Social change in the history of education: Perspectives on the emergence of learned professions in England, c.1500-1800

History of Education

Volumn 36, Issue 4-5, 2007, Pages 409-428

  O'Day, Rosemary ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 34748920620     PISSN: 0046760X     EISSN: 14645130     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00467600701496641     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Charlton, Kenneth. "The Professions in Sixteenth-Century England." University of Birmingham Historical Journal 12 (1969-70): 20-41.
2. See Perkin, Harold. The Rise of Professional Society, England Since 1880. London: Routledge, 1989.
3. Holmes, Geoffrey. Augustan England: Professions, State and Society, 1680-1730. London: Allen and Unwin, 1982.
4. Good overviews are provided in Charlton, Kenneth. Education in Renaissance England. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965,
5. and Simon, Joan. Education and Society in Tudor England. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1967. This expansion built upon traditions already emerging in the middle ages.
6. For detail, see O'Day, Rosemary. Education and Society, 1500-1800. The Social Foundations of Education in Early Modern Britain. London: Longman, 1982: 40-42;
7. Orme, Nicholas. English Schools in the Middle Ages. London: Methuen, 1973;
8. and Education in the West of England. Exeter: University of Exeter, 1976;
9. and Moran, Jo Ann. The Growth of English Schooling, 1348-1548: Learning, Literacy and Laicization in pre-Reformation York Diocese. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1985.
10. See also O'Day. Rosemary. "Church records and the history of education in early modern England. 1558-1642: A problem in methodology." History of Education 2, no. 2 (1973): 115-32.
11. Detailed studies of the expansion in schooling may be found in Fletcher, A. J. "The Expansion of education in Berkshire and Oxfordshire 1500-1670." British Journal of Educational Studies 15, no. 1 (1967): 51-59;
12. Simon, Brian. "Leicestershire schools: 1625-1640." British Journal of Educational Studies 3, no. 1 (1954-1955): 42-58;
13. Simon, Joan. "Town estates and schools in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries." In Education in Leicestershire: A Regional Study. 15401940, edited by Brian Simon. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1968;
14. Smith, Alan. "Endowed schools in the diocese of Lichfield and Coventry in the seventeenth century." History of Education 4, no. 2 (1975): 5-20
15. and "Private schools and schoolmasters in the diocese of Lichfield and Coventry in the Seventeenth Century." History of Education 5, no. 2 (1976): 117-26;
16. Clark, Peter. English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1977.
17. See Stone, Lawrence. "The Educational revolution in England. 1560-1640." Past and Present 28 (1964): 41-80
18. and Stone, Lawrence, ed. The University in Society. Vol. 1. Princeton, 1974.
19. Russell, Elizabeth. "The Influx of commoners into the University of Oxford before 1581: an optical illusion." English Historical Review 92, no. 365 (1977): 721-45 contended that the dramatic nature of this rise in well-bom lay undergraduates may have been more apparent than real.
20. Earle, Peter. The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London 1660-1730. London: Methuen, 1989: 80.
21. "Aristocracy" is employed in this paper as shorthand for "nobility and upper gentry". See O'Day, Education and Society, 90-97 for a summary of work on social segregation.
22. Corfield, Penelope. Power and the Professions in Britain, 1700-1850. London: Routledge, 1995;
23. Hill, Christopher, ed. Change and Continuity in Seventeenth-century England. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974;
24. Holmes, Geoffrey. Augustan England: Professions, State and Society. 1680-1730. London: Allen & Unwin, 1982;
25. Prest, Wilfrid, ed. Lawyers in Early Modern Europe and America. London: Croom Helm, 1981
26. and The Professions in Early Modern England. London: Croom Helm, 1987;
27. O'Day. Rosemary. The Professions in Early Modern England, 1450-1800: Servants of the Commonweal. Harlow: Longman, 2000.
28. A truth amply demonstrated by Penelope Corfield in her Power and the Professions in Britain, 1700-1850. London: Routledge, 1995.
29. For a more detailed consideration see O'Day, The professions.
30. There have been major contributions to the history of these professions, too numerous to list here. For individual professions or segments of profession see especially Prest, Wilfrid. The Inns of Court. London: Longman, 1972
31. and The Rise of the Barristers. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986;
32. Levack, Brian P. The Civil Lawyers in England. 1603-1641. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973;
33. O'Day, Rosemary. The English Clergy, 1560-1640. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1979;
34. Pruett, John. The Parish Clergy under the Later Stuarts. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978;
35. Cook, H. J. The Decline of the Old Medical Regime in Stuart London. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press, 1986;
36. Greaves, R. L. The Puritan Revolution and Educational Thought. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1967 provides an excellent introduction to the controversies surrounding education and profession in the mid seventeenth century.
37. See also O'Day, The Professions, 147-49 for a discussion of ethics in the legal profession.
38. Skinner, Quentin. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
39. Hexter, J. H. "The Education of the aristocracy in the Renaissance" in his Reappraisals in history. London: Longmans, 1961.
40. Hugh Kearney's Scholars and gentlemen: Universities and Society. London: Faber, 1970 remains the most accessible discussion.
41. See Ferguson, A. B. The Articulate Citizen and the English Renaissance. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1965: passim.
42. Elyot, Thomas. The Boke named the governour. 1531, edited by Crofts. H.H.S, 1883.
43. See O'Day, Education and Society, 77-164 and The Professions, 25-43.
44. Oldham, J. B. A Short History of Shrewsbury School. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1952: 286-87;
45. O'Day. Education and Society, 25-42, 77-105 and 196-216.
46. Fisher, R. M. "Thomas Cromwell: humanism and educational reform, 1530-1540." Bulletin of the Institute of'Historical Research 50 (1977): 151-63.
47. Russell, "The Influx of commoners".
48. Curtis, Mark. Oxford and Cambridge in Transition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959: 85-92;
49. O'Day, Education and Society, 88-131 and especially 112-18, 24;
50. Looney, Jefferson. "Undergraduate education at early Stuart Cambridge." History of Education 10, no. 1 (1981): 9-19.
51. See also McConica, James, ed. The History of the University of Oxford: Vol. 3: The Collegiate University. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986, especially 1-68, 157-99.
52. 20Anon. Cyvile and uncyvile life. 1586 edn: 21.
53. See Skinner, Foundations of Modern Political thought, Vol. 1: 213-41.
54. Thompson, A. Hamilton. The English Clergy and their Organisation in the Later Middle Ages (1933). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1947. Oxford University Press reprint 1966;
55. Heath, Peter. English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969.
56. For the varied approaches of historians see for example, Barratt, D.M. "Conditions of the Parish Clergy from the Reformation to 1660." D.Phil, thesis, Oxford University, 1950;
57. Foster, Andrew "The Function of a Bishop: The Career of Richard Neile, 1562-1640." In Continuity and Change: Personnel and Administration of the Church in England. 1500-1642, edited by R. O'Day and F. Heal. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1976;
58. Hirschenberg, Daniel. "A Social History of the Anglican Episcopate. 1660-1760." Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1976;
59. Zell, Michael. "Economic problems of the parochial clergy." In Princes and Paupers in the English Church. 1500-1800, edited by R. O'Day and F. Heal. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1981;
60. Tyler, Richard. "Children of Disobedience." Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 1976;
61. Cross, Claire. "Priests into Ministers: The Establishment of Protestant Practice in the City of York. 1530 to 1630." In Reformation Principle and Practice, edited by P. N. Brooks. 1980.
62. George, Charles H., and Katherine George. The Protestant Mind of the English Reformation, 1570-1640. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962;
63. Greaves, Puritan Revolution and Educational Thought; Morgan, John.
64. Godly Learning: Puritan Attitudes Towards Reason, Learning and Education, 1560-1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986;
65. Collinson, Patrick. The Religion of Protestants. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.
66. See Zell, "Economic problems", 21-22 and Knowles, D., and R. N. Hadcock. Medieval Religious Houses. London: Longman Group, 1971: 364 for estimates of the various 'segments' of the medieval clergy.
67. See O'Day, Professions. 55-57, for discussion of differing views within the Church of England regarding the claims of the reformed priesthood.
68. For Episcopal attempts to circumvent the patronage system see O'Day, English Clergy, 49-74.
69. Virgin, P. N. "Church and Society in late Georgian England. 1800-1840." Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1979: passim.
70. See O'Day, English Clergy, 49-65 for detail.
71. For example, by subsidizing the costs of the education of grammar school boys at particular colleges.
72. See O'Day, Education and Society, 77-105;
73. O'Day, Rosemary. "Room at the Top." History Today 34 (1984): 31-38;
74. Morgan, Victor. "Cambridge university and the 'Country'." In The University and Society, Vol. I, edited by L. Stone; Tyler, "Children of disobedience", passim.
75. Baxter, Richard. Reliquiae Baxterianae, edited by M.Sylvester. London, 1696: 12;
76. Parkinson, Richard, ed. Life of Adam Martindale. Manchester: Chetham Society, 1845: 49;
77. O'Day, Education and Society, 174;
78. O'Day, English Clergy, 14. 21-23. 135-39;
79. Green, Ian. "Career prospects and clerical conformity." Past and Present 90 (1977): 71-115;
80. O'Day, "The Ecclesiastical Patronage of the Lord Keeper. 1558-1642". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th Series, 23 (1973): 105.
81. Harris, Robert. The way to true happinesse. London, 1632: 246;
82. Green, "Career prospects", passim; O'Day, English Clergy, 75-125, 152-54.
83. Marcombe, David. "Bernard Gilpin: Anatomy of an Elizabethan legend." Northern History 16 (1980): 20-39;
84. Shipps, Kenneth W. "Lay patronage of East Anglian puritan clerics in prerevolutionary England." Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1971: 351-56.
85. Webster, Tom. Godly Clergy in Early Stuart England: The Caroline Puritan Movement, c. 1620-1643. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997: 25.
86. Ornsby, G., ed. The Remains of Denis Granville, D.D., Dean and Archdeacon of Durham. Surtees Society 47 (1865): paper LXXXVII.
87. Gataker, Thomas. St Steven's last will and testament. London, 1638: 15.
88. See O'Day, Professions. 75; See Morgan, Godly learning, especially 112-20.
89. Tom Webster's Godly Clergy contains much of interest on clerical sociability. O'Day's The Professions, 92-107, summarizes the life style and duties of the clergy using clerical diaries and papers.
90. Webster, Tom. Godly Clergy in Early Stuart England: The Caroline Puritan Movement, c.1620-1643. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
91. Green, "Career Prospects", passim.
92. Pruett, John. "Career Patterns among the Clergy of Lincoln Cathedral. 1660-1750." Church History 44, no. 2 (1975): 204-16.
93. Brinsley, John. A Consolation for our grammar schooles. London, 1622: 45.
94. See Fincham, Kenneth. Prelate as Pastor: The Episcopate of James I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990;
95. O'Day, Rosemary. "Hugh Latimer: Prophet of the Kingdom." Historical Research 65 (1992): 258-76;
96. Dippel, Stewart A. The Professionalization of the English Church from 1560 to 1700: Ambassadors for Christ. Lewiston, NY: Lampeter: E. Mellen Press, c1999.
97. See O'Day, Professions, 14-16;
98. Hill, Christopher. "The radical critics of Oxford and Cambridge in the 1650s." In Change and Continuity in Seventeenth-century England, edited by Christopher Hill. 1974;
99. Greaves, R. L. "The Ordination controversy and the spirit of reform in puritan England." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 21, no. 3 (1970): 225-41.
100. The most notable representatives of this trend are Porter, Roy. Patients and Practitioners: Lay Perceptions of Medicine in Pre-Industrial Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985;
101. Pelling, Margaret. The Common Lot. Medical Occupations and the Urban Poor in Early Modem England. London: Longman, 1998.
102. Brooks, Christopher. Pettyfoggers and Vipers of the Commonwealth: The 'Lower Branch' of the Legal Profession in Early Modem England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
103. and Miles, M. W. "A Haven for the Privileged." Social History 11, no. 2 (1986): 197-210, for example, have helped us towards a fuller understanding of the legal profession as a whole but we need more such detailed studies.