R. (1988) Telencephalic and pretectal modulation of the directional selectivity of accessory optic neurons in the pigeon. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 21, 649 652.
42. Hamilton, D.B., Albrecht, D.G. Geisler, W.S. (1989) Visual cortical receptive fields in monkey and cat: spatial and temporal phase transfer function. Vis. Res., 29, 1285 1308.
43. Hawken, M.J., Parker, A.J. Lund, J.S. (1988) Laminar organization and contrast sensitivity of direction-selective cells in the striate cortex of the Old World monkey. J. Neurosci., 8, 3541 3548.
44. Henry, G.H., Bishop, P.O. Dreher, B. (1974) Orientation, axis and direction as stimulus parameters for striate cells. Vis. Res., 14, 767 777.
45. Hubel, D.H. Wiesel, T.N. (1962) Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. J. Physiol., 160, 106 154.
46. Hubel, D.H. Wiesel, T.N. (1968) Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. J. Physiol., 195, 215 243.
47. Humphrey, A.L. Saul, A.B. (1998) Strobe rearing reduces direction selectivity in area 17 by altering spatiotemporal receptive-field structure. J. Neurophysiol., 80, 2991 3004.
48. Iwaniuk, A.N. Hurd, P.L. (2005) The evolution of cerebrotypes in birds. Brain Behav. Evol., 65, 215 230.
49. Iwaniuk, A.N. Wylie, D.R. (2006) The evolution of stereopsis and the Wulst in caprimulgiform birds: a comparative analysis. J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol., 192, 1313 1326.
50. Jassik-Gerschenfeld, D., Teulon, J. Ropert, N. (1976) Visual receptive field types in the nucleus dorsolateralis anterior of the pigeon's thalamus. Brain Res., 108, 295 306.
51. Karten, H.J., Hodos, W., Nauta, W.J. Revzin, A.M. (1973) Neural connections of the 'visual wulst' of the avian telencephalon. Experimental studies in the pigeon (Columba livia) and owl (Speotyto cunicularia). J. Comp. Neurol., 150, 253 278.
52. Knudsen, E.I. (1982) Auditory and visual maps of space in the optic tectum of the owl. J. Neurosci., 2, 1177 1194.
53. Konishi, M. (1993) Listening with two ears. Sci. Am., 268, 66 73.
54. Lagae, L., Raiguel, S. Orban, G.A. (1993) Speed and direction selectivity of macaque middle temporal neurons. J. Neurophysiol., 69, 19 39.
55. Liu, G.B. Pettigrew, J.D. (2003) Orientation mosaic in barn owl's visual Wulst revealed by optical imaging: comparison with cat and monkey striate and extra-striate areas. Brain Res., 961, 153 158.
56. Majaj, N.J., Carandini, M. Movshon, J.A. (2007) Motion integration by neurons in macaque MT is local, not global. J. Neurosci., 27, 366 370.
57. Marr, D. Ullman, S. (1981) Directional selectivity and its use in early visual processing. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 211, 151 180.
58. Martin, G.R. (1984) The visual fields of the tawny owl, Strix aluco L. Vis. Res., 24, 1739 1751.
59. Maunsell, J.H. van Essen, D.C. (1983) Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. I. Selectivity for stimulus direction, speed, and orientation. J. Neurophysiol., 49, 1127 1147.
60. Medina, L. Reiner, A. (2000) Do birds possess homologues of mammalian primary visual, somatosensory and motor cortices? Trends Neurosci., 23, 1 12.
61. Merabet, L., Desautels, A., Minville, K. Casanova, C. (1998) Motion integration in a thalamic visual nucleus. Nature, 396, 265 268.
62. Miceli, D., Gioanni, H., Reperant, J. Peyrichou, J. (1979) The avian visual wulst. I. An anatomical study of afferent and efferent pathways. II. An electrophysiological study of the functional properties of single neurons. In Granada, A.M. Maxwell, J.H. (Eds), Neural Mechanisms of Behavior in the Pigeon. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 223 254.
63. Morgan, B. Frost, B.J. (1981) Visual response characteristics of neurons in nucleus of basal optic root of pigeons. Exp. Brain Res., 42, 181 188.
64. Morrone, M.C., Burr, D.C. Maffei, L. (1982) Functional implications of cross-orientation inhibition of cortical visual cells. I. Neurophysiological evidence. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 216, 335 354.
65. Movshon, J.A. Newsome, W.T. (1996) Visual response properties of striate cortical neurons projecting to area MT in macaque monkeys. J. Neurosci., 16, 7733 7741.
66. Movshon, J.A., Adelson, E.H., Gizzi, M.S. Newsome, W.T. (1985) The analysis of moving visual patterns. In Chagas, C., Gattass, R. Gross, C. (Eds), Study Week on Pattern Recognition Mechanisms. Pont. Acad. Scient. Scrip. Varta. Vatican Press, Vatican City, Vol. 54, pp. 117 151.
67. Nieder, A. Wagner, H. (1999) Perception and neuronal coding of subjective contours in the owl. Nat. Neurosci., 2, 660 663.
68. Nieder, A. Wagner, H. (2000) Horizontal-disparity tuning of neurons in the visual forebrain of the behaving barn owl. J. Neurophysiol., 83, 2967 2979.
69. Nieder, A. Wagner, H. (2001a) Encoding of both vertical and horizontal disparity in random-dot stereograms by Wulst neurons of awake barn owls. Vis. Neurosci., 18, 541 547.
70. Nieder, A. Wagner, H. (2001b) Hierarchical processing of horizontal disparity information in the visual forebrain of behaving owls. J. Neurosci., 21, 4514 4522.
71. Niu, Y.Q., Xiao, Q., Liu, R.F., Wu, L.Q. Wang, S.R. (2006) Response characteristics of the pigeon's pretectal neurons to illusory contours and motion. J. Physiol., 577, 805 813.
72. Nogueira, M.I. Britto, L.R. (1991) Extraretinal modulation of accessory optic units in the pigeon. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 24, 623 631.
73. Norberg, R.A. (1977) Ocurrence and independent evolution of bilateral ear assymetry in owls and implication in owl taxonomy. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B, 280, 375 408.
74. O'Keefe, L.P., Levitt, J.B., Kiper, D.C., Shapley, R.M. Movshon, J.A. (1998) Functional organization of owl monkey lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol., 80, 594 609.
75. Ouellette, B.G., Minville, K., Faubert, J. Casanova, C. (2004) Simple and complex visual motion response properties in the anterior medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian cortex. Neuroscience, 123, 231 245.
76. Pack, C.C., Berezovskii, V.K. Born, R.T. (2001) Dynamic properties of neurons in cortical area MT in alert and anaesthetized macaque monkeys. Nature, 414, 905 908.
77. Papoulis, A. (1990) Probability and Statistics. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
78. Pateromichelakis, S. (1981) Response properties of visual units in the anterior dorsolateral thalamus of the chick (Gallus domesticus). Experientia, 37, 279 280.
79. Peterson, M.R., Li, B. Freeman, R.D. (2004) The derivation of direction selectivity in the striate cortex. J. Neurosci., 24, 3583 3591.
80. Pettigrew, J.D. (1979) Binocular visual processing in the owl's telencephalon. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 204, 435 454.
81. Pettigrew, J.D. Konishi, M. (1976) Neurons selective for orientation and binocular disparity in the visual Wulst of the barn owl (Tyto alba). Science, 193, 675 678.
82. Pinto, L., Dias, M.O., Lima, B., Neuenschwander, S. Baron, J. (2006) Response of visual Wulst neurons to plaid patterns in the burrowing owl. In XXI Reunião Anual Da Federação de Sociedades Brasileiras de Biologia Experimental-FeSBE 2006, Águas de Lindúia, no. 05.125.
83. Pinto, L., Dias, M.O., Lima, B., Neuenschwander, S. Baron, J. (2007) Steady-state and dynamical aspects of component direction selectivity in the visual Wulst of awake owls. In II International Neurosciences Symposium of the IINN, Natal, No. 156.
84. Reiner, A., Perkel, D.J., Bruce, L.L., Butler, A.B., Csillag, A., Kuenzel, W., Medina, L., Paxinos, G., Shimizu, T., Striedter, G., Wild, M., Ball, G.F., Durand, S., Gunturkun, O., Lee, D.W., Mello, C.V., Powers, A., White, S.A., Hough, G., Kubikova, L., Smulders, T.V., Wada, K., Dugas-Ford, J., Husband, S., Yamamoto, K., Yu, J., Siang, C. Jarvis, E.D. (2004) Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol., 473, 377 414.
85. Richards, W. (1985) Structure from stereo and motion. J. Opt. Soc. Am. [A], 2, 343 349.
86. Rodman, H.R. Albright, T.D. (1987) Coding of visual stimulus velocity in area MT of the macaque. Vis. Res., 27, 2035 2048.
87. Rodman, H.R. Albright, T.D. (1989) Single-unit analysis of pattern-motion selective properties in the middle temporal visual area (MT). Exp. Brain Res., 75, 53 64.
88. Rogers, B.J. Collett, T.S. (1989) The appearance of surfaces specified by motion parallax and binocular disparity. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A, 41, 697 717.
89. Rose, D. Blakemore, C. (1974) An analysis of orientation selectivity in the cat's visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res., 20, 1 17.
90. Rust, N.C., Mante, V., Simoncelli, E.P. Movshon, J.A. (2006) How MT cells analyze the motion of visual patterns. Nat. Neurosci., 9, 1421 1431.
91. Scannell, J.W., Sengpiel, F., Tovee, M.J., Benson, P.J., Blakemore, C. Young, M.P. (1996) Visual motion processing in the anterior ectosylvian sulcus of the cat. J. Neurophysiol., 76, 895 907.
92. Schiller, P.H., Finlay, B.L. Volman, S.F. (1976) Quantitative studies of single-cell properties in monkey striate cortex. II. Orientation specificity and ocular dominance. J. Neurophysiol., 39, 1320 1333.
93. Shimizu, T. Bowers, A.N. (1999) Visual circuits of the avian telencephalon: evolutionary implications. Behav. Brain Res., 98, 183 191.
94. Simoncelli, E.P. Heeger, D.J. (1998) A model of neuronal responses in visual area MT. Vis. Res., 38, 743 761.
95. Simpson, J.I. (1984) The accessory optic system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 7, 13 41.
96. Singer, W. (2004) Synchrony, oscillations and relational codes. In Chalupa, L.M. Werner, J.S. (Eds), The Visual Neurosciences. A Bradford Book. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 1665 1681.
97. Smith, M.A., Majaj, N.J. Movshon, J.A. (2005) Dynamics of motion signaling by neurons in macaque area MT. Nat. Neurosci., 8, 220 228.
98. Snodderly, D.M. Gur, M. (1995) Organization of striate cortex of alert, trained monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): ongoing activity, stimulus selectivity, and widths of receptive field activating regions. J. Neurophysiol., 74, 2100 2125.
99. Spath, H. (1980) Cluster Analysis Algorithims for Reduction and Classification of Objects. Ellis Horwood, West Sussex, UK.
100. Steinbach, M.J., Angus, R.G. Money, K.E. (1974) Torsional eye movements of the owl. Vis. Res., 14, 745 746.
101. Stingelin, W. (1958) Vergleichend-morphologische Untersuchungen am Vorderhirn der Vögel auf cytologischer und cytoarchitektonischer Grundlage. Helbing & Lichtenhahn, Basel, Switzerland.
102. Stoner, G.R. Albright, T.D. (1992) Neural correlates of perceptual motion coherence. Nature, 358, 412 414.
103. Swindale, N.V., Grinvald, A. Shmuel, A. (2003) The spatial pattern of response magnitude and selectivity for orientation and direction in cat visual cortex. Cereb. Cortex, 13, 225 238.
104. Tinsley, C.J., Webb, B.S., Barraclough, N.E., Vincent, C.J., Parker, A. Derrington, A.M. (2003) The nature of V1 neural responses to 2D moving patterns depends on receptive-field structure in the marmoset monkey. J. Neurophysiol., 90, 930 937.
105. Wagner, H. Frost, B. (1993) Disparity-sensitive cells in the owl have a characteristic disparity. Nature, 364, 796 798.
106. Wagner, H. Frost, B. (1994) Binocular responses of neurons in the barn owl's visual wulst. J. Comp. Physiol. A, 174, 661 670.
107. Wallach, H. (1935) Über visuell wahrgenommene Bewegungsrichtung. Psychol. Forsch., 20, 325 380.
108. van Wezel, R.J. van der Smagt, M.J. (2003) Motion processing: how low can you go? Curr. Biol., 13, R840 R842.
109. Wheeler, B.C. (1999) Automatic discrimination of single units. In Nicolelis, M.A.L. (Ed.), Methods of Neural Ensemble Recording. Methods in Life Sciences. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 61 78.
110. Wild, J.M. Williams, M.N. (1999) Rostral wulst of passerine birds. II. Intratelencephalic projections to nuclei associated with the auditory and song systems. J. Comp. Neurol., 413, 520 534.
111. van der Willigen, R.F., Frost, B.J. Wagner, H. (1998) Stereoscopic depth perception in the owl. Neuroreport, 9, 1233 1237.
112. van der Willigen, R.F., Frost, B.J. Wagner, H. (2002) Depth generalization from stereo to motion parallax in the owl. J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol., 187, 997 1007.
113. van der Willigen, R.F., Frost, B.J. Wagner, H. (2003) How owls structure visual information. Anim. Cogn., 6, 39 55.
114. Wilson, P. (1980a) The organization of the visual hyperstriatum in the domestic chick. II. Receptive field properties of single units. Brain Res., 188, 333 345.
115. Wilson, P. (1980b) The organization of the visual hyperstriatum in the domestic chick. I. Topology and topography of the visual projection. Brain Res., 188, 319 332.
116. Winterson, B.J. Brauth, S.E. (1985) Direction-selective single units in the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali of the pigeon (Columba livia). Exp. Brain Res., 60, 215 226.
117. Wörgötter, F., Niebur, E. Koch, C. (1991) Isotropic connections generate functional asymmetrical behavior in visual cortical cells. J. Neurophysiol., 66, 444 459.
118. Wylie, D.R. Crowder, N.A. (2000) Spatiotemporal properties of fast and slow neurons in the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali in pigeons. J. Neurophysiol., 84, 2529 2540.
119. Wylie, D.R. Frost, B.J. (1990) The visual response properties of neurons in the nucleus of the basal optic root of the pigeon: a quantitative analysis. Exp. Brain Res., 82, 327 336.
120. Wylie, D.R., Shaver, S.W. Frost, B.J. (1994) The visual response properties of neurons in the nucleus of the basal optic root of the northern saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadicus). Brain Behav. Evol., 43, 15 25.
121. Wylie, D.R., Ogilvie, C.J., Crowder, N.A., Barkley, R.R. Winship, I.R. (2005) Telencephalic projections to the nucleus of the basal optic root and pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali in pigeons. Vis. Neurosci., 22, 237 247.