Effectiveness of urban shelter-in-place-II: Residential districts

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 41, Issue 33, 2007, Pages 7082-7095

  Chan, Wanyu R ^a,b   Nazaroff, William W ^a,b   Price, Phillip N ^b   Gadgil, Ashok J ^b  

^a 109 McLaughlin Hall   (United States)

^b LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Air exchange rate; Emergency response; Infiltration; Sorption; Toxic chemical

Indexed keywords

AIR FILTERS; AIR POLLUTION; INFILTRATION; PARAMETER ESTIMATION; RISK ANALYSIS; TOXIC MATERIALS;

AIR-EXCHANGE RATE; EMERGENCY RESPONSE; TOXIC CHEMICAL;

HEALTH RISKS;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; GAS EXCHANGE; INDOOR AIR; PUBLIC HEALTH; RESIDENTIAL LOCATION; SHELTER; SORPTION; TOXIC SUBSTANCE; URBAN POLLUTION; VENTILATION;

AIR CONDITIONING; AIR POLLUTION; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; CASE STUDY; COMMUNITY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DOSE RESPONSE; HEALTH HAZARD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESIDENTIAL HOME; URBAN AREA;

EID: 34748915225     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.059     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Chan, W.R., 2006. Assessing the effectiveness of shelter-in-place as an emergency response to large-scale outdoor chemical releases. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
2. Chan W.R., Nazaroff W.W., Price P.N., Sohn M.D., and Gadgil A.J. Analyzing a database of residential air leakage in the United States. Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005) 3445-3455
3. Chan W.R., Nazaroff W.W., Price P.N., and Gadgil A.J. Effectiveness of urban shelter-in-place-I: Idealized conditions. Atmospheric Environment 41 (2007) 4962-4976
4. Engelmann R.J. Sheltering effectiveness against plutonium provided by buildings. Atmospheric Environment 26A (1992) 2037-2044
5. Ermak D.L., and Nasstrom J.S. A Lagrangian stochastic diffusion method for inhomogeneous turbulence. Atmospheric Environment 34 (2000) 1059-1068
6. Griffiths R.F., and Megson L.C. The effect of uncertainties in human toxic response on hazard range estimation for ammonia and chlorine. Atmospheric Environment 18 (1984) 1195-1206
7. Hilderman T.L., Hrudey S.E., and Wilson D.J. A model for effective toxic load from fluctuating gas concentrations. Journal of Hazardous Materials A 64 (1999) 115-134
8. Howard-Reed C., Wallace L.A., and Ott W.R. The effect of opening windows on air change rates in two homes. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 52 (2002) 147-159
9. Jetter J.J., and Whitfield C. Effectiveness of expedient sheltering in place in a residence. Journal of Hazardous Materials A 119 (2005) 31-40
10. Johnson T., and Long T. Determining the frequency of open windows in residences: a pilot study in Durham, North Carolina during varying temperature conditions. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 15 (2005) 329-349
11. Johnson T., Myers J., Kelly T., Wisbith A., and Ollison W. A pilot study using scripted ventilation conditions to identify key factors affecting indoor pollutant concentration and air exchange rate in a residence. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 14 (2004) 1-22
12. Karlsson E. Indoor deposition reducing the effect of toxic gas clouds in ordinary buildings. Journal of Hazardous Materials 38 (1994) 313-327
13. Karlsson E., and Huber U. Influence of desorption on the indoor concentration of toxic gases. Journal of Hazardous Materials 49 (1996) 15-27
14. Liu D.L., and Nazaroff W.W. Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes. Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 4451-4462
15. NICS, 2001. Sheltering in Place as a Public Protective Action. National Institute for Chemical Studies Charleston, WV. 〈http://www.nicsinfo.org/shelter%20in%20place.pdf〉.
16. NRC, 2003. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, vol. 3. Subcommitte on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, National Research Council, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
17. Price P.N., and Sherman M.H. Ventilation Behavior and Household Characteristics in New California Houses (2006), LBNL-59620, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
18. Price P.N., Shehabi A., and Chan W.R. Indoor-Outdoor Air Leakage of California Apartments and Commercial Buildings (2006), PIER, California Energy Commission, Sacramento, CA
19. Rogers G.O. The timing of emergency decisions: modeling decisions by community officials during chemical accidents. Journal of Hazardous Materials 37 (1994) 353-373
20. Rogers G.O., and Sorensen J.H. Warning and response in two hazardous materials transportation accidents in the US. Journal of Hazardous Materials 22 (1989) 57-74
21. Rogers G.O., and Sorensen J.H. Diffusion of emergency warning: comparing empirical and simulation results. In: Zervos C. (Ed). Risk Analysis (1991), Plenum Press, New York, NY 117-134
22. Rogers G.O., Watson A.P., Sorensen J.H., Sharp R.D., and Carnes S.A. Evaluating Protective Actions for Chemical Agent Emergencies (1990), ORNL-6615, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
23. Sherman M.H., and Chan W.R. Building air tightness: research and practice. In: Santamouris M., and Wouters P. (Eds). Building Ventilation: The State of the Art (2006), Earthscan, London, UK 137-162
24. Sherman, M.H., Grimsrud, D.T., 1980. Measurement of infiltration using fan pressurization and weather data. In: Proceedings of the First Symposium of the Air Infiltration Centre on Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques. Windsor, UK.
25. Singer B.C., Hodgson A.T., Destaillats H., Hotchi T., Revzan K.L., and Sextro R.G. Indoor sorption of surrogates for sarin and related nerve agents. Environmental Science & Technology 39 (2005) 3203-3214
26. Singer B.C., Hodgson A.T., Hotchi T., Ming K.Y., Sextro R.G., Wood E.E., and Brown N.J. Sorption of organic gases in residential rooms. Atmospheric Environment 41 (2007) 3251-3265
27. Siren K. The protection ability of the building shell against sudden outdoor air contamination. Building and Environment 28 (1993) 255-269
28. Sommerville, D.R., 2003. Relationship between the dose-response for lethality and severe effects for chemical warfare nerve agents. In: Proceedings of the eighth Annual US Army Conference on Applied Statistics. Raleigh, NC.
29. ten Berge W.F., Zwart A., and Appelman L.M. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases. Journal of Hazardous Materials 13 (1986) 301-309
30. US Census, 2002. Census of population and housing. Summary File 3: Technical Documentation. US Census Bureau, Washington, DC. Accessed at 〈http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf〉.
31. US EPA, 2006. Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres User's Manual. US Environmental Protection Agency and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. Accessed at 〈http://www.epa.gov/ceppo/cameo/aloha.htm〉.
32. US HUD, 2002. American Housing Survey for the United States 2001. Current Housing Reports. US Department of Housing and Urban Development and Census Bureau, Washington, DC. Accessed at 〈http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/ahs/nationaldata.html〉.
33. Vogt B.M., Hardee H.K., Sorensen J.H., and Shumpert B.L. Assessment of Housing Stock Age in the Vicinity of Chemical Stockpile Sites (1999), ORNL/TM-13742, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
34. Wallace L.A., Emmerich S.J., and Howard-Reed C. Continuous measurements of air change rates in an occupied house for 1 year: the effect of temperature, wind, fans, and windows. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 12 (2002) 296-306
35. Ward M., Siegel J.A., and Corsi R.L. The effectiveness of stand alone air cleaners for shelter-in-place. Indoor Air 15 (2005) 127-134
36. Wilson A.L., Colome S.D., Tian Y., Becker E.W., Baker P.E., Behrens D.W., Billick I.H., and Garrison C.A. California residential air exchange rates and residence volumes. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 6 (1996) 311-326
37. Yee E. An impact-effect mathematical model incorporating the influence of exposures to fluctuating concentrations in a dispersing plume of pollutant in the atmosphere. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 9 (1999) 300-311