Rituals, ceremonies and customs related to sacred trees with a special reference to the Middle East

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Volumn 3, Issue , 2007, Pages

  Dafni, Amots ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARAB; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE EAST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGY; REVIEW; SYMBOLISM; TREE;

ARABS; CEREMONIAL BEHAVIOR; CULTURE; ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE EAST; TREES;

EID: 34748902360     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17464269     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-28     Document Type: Article

References (200)

1. Turner HW From Temple to the Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship The Hague: Mouton 1979.
2. Eliade M The Sacred and the Profane. (Transl. Trask WR:) San Diego, New York and London: Hartcourt 1957.
3. Durkheim E The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (Transl. K.E. Fields) New York. Free Press 2001.
4. Eliade M Patterns of Comparative Religion New York: Sheed & Ward 1958.
5. Davidson LK Dunn-Wood M Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages - A Research Guide New York and London: Garland Publishing 1993.
6. Hubert J Sacred beliefs and belief of sacredness Sacred Sites, Sacred Places London and New York: Routledge Carmichael DL, Hubert J, Reeves B, Schanche A 1998, 9-19.
7. Carmichael DL Hubert J Reeves B Schanche A Sacred Sites, Sacred Places London & New York: Routledge 1994.
8. Caillois R Man and the Sacred (Transl. M. Barash) Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press 1980.
9. Cummins G Whiteduck K Towards a model for the identification and recognition of sacred sites Sacred Lands Albereta: Aboriginal World Views, Claims and Conflicts Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta Occasional Publication. No.8. 1998H Oakes J, Riewe R, Kinew K, Maloney E 1998, 3-14.
10. Sinha BC Tree Worship in Ancient India London and The Hague: East-West Publications 1979.
11. Gupta SS Sacred Trees across Cultures and Nations Calcutta: Indian Publications, Folklore Series 27 1980.
12. Frazer JG The Worship of Nature London: Macmillan 1926.
13. Philpot JH The Sacred Tree or the Tree in Religion and Myth London: MacMillan & Co 1897.
14. Altman N Sacred Trees San Francisco: Sierra Club Books 2000.
15. Dafni A On the typology and the worship status of sacred trees with a special reference to the Middle East J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine 2006, 2:26-41. 1500805 16700917 10.1186/1746-4269-2-26
16. Goldziher I Muslim Studies London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd Stern SM 1971.
17. Westermarck E Pagan Survivals in Mohammedan Civilisation Amsterdam: Philo 1933.
18. Westermarck E Ritual and Belief in Morocco New York: University Books 1968 (First published in 1926).
19. Canaan T Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine. Jerusalem: Ariel (Originally published 1927-1928, rep n.d.)
20. Arraf S The Status of the Prophets and Saints in the Holy Land Tarshikha: Ikhan Mahul 1993. (In Arabic)
21. Dafni A Why are rags tied to the sacred trees of the Holy Land? Econ Bot 2002, 56:315-327. 10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0315:WARTTT]2.0.CO;2
22. Dafni A The supernatural characters and powers of sacred trees in the Holy Land J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine 2007, 3:10. 1820775 17319970 10.1186/ 1746-4269-3-10
23. Frese PR Gray SJM Trees The Encyclopaedia of Religion New York: Macmillan Library Reference USA, Simon and Schuster and Macmillan Eliade M 1995:26-33.
24. Dafni A Levy S Lev A The ethnobotany of Christ's Thorn Jujube (Ziziphus spina christi) in Israel J Ethnobio Ethnomedicine 2005, 1:12. 10.1186/ 1746-4269-1-12
25. Medzini A Expansion of Bedouin settlement in Galilee resulting from spontaneous occupation and planned government policy Monogeography No. 1 Haifa: Department of Geography; University of Haifa 1984
26. Dana N The Druze in the Middle East - their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press 2003.
27. Hamilton LS Forest tree conservation through metaphysical constraints The George Wright Forum 2002, 19:57-78.
28. Lewis BR Ritual Sacrifice: An Illustrated History Phoenix Mill, Thrupp, U.K: Sutton 2001.
29. Seligman CG Seligman BZ The Bari J Roy Anthropol Soc Gr Brit Ire 1928, 8:409-479. 10.2307/2843631
30. Kemp P The Healing Ritual Studies in the Technique and Tradition of Southern Slavs London: Faber & Faber & School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London 1935.
31. Abercromby J The beliefs and religious ceremonies of the Mordvins Folk-Lore J 1889, 7:65-135.
32. Greenberg JH The Influence of Islam on a Sudanense Religion New York: J.J. Augustin 1946.
33. Fortes M Ritual festivals and social cohesion in the hinterland of the gold coast Amer Anthropol, New Series 1936, 38:590-604. 10.1525/ aa.1936.38.4.02a00090
34. Gardén CA Mtallo S Traditional forest reserves in Babati district, Tanzania - a study in human ecology Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development; Working Paper No. 128 1990.
35. Searing JF "No king, no lords, no slaves": Ethnicity and religion among the Sereer-Safén of western Bawol, 1700-1914 J Afri Hist 2002, 43:407-429. 10.1017/S0021853702008162
36. Fayet MJC Customs of the modern Oulof (Circle of the Boreal) Publications de Comité d'Études Historiques et ScientifiquesDe L'Afrique Occidentale Française. Serie A, no 8. Paris 1939.
37. Basden GT Niger Ibos: A description of the primitive life, customs and animistic beliefs etc., of the Ibo people of Nigeria London: Cass 1966.
38. Bhagwat D Tribal gods and festives in central India Asian Folk Stud 1968, 27:27-106. 10.2307/1177671
39. Archer WG Tribal Law and Justice a Report on the Santal New Delhi: Concept Publishing House 1984.
40. Roy SC Magic and witchcraft of the Chota-Nagpur plateaux - astudy in the philosophy of primitive life J Roy Anthropol Ins Gr Brit Ire 1914, 14:324-350. 10.2307/2843358
41. Hares M Community forestry and environmental literacy in northern Thailand: Towards collaborative natural resource management and conservation Dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki 2006.
42. Appell GN The Rungus Dusun Essays on Borneo Societies Oxford: Oxford University Press King VT 1978:143-171.
43. Curtiss SI Primitive Semitic Religion to-Day London: Hodder and Stoughton 1902.
44. Marcus AM "The saint has been stolen": Sanctity and social change in the tribe of eastern Morocco Amer Ethnol 1985, 12:455-467. 10.1525/ae.1985.12.3.02a00040
45. Beech MWH The sacred fig-tree of the A-Kikuyu of East Africa Man 1913, 13:4-6. 10.2307/2788492
46. Mandondo A Trees and spaces as emotion and norm laden components of local ecosystems in Nyamaropa communal land, Nyanga district, Zimbabwe Agri Hum Val 1977, 14:353-372.10.1023/A:1007498110104
47. Beresford-Stooke G An Akamba ceremony used in times of drought Man 1928, 28:139-140. 10.2307/2790229
48. Driberg JH Rain-makingamong the Lagno J Roy Anthropol Soc Gr Brit Ire 1919, 49:52-73. 10.2307/2843435
49. Hobley CW Further researches into Kikuyu and Kamba religions beliefs and customs J Roy Anthropol Soc Gr Brit Ire 1922, 41:406-457. 10.2307/2843182
50. Evans-Pritchard EE A note on the rain makers among the Moro Man 1938, 38:53-56. 10.2307/2791872
51. Gupta SS (Editor) Tree Symbols and Worship in India - a New Survey of a Pattern of Folk Religion Calcutta: Indian Publications 1965.
52. Sanders T Rain go bad, woman gone mad: Rethinking gender rituals of rebellion and patriarchy J Roy Anthropol 2000, 6:469-486.
53. Williams FE Rain-making on the river Moreland J Roy Anthropol Inst Gr Brit Ire 1929, 59:379-397. 10.2307/2843891
54. Abu Zahra N The rain rituals as rites of spiritual passage Int Jf Middle East Stud 1998, 20:507-529.
55. Ruppert BO Buddhist rainmaking in Early Japan: The dragon king and the ritual careers of esoteric monks Hist Relig 2002, 42:143-174. 10.1086/ 463701
56. Landau PS When rain falls: Rainmaking and community in a Tswana village, c.1870 to recent times Inlt J African Hist Stu 1993, 26:1-30. 10.2307/ 219185
57. Haruna A Rituals and ceremonies accompanying rain making among the Guruntum and Bubbure people L'homme et l'eau dans le bassin du lac Tchad Francfort: Paris Ostrom (Colloques et Séminaires), Séminaire du Róseau Méga-Tchad Jungraithmayr H, Barreteau D, Seibert U 227-239 13-14.5.1993.
58. Pausanias Description of Greece Harvard: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press Jones WHS, Ormerod HA 1918 5.
59. Cook AB Zeus and the Oak Class Rev 1904, 18:75-89.
60. Munro-Chadwick H The oak and the thunder-god J Anthropol Inst Gr Brit Ire 1900, 30:22-44. 10.2307/2842615
61. Chidahakwa Z Continuing the change: The role of dynamics of traditional institutions in the management of the Haroni and Rusitu forests in Chimanimani, Zimbabwe CASS/PLAAS CBNRN 3rd Regional Workshop, 8-9.10.2001, Maputo, Mozambique
62. Palmgrave WG Narrative of the Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia. (1862-63) London and Cambridge: MacMillan Co 1865
63. Wode B Village forest protection regulation in Vietnam: Strengthening participation in natural resources management Best Practices Using Indigenous Knowledge Hague: Nuffic and UNESCO Boven K, Morohashi J 2002:112-129.
64. Himberg N Community - based ecotourism as a sustainable development option in Taita Taveta, Kenya Taita Hills and Kenya Helsinki: Expedition Reports of the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki Pellika P, Ylhäisi J, Clarck B 2004:87-95.
65. Serra A Legitimacy of local institutions of natural resources management: The case of M'Punga, Mozambique Mrena Researach Project, Working Paper No. 3, School of African and Asian Studies, Sussudenga Mozambique: University of Sussex and Centro de Experimentação Florestal 2001.
66. Chanthitath K Forest utilization by local people in Vang Vieng district Forest Conservation and Afforestation Project (FPRCAP) http:// www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/phase1/ir98-3-25.pdf (Visited 1.10.06)
67. Laird SA Forests, culture and conservation Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity London: Intermediate Technology Publications and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Posey DA 1999:347-395.
68. Xu JC Mikesell S Indigenous knowledge of sustainable livelihood and resources governance in the MMSEA region Landscapes of Diversity: Proceedings of the III Symposium on MMSEA Lijiang, China: Yunnan Sciences and Technology Press Xu J, Mikesell S 2002:3-22. 25-28.8.2002
69. Huabin H Sacred natural sites in Xishuangbanna in south-western China The Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation. International Workshop on the Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation. Kunming and Xishuangbanna Biosphere Reserve, China 17-20.2.2003 UNESCO, MAB, CAS, IUCN Lee C, Schaaf T 2003:127-133.
70. Amirthalingam M Folklore of sacred groves Ind Folkl 2000, 1:8-9.
71. Rodgers WA The sacred groves of Meghalaya Man India 1994, 74:339-348.
72. Khiewtam RS Ramakrishnan PS Socio-cultural studies of the sacred groves of Cherrapunji and adjoining areas in the North Eastern India Man India 1989, 69:64-71.
73. Apffle Marglin F Mishra PC Sacred groves: Regeneration the body, the land, the community Global Ecology A New Arena of Political Conflict London: Zed Books Sachs W 1993:1-39.
74. Patnaik S Pandey A Study of an indigenous community - based forest management system: Sarna (sacred grove) Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management New Delhi and Calcutta: Oxford and IHB Publishing Ramakrishnan PS, Saxena KG, Chandrasheekara UM 1998:315-321.
75. Bharucha E Cultural and spiritual values related to the conservation of biodiversity in sacred groves of the western Ghat in Maharashtra Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme Posey DA 1999:382-385.
76. Dudley A Indigenous forest use practices and sustainability: A case of the Adivasis of the Nilgiri biosphere region, south India MA thesis Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada 1999.
77. Hobley CW Bantu Beliefs and Magic Frank Cass, London 1967.
78. Zoundjihekpon J Dossou-Glehouenou B Cultural and spiritual values of biodiversity in West Africa: The case of Benin and Côte d'Ivoire Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. A Complementary Contribution to the Global Biodiversity Assessment London: Intermediate Technology Publications, UNEP Posey DA 1991:70-371.
79. Anoliefo GO Isikhuemhen OS Ochije NR Environmental implications of the erosion of cultural taboo and practices in Awka - south local governmental arena of Anambra state, Nigeria: 1. Forests, trees and water resources preservation J Agric Env Ethics 2003, 16:281-296. 10.1023/A:1023680117717
80. Falconer J Non-timber forest products in southern Ghana: Traditional and cultural forest values Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme Posey DA 1999:366-370.
81. O'Neal Campbell M Sacred Groves for forest conservation in Ghana's coastal savannas: Assessing ecological and social dimensions Singapore J Trop Geo 2005, 26:151-169. 10.1111/j.0129-7619.2005.00211.x
82. McWilliam A Prospects for the sacred grove, valuing lulic forests on Timor The Asian Pac J Anthropol 2001, 2:89-113. 10.1080/ 14442210110001706125
83. Boven K Morohashi J Best Practices Using Indigenous Knowledge Nuffic: The Hague and UNESCO/MOST: Paris 2002.
84. Hartland ES Pin-wells and rag-bushes Folklore 1893, 4:451-470.
85. De Gubernatis A La Mythologie des plantes Paris: C. Reinwald 1878.
86. Rix H Tent and Teatament: A camping Tpour in Palestine Arno press New York (Original publication 1907) 1977.
87. Leyard AH A Popular Account of Discoveries at Nineveh London: Murray 1851.
88. Zwemer SM The Influence of Animism in Islam London: MacMillan 1920.
89. Hasluck FW Christianity and Islam under the Sultans New York: Octagon Books Hasluck MM 1973.
90. Quantz JD Dendro-psychosis Amer J Psychol 1989, 9:447-506.
91. Yassin A Akgul OGH Ugur MS Solak MH The Monumental Tres of Manisa 1998 (In Turkish).
92. Thankappan-Nair P Tree Symbols Worship among the Nairs of Kerala Tree Worship in India A New Survey of a Pattern of Folk-Religion Calcutta: Indian Publications Gupta SN 1965:93-103.
93. Majupuria TC Johshi DP Religious and Useful Plants of Nepal and India Lashkar: Gupta M 1997.
94. Gupta SM Plant Myth and Traditions in India Calcutta: Munshiram Manoharlal 3 2001.
95. Blackman A Some Egyptian and Nubian notes Man 1910, 10:25-29. 10.2307/ 2787932
96. Leland CG Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling London: T. Fisher Unwin 1891.
97. Fergusson J Tree and Serpent Worship Delhi & Varanasi: Indological Book House 1971.
98. Walhouse MJ Rag-bushes and kindred observances J Roy Anthropol Soc Gr Brit Ire 1880, 9:97-106.
99. McPherson JM Primitive Beliefs in the Northeast of Scotland Kessinger Publishing (Electronic Edition) 2003.
100. Lucas AT The sacred trees of Ireland J Cork Hist Archaeol Soc 1968, 68:16-54.
101. Fletcher R Scopelism Amer Anthopol 1897, 10:201-214. 10.1525/ aa.1897.10.7.02a00000
102. Bar Tvi S Abu Rabia A Kressel GM The charm of graves: Mourning Rituals and Tomb Worship among the Negev Bedouin Tel aviv: Ministry of Defence 1998 (In Hebrew).
103. Upadhaya KD Indian botanical folklore Asian Folk Stu 1964, 23:15-34. 10.2307/1177747
104. Wilson C Peasant Life in the Holy Land London: John Murray 1906.
105. Morton A Tree Heritage of Britain and Ireland Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press 1998.
106. Shutova N Trees in Udmurt religion Antiquity 2006, 80:318-327.
107. Groom N Frankincense and Myrrh: A Stusy of the Arabian Incense London and New York: Longman 1981.
108. Amar Z The book of Incence Tel Aviv: Eretz 2002 (In Hebrew)
109. Nielsen K Incense in Ancient Israel Leiden: EJ Brill 1986.
110. Dafni A Lev E Backmann S Eichberger C Ritual plants of Muslim graveyards in northern Israel J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine 2006, 2:38. 1584233 16961931 10.1186/1746-4269-2-38
111. Weightham BA Sacred landscapes and phenomenon of light Geographical Review 1966, 86:59-71.
112. Ya'ari A Jewish Travelers to Eretz Israel Tel Aviv: Gazit 1946 (In Hebrew)
113. Ginzburg MA Dvir Vilna: Zemel 1841 (In Hebrew)
114. Frazer JG Magic and Religion London: Watts and Co 1944.
115. Pandey BP Sacred Plants of India: Plants of Human Kind New Delhi: Shree Publishing House 1989.
116. Bechmann R Tree and Man: The Forest in the middle Ages New York: Paragon House 1990.
117. Frazer JG Folklore in the Old Testament. Studies in comparative religion legend and Law London: MacMillan and Co 1919
118. Frazer JG The Golden Bough: The Roots of Religion and Folklore New York: Avenel Books 1981
119. Shelton AJ Departure of the Nshie: A north Nsukka Ibo origin legend J Amer Folk 1965, 78:115-129 10.2307/538278
120. Chien Y Three types of Chinese deities-stone, tree and land PhD Thesis, Lancaster University 1997.
121. Fleming P A Journey through central Asia Geog J 1936, 88:28-144.
122. Virtanen P The role of customary institutions in the conservation of biodiversity: Sacred forests in Mozambique Environ Values 2002, 11:227-241. 10.3197/096327102129341073
123. Chouin G Sacred grovesin history: Pathways to social shaping of forest landscape in coastal Ghana IDS Bull 2002, 33:39-46.
124. Horning NR Explaining compliance with rules covering common-pool forest resource use and conservation: Dynamics in Bara country, south western Madagascar Meeting of the International Association for the Study of Common Property. Bloomington, Indiana: 1.5-4.6.2000.
125. Harris WT The Springs of Mende: Belief and Conduct Freetown: Sierra Leone University Press 1968.
126. Posselt F The tree in the religious rituals of the Bantu of Southern Rhodesia Man 1939, 39:126-127. 10.2307/2793392
127. Mutoro HW The Mijikenda Kaya as a sacred site Sacred Sites, Sacred Places London: Routledge Carmichael DL, Hubert J, Reeves B, Schanche A 1994:132-138.
128. Firehead J Leach M Enriching the landscape: Social history and management of transition ecology in the forest. Savanna mosaic of the Republic of Guinea Africa: J Int African Ins 1996, 66:14-36. 10.2307/ 1161509
129. Stuart K Ujiyediin C Mongol tree worship Archív Orientální 1997, 65:275-291.
130. Crooke W The hill tribes of the central Indian hills J Anthropol Inst Gr Brit Ire 1899, 8:220-248.. 10.2307/2842872
131. Bhasin V Religions and cultural perspectives of sacred sites-Sitabari in Rajasthan J Hum Ecol 1899, 10:329-340.
132. Foppes J Ketphanh S Forest extraction or cultivation? Local solution from Lao PDR Workshop on the Evolution and Sustainability of "Intermediate Systems" of Forest Management, FOREASIA, 28.6-1.7.2000 Lofoten, Norway
133. Fowler CT The ecological implications of ancestral religion and reciprocal exchange in a sacred forest in karendi (Sumba, Indonesia) Worldview 2003, 7:303-329. 10.1163/156853503322709155
134. Lyons AP Three reverence amongst Papuans Man 1923, 23:72-73. 10.2307/ 2787202
135. Muddurooroo A Aboriginal Mythology London: Thorsons 1994
136. Yadin A Tamuz Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defence Broza M 1990 (In Hebrew)
137. Buchmann Y Tree and market on the main road: Elon Be'Tsaa'ananim is Hanot Togarim Teva Va'aretz 1988, 30:36-39. (In Hebrew)
138. Lebie AR Freudenberger MS Sacred groves in Africa: Forest patches in transition Forest Patches in Tropical land Landscape Washington: Island Press Schelhas J, Greenberg R 1966:300-324.
139. Crooke W An Introduction to the Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India Allahabad: Government Press 1894
140. Boulanger C In the kingdom of Nataraja Madras: The South India Saiva Siddharta Works Publishing Society 1993
141. Akiba T A study on Korean folkways Folk Stu 16:1-106.
142. Boomgaard P Sacred trees and haunted forests - Indonesia, particularly Java, 19th and 20th centuries Asian Perceptions of Nature Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. Copenhagen: Curzon Press Bruun O, Kallanda A 1995:39-53.
143. Samuels GB Encounters with Trees, History and American Landscape New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press 1999
144. Curtiss SI The ancient religion of Syria in centers of Moslem and Christian influence Biblical World 1904, 23:326-338. 10.1086/473389
145. Curtiss SI The local divinities of the Semites Biblical World 1902, 19:288-299. 10.1086/472981
146. Ben Yosef S Sacred graves in Judaea Ariel 1996, (117-118: 112-119. (In Hebrew) 119 (In Hebrew)
147. Hilton-Sampson MW Some Algerian supertitions noted among the Shawia Berbers of the Aures mountains and their nomad Folklore 1915, 26:225-254.
148. Wanjohi GJ An African conception of God: The case of the Gikuyu J Relig Africa 1978, 9:136-146. 10.2307/1581394
149. Gombya-Sembajjwe WS Sacred forests in modern Ganda society Uganda J 1995, 43:32-44.
150. Tate HR Further notes on the Kikuyu tribe of British East Africa J Roy Anthropol Soc Gr Brit Ire 1904, 34:255-265.
151. Wilson KB Trees in fields in southern Zimbabwe J South Afric Stud 1989, 15:369-383. 10.1080/03057078908708205
152. Mafu Hf The 1991-92 Zimbabwean drought and some religios reactions J Relig Afric 1995, 25:1991-92.
153. Rogers FH Notes on some Madi-rain stones Man 1927, 27:81-87. 10.2307/ 2788173
154. Halliday A Annals of the House of Hanover Willims Sams: Lodon 1826
155. Samatar SS Somalia's horse that feed his master Afr Lang Cult Voice and Power: The Culture of Language in North-East Africa: Essays in Honour of BW Andrezejewski 1996:155-170.
156. Drake C The collision of traditions in Saikakus's Haikai Harv J Asiatic Stud 1992, 52:5-75. 10.2307/2719328
157. Johnson F Some Bedouin customs Man 1918, 18:6-8. 10.2307/2788685
158. Birge DE Sacred groves in the ancient Greek World PhD. thesis University of California Berkley, Department of Ancient History and Archaeology 1982
159. Binbergen van W The land as body: An essay on the interpretation of ritual among the Manjaks of Guinea - Bissau Medical Athropology Quarterly, New Series 1988, 2:386-401.
160. Fulton RM The political structure and functions of Poro in Kpelle society Amer Anthrop 1977, 36:31-64. 10.1525/aa.1972.74.5.02a00140
161. Masako T Categories of Okinawa "ancestors" and the kinship syatem Asian Folkl 1977 36 31 64 10.2307/1177816
162. Evans A Mycenaen tree and pillar cult and its Mediterranean relations J Hellenistic Stud 1901, 21:99-204. 10.2307/623870
163. Porteous A Forest Folklore, Mythology and Romance London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd 1928
164. Minniakhmetova T Sacrificial rites of the Udmurts on the eastern land of the river Kama Folklore 2001, 17:107-119.
165. Balzer MM Rituals of gender identity: Markers of Siberian Khanthy ethnicity, status and belief Amer Athropo NS 1981 83 850 867 10.1525/ aa.1981.83.4.02a00050
166. Wild RP Funerary equipment from Agona - Swedru, Winnebah District, Gold Coast J Roy Anthropol Gr Brit Ire 1937, 67:67-75. 10.2307/2844171
167. Clifford M Palmer R A Nigerian chiefdom J Roy Anthropol Soc Gr Brit Ire 1936, 66:393-435. 10.2307/2844088
168. McGlasham N Indigenous Kikuyu education Afr Affairs 1964, 63:47-57.
169. Ambler CH The renovation of custom in colonial Kenya: The 1932 generation succession ceremonies in Embu J Afr Hist 1989, 30:139-156.
170. Crooke W The cult of the Mother Goddesses in India Folklore 1919, 30:292-308.
171. Bunche RJ The Irua ceremony among the Kikuyu of Kimbu district, Kenya J of Negro Hist 1941, 26:46-65. 10.2307/2715049
172. Hoffer CG Mende and Sherbro women in high office Can J Afr Stu 1972, 6:151-164. Special Issue: The Role of African Woman, Past Present and Future
173. M'Kenzie D Children and Wells Folklore 1907, 18:253-282.
174. Crooke W The Dasahra: An autumn festival of the Hindus Folklore 1915, 26:28-59.
175. Offiong DA The functions of Ekpo society of the Ibidio of Nigeria Afr Stu Rev 1984, 27:77-92. 10.2307/524025
176. Avivi S The Druze in Israel and their Sacred Places Jerusalem: Ariel (Ariel 142) 2000.
177. Zaharony I Sacred families and magicians in the Gil'boa area Ariel 1966, 117-118:170-177.
178. Rouse WHD Notes from Syria Folklore 1895, 6:172-175.
179. Godden GM The sanctuary of Mourie Folklore 1893, 4:498-508.
180. Soutter R Ntiamoa-Baidu Y Smith J Rana D Recognizing the contribution of sacred natural sites for biodiversity conservation Lecture presented at the World Park Congress, Durban, South Africa 2003.
181. Talbot PA The Bugunda of Lake Chad J Anthro Inst Gr Brit Ire 1911, 41:245-249. 10.2307/2843173
182. Washburn-Hopkins E Mythological aspects of trees and mountains in the great epic J Amer Orient Soc 1910, 30:347-374. 10.2307/3087578
183. Simoons FJ Plant of Life, Plant of Death Madisson WI: University of Wisconsin Press 1998.
184. Chandervaker P Tree-cult in Saurashtra Tree Symbols in India, A New Survey of Pattern of Folk Religion Indian Folklore Series No. 5, Calcutta: Indian Publications Sen Gupta S 1965:41-46.
185. Gebert E Trees Education about Asia 2001, 6:23-26.
186. Holtum DC Some notes on Japanese tree worship Transac Asiatic Soc. Japan, 2nd Series 1931 89 1 19
187. Randhawa MS The Cult of Trees and Tree Worship in Buddhist-Ainu Scripture New Delhi: Indian Fine Arts and Crafts Society 1964.
188. Zarcone M Stone people, tree people and animal people in Turkic Asia and Eastern Europe Diogenes 2005, 207:35-46. 10.1177/0392192105055168
189. McConnell RE Notes on the Lugwari tribe of Central Africa J Roy Anthropol Inst Gr Brit Ire 1925, 55:439-467. 10.2307/2843650
190. Frazer JD Balder the Beautiful: The Fire Festivals of Europe and the Doctrine of the External Soul New York: McMillan 1923.
191. Minnikhmetova T Sacrificial rites of the Udmurts on the eastern bank of the river Kama Folklore 2001, 17:107-19.
192. Furness WH The ethnography of the Nagas of Eastern Assam J Roy Anthropol Inst Gr Brit Ire 1902, 32:445-466. 10.2307/2842832
193. Vilnay Z Sepulchral Monuments in Israel HaRav Kook, Jerusalem 1963 (In Hebrew)
194. Byers BA Cunliffe RN Hudak AT Linking the conservation of culture and Nature: A case study of sacred forests in Zimbabwe Hum Ecol 2001, 29:187-218. 10.1023/A:1011012014240
195. Ranger T Taking hold of the land: Holy places and pilgrimage in twentieth-century Zimbabwe Past Present 1987, 117:158-194. 10.1093/past/ 117.1.158
196. Sigu GO Omenda TT Ongugo PO Opiyo A Sacred groves institutions, rule enforcement and impact on forest condition: The case of Ramogi Hill Forst Reserve, Kenya. (Draft no. 4. n.d.) 1987 https://www.biodiv.org/ doc/case-studies/for/cs-ecofor-ke-01-en.pdf (Visited 9.4.07)
197. Millar D Aniah R Atoyure R Shrines and Groves COMPASS Newsletter 1999:34-36.
198. O'Neal-Campbell M Traditional forest protection and woodlots in the coatal savannah of Chana Environ Conserv 2004, 1:225-232. 10.1017/ S0376892904001389
199. Mgumia FH Oba G Potential role of sacred groves in biodiversity in Tanzania Environ Conserv 2003, 30:259-265. 10.1017/S0376892903000250
200. Pliny P Natural History Loeb Classical Library. London and Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press Rackham H 1945