Fighting terrorism the FATF way

Global Governance

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 325-345

  Gardner, Kathryn L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Compliance; Counterterrorism; Counterterrorist financing; International standards; Money laundering

Indexed keywords

EID: 34748925032     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-01303004     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Bruce Hoffman, "Rethinking Terrorism and Counterterrorism Since 9/11," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25 (2002): 303-316;
2. Audrey Kurth Cronin, "Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism," International Security 27, no. 3 (Winter 2002-2003): 30-58;
3. Audrey Cronin, "Rethinking Sovereignty: American Strategy in the Age of Terrorism," Survival 44, no. 2 (2002): 119-139;
4. Rohan Gunaratna, ed., The Changing Face of Terrorism (London: Eastern Universities Press, 2004);
5. Rohan Gunaratna, "The Post-Madrid Face of Al Qaeda," The Washington Quarterly 27, no. 3 (2004): 91-100.
6. See Cronin, "Rethinking Sovereignty," p. 123;
7. and Gunaratna, "The Post-Madrid Face," pp. 7-9.
8. See Gunaratna, "The Post-Madrid Face," p. 93.
9. See UN Security Council, "Resolution 1617 [Peace and security - terrorist acts]," S/RES/1617, 29 July 2005, available at http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/446/60/PDF/N0544660.pdf?OpenElement.
10. Monica Serrano, "The Political Economy of Terrorism," in Jane Boulden and Thomas G. Weiss, eds., Terrorism and the UN: Before and After September 11 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), p. 204;
11. see Cronin, "Rethinking Sovereignty," p. 132.
12. William F. Wechsler, "Follow the Money," Foreign Affairs 80, no. 4 (July-August 2001): 40-57.
13. See Jack A. Blum et al., "Financial Havens, Banking Secrecy, and Money Laundering," UNDCP Technical Series 8 (2004).
14. See US National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, "Monograph on Terrorist Financing," available at www.9-11commission. gov/staff_ statements/index.htm (accessed 4 April 2007).
15. US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2003 (Washington, DC: US Department of State, 2003), available at www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2003/ (accessed 4 April 2007).
16. US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2003.
17. See Peter Reuter and Edwin M. Truman, Chasing Dirty Money: The Fight Against Money Laundering (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2004).
18. Serrano, "The Political Economy of Terrorism," p. 204.
19. US Department of the Treasury, "Treasury Statement on UN Terrorism Report" (Washington, DC: Office of Public Affairs, 2002), 29 August 2002, available at www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/po3382.htm (accessed 4 April 2007).
20. See US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2003, pp. viii-8.
21. Ibid.
22. US General Accounting Office (GAO), "Terrorist Financing: U.S. Agencies Should Systematically Assess Terrorists' Use of Alternative Financing Mechanisms," GAO-04-163 (2003).
23. GAO, "Terrorist Financing," p. 30.
24. Cronin, "Rethinking Sovereignty," p. 120.
25. Gunaratna, The Changing Face of Terrorism, p. 99.
26. Cronin, "Rethinking Sovereignty," p. 123; Gunaratna, The Changing Face of Terrorism, pp. 7-9.
27. Chantal de Jonge Oudraat, "Combating Terrorism," The Washington Quarterly 26, no. 4 (Autumn 2003): 163-176;
28. Chantal de Jonge Oudraat, "The Role of the UN Security Council," in Jane Boulden and Thomas G. Weiss, eds., Terrorism and the UN: Before and After September 11 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), pp. 151-172.
29. Edith Brown Weiss and Harold K. Jacobson, "Getting Countries to Comply with International Agreements," Environment 41, no. 6 (1999): 16-23.
30. The member countries are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Additionally, the European Commission and the Gulf Cooperation Council are members of the FATF.
31. Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Methodology for Assessing Compliance with the FATF Forty Recommendations and the FATF Eight Special Recommendations (Paris: OECD, 2004).
32. See Kenneth W. Abbott et al., "The Concept of Legalization," International Organization 54, no. 3 (2000): 401-419.
33. Brian A. Jackson et al., "Aptitude for Destruction: Organizational Learning in Terrorist Groups and Its Implications for Combating Terrorism," RAND Corporation Monograph Series 1 (2005): 9.
34. Jackson, "Aptitude for Destruction," p. 23.
35. Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Financial Action Task Force Annual Report 2003-2004 (Paris: OECD, 2004), p. 8.
36. Ronald Mitchell, "Sources of Transparency: Information Systems in International Regimes," International Studies Quarterly 42, no. 1 (1998): 109-130.
37. Financial Action Task Force (FATF), FATF Tackles Terrorism Financing, Delists Guatemala (Paris: OECD, 2004).
38. Reuter and Truman, Chasing Dirty Money, p. 165.
39. Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (Paris: OECD, 2000), art. 35, p. 6.
40. Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Annual Review of Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories (Paris: OECD, 2004).
41. See Reuter and Truman, Chasing Dirty Money, pp. 182-183.
42. US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2003.
43. Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Methodology for Assessing Compliance with Anti - Money Laundering Standards and Combating Terrorist Financing Standards (Paris: OECD, 2002), p. 7.
44. See Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Financial Action Task Force Annual Review 2002-2003 (Paris: OECD, 2003).
45. FATF, Financial Action Task Force Annual Review 2002-2003.
46. It could be that smooth functioning of the financial sector requires states to implement FATF standards regardless of their membership in the FATF, which could render such a membership nominal.
47. Beth Simmons, "International Efforts against Money Laundering," in Dinah Shelton, ed., Commitment and Compliance: The Role on Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 244-262.
48. Victor Comras, "Following Terrorists' Money," Washington Post, 4 June 2005, p. A17.
49. In June 2000, the initial FATF NCCT list included 15 jurisdictions: the Bahamas, Dominica, Israel, Lebanon, Marshall Islands, Niue, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Cayman Islands, Liechtenstein, Panama, Cook Islands, the Philippines, and Nauru. Over the course of the list, Burma, Egypt, Guatemala, Hungary, Indonesia, Nigeria, Grenada, and Ukraine were added.
50. See MENAFATF website, available at www.mofne.gov.bh/menafatf (accessed 4 April 2007).
51. See Mark Basile, "Going to the Source: Why Al Qaeda's Financial Network Is Likely to Withstand the Current War on Terrorist Financing," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 27 (2004): 169-185;
52. Council on Foreign Relations, Update on the Global Campaign Against Terrorist Financing: Second Report of an Independent Task Force on Terrorist Financing (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2004);
53. GAO, "Terrorist Financing," pp. 11-17.
54. Council on Foreign Relations, Update on the Global Campaign Against Terrorist Financing, p. 30.
55. Serrano, "The Political Economy of Terrorism," p. 203.
56. Basile, "Going to the Source," pp. 173-174.
57. Basile, "Going to the Source";
58. US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2003;
59. Council on Foreign Relations, Update on the Global Campaign Against Terrorist Financing, pp. 181-182.
60. Comras, "Following Terrorists' Money."
61. Serrano, "The Political Economy of Terrorism," pp. 198-218.