Epidemiology and economic impact of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Review and analysis of the literature

PharmacoEconomics

Volumn 25, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 751-768

  Shorr, Andrew F ^a  

^a WASHINGTON HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZTREONAM; CEFTAZIDIME; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; DAPTOMYCIN; GLYCOPEPTIDE; LINEZOLID; METICILLIN; OXAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVE; TEICOPLANIN; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; COST UTILITY ANALYSIS; DECISION MAKING; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC FOOT; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG COST; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; FOOT ULCER; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HOSPITALIZATION COST; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; REVIEW; SKIN INFECTION; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA;

COST OF ILLNESS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; METHICILLIN RESISTANCE; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 34748831860     PISSN: 11707690     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00019053-200725090-00004     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Napolitano LM. Emerging issues in the diagnosis and management of infections caused by multi-drug-resistant, gram-positive cocci. Surg Infect 2005; 6 Suppl.: S5-22
2. Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, et al. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 53-9
3. Taylor MD, Napolitano LM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in vascular surgery: increasing prevalence. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2004; 5: 180-7
4. Kopp BJ, Nix DE, Armstrong EP. Clinical and economic analysis of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Ann Pharmacother 2004; 38: 1377-82
5. Rello J, Torres A, Ricart M, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia by Staphylococcus aureus: comparison of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive episodes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 1545-9
6. Shorr AF, Combes A, Kollef MH, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prolongs intensive care unit stay in ventilator-associated pneumonia, despite initially appropriate antibiotic therapy. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 700-6
7. Abramson MA, Sexton DJ. Nosocomial methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus primary bacteremia: at what costs? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20: 408-11
8. Kim T, Oh PI, Simor AE. The economic impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Canadian hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22: 99-104
9. Rubin RJ, Harrington CA, Poon A, et al. The economic impact of Staphylococcus aureus infection in New York City hospitals. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5: 9-17
10. Chaix C, Durand-Zaleski I, Alberti C, et al. Control of endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a cost-benefit analysis in an intensive care unit. JAMA 1999; 282: 1745-51
11. Smith RD, Yago M, Millar M, et al. A macroeconomic approach to evaluating policies to contain antimicrobial resistance: a case study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2006; 5: 55-65
12. Graham 3rd PL, Lin SX, Larson EL. A US population-based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 318-25
13. Hsu LY, Wijaya L, Tan BH. Management of healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2005; 3: 893-905
14. Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10: 505-20
15. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control 2004; 32: 470-85
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MRSA among ICU patients, 1995-2004 (graph) [online]. Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ pdf/ar/ICU_RESTrend1995-2004.pdf [Accessed 2006 Sep 21]
17. Tacconelli E, Venkataraman P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia diagnosed at hospital admission: distinguishing between community-acquired versus healthcare-associated strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 53: 474-9
18. Chambers HF. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus? Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 178-82
19. Zinn CS, Westh H, Rosdahl VT. An international multicenter study of antimicrobial resistance and typing of hospital Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 21 laboratories in 19 countries or states. Microb Drug Resist 2004; 10: 160-8
20. Engemann JJ, Carmeli Y, Cosgrove SE, et al. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 592-8
21. Eguia JM, Chambers HF. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and potential virulence factors. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2003; 5: 459-66
22. Naimi TS, LeDell KH, Como-Sabetti K, et al. Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA 2003; 290: 2976-84
23. Fridkin SK, Hageman JC, Morrison M, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1436-44
24. Gorwitz R, Jernigan D, Powers J, et al. Strategies for clinical management of MRSA in the community: summary of an expert's meeting convened by the centers for disease control and prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [online]. Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/ camrsa_expmtgstrategies.pdf [Accessed 2006 Sep 21]
25. King MD, Humphrey BJ, Wang YF, et al. Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 309-17
26. Moellering Jr RC. The growing menace of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 368-70
27. Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 978-84
28. Bratu S, Eramo A, Kopec R, et al. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital nursery and maternity units. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 808-13
29. Saiman L, O'Keefe M, Graham 3rd PL, et al. Hospital transmission of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1313-9
30. Lynch 3rd JP. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: risk factors, microbiology, and treatment. Chest 2001; 119: 373-84S
31. Trouillet JL, Chastre J, Vuagnat A, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 531-9
32. Chastre J, Fagon JY. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 867-903
33. Zahar JR, Clec'h C, Tafflet M, et al. Is methicillin resistance associated with a worse prognosis in Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia? Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1224-31
34. Combes A, Luyt CE, Fagon JY, et al. Impact of methicillin resistance on outcome of Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 786-92
35. Petti CA, Sanders LL, Trivette SL, et al. Postoperative bacteremia secondary to surgical site infection. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 305-8
36. Moran GJ, Amii RN, Abrahamian FM, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired skin infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 928-30
37. Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 666-74
38. Game F, Jeffcoate W. MRSA and osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes. Diabet Med 2004; 21 Suppl. 4: 16-9
39. Reiber GE, Lipsky BA, Gibbons GW. The burden of diabetic foot ulcers. Am J Surg 1998; 176: 5-10S
40. Dang CN, Prasad YD, Boulton AJ, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the diabetic foot clinic: a worsening problem. Diabet Med 2003; 20: 159-61
41. Tentolouris N, Jude EB, Smirnof I, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an increasing problem in a diabetic foot clinic. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 767-71
42. Tentolouris N, Petrikkos G, Vallianou N, et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in infected and uninfected diabetic foot ulcers. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12: 186-9
43. Mantey I, Hill RL, Foster AV, et al. Infection of foot ulcers with Staphylococcus aureus associated with increased mortality in diabetic patients. Commun Dis Public Health 2000; 3: 288-90
44. Capitano B, Leshem OA, Nightingale CH, et al. Cost effect of managing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a long-term care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 10-6
45. Dietrich ES, Demmler M, Schulgen G, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia: a cost-of-illness analysis. Infection 2002; 30: 61-7
46. Rello J, Ollendorf DA, Oster G, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large US database. Chest 2002; 122: 2115-21
47. Warren DK, Shukla SJ, Olsen MA, et al. Outcome and attributable cost of ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care unit patients in a suburban medical center. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1312-7
48. Shorr AF, Tabak YP, Gupta V, et al. Morbidity and cost burden of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2006; 10: R97
49. Patel N, Goldfarb N, Hartmann C, et al. Impact of complicated skin and soft tissue infections on inpatient costs for an academic medical center. Value Health 2005; 8: 309
50. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA 2005; 293: 217-28
51. Boulton AJ, Vileikyte L, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, et al. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet 2005; 366: 1719-24
52. Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. Health-economic consequences of diabetic foot lesions. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: S132-9
53. Hartemann-Heurtier A, Robert J, Jacqueminet S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer and multidrug-resistant organisms: risk factors and impact. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 710-5
54. Herr CE, Heckrodt TH, Hofmann FA, et al. Additional costs for preventing the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and a strategy for reducing these costs on a surgical ward. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24: 673-8
55. Nixon M, Jackson B, Varghese P, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on orthopaedic wards: incidence, spread, mortality, cost and control. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2006; 88: 812-7
56. Karchmer TB, Durbin LJ, Simonton BM, et al. Cost-effective-ness of active surveillance cultures and contact/droplet precautions for control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2002; 51: 126-32
57. Papia G, Louie M, Tralla A, et al. Screening high-risk patients for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on admission to the hospital: is it cost effective? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20: 473-7
58. Rao N, Jacobs S, Joyce L. Cost-effective eradication of an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a community teaching hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1988; 9: 255-60
59. Wernitz MH, Keck S, Swidsinski S, et al. Cost analysis of a hospital-wide selective screening programme for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers in the context of diagnosis related groups (DRG) payment. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11: 466-71
60. Vriens M, Blok H, Fluit A, et al. Costs associated with a strict policy to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Dutch University Medical Center: a 10-year survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 782-6
61. Lucet JC, Chevret S, Durand-Zaleski I, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at admission to the intensive care unit: results of a multicenter study. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 181-8
62. Muto CA, Jernigan JA, Ostrowsky BE, et al. SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24: 362-86
63. Cooper BS, Stone SP, Kibbler CC, et al. Systematic review of isolation policies in the hospital management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a review of the literature with epidemiological and economic modelling. Health Technol Assess 2003; 7: 1-194
64. Loveday HP, Pellowe CM, Jones SR, et al. A systematic review of the evidence for interventions for the prevention and control of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (1996-2004): report to the Joint MRSA Working Party (Subgroup A). J Hosp Infect 2006; 63 Suppl. 1: S45-70
65. Sakoulas G, Moise-Broder P, Schentag J. Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicr Agents Chemother 2004; 42: 2398-402
66. Machado AR, Arns Cda C, Follador W, et al. Cost-effectiveness of linezolid versus vancomycin in mechanical ventilation-associated nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Braz J Infect Dis 2005; 9: 191-200
67. Janknegt R. The treatment of staphylococcal infections with special reference to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacoeconomic considerations. Pharm World Sci 1997; 19: 133-41
68. Nathwani D. Economic impact and formulary positioning of linezolid: a new anti-Gram-positive antimicrobial. J Hosp Infect 2001; 49 Suppl. A: S33-41
69. Nathwani D. Impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections on key health economic outcomes: does reducing the length of hospital stay matter? J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51 Suppl. 2: ii37-44
70. Shah NP, Reddy P, Paladino JA, et al. Direct medical costs associated with using vancomycin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: an economic model. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20: 779-90
71. Abad F, Calbo F, Zapater P, et al. Comparative pharmacoeconomic study of vancomycin and teicoplanin in intensive care patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 15: 65-71
72. D'Antonio D, Staniscia T, Piccolomini R, et al. Addition of teicoplanin or vancomycin for the treatment of documented bacteremia due to gram-positive cocci in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies: microbiological, clinical and economic evaluation. Chemotherapy 2004; 50: 81-7
73. Portoles A, Palau E, Puerro M, et al. Health economics assessment study of teicoplanin versus vancomycin in Gram-positive infections. Rev Esp Quimioter 2006; 19: 65-75
74. Mallick R, Kuznik A, Weber D. Treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections in the US: expected cost differences between tigecycline and vancomycin/aztreonam [abstract no. P1494]. 16th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID); 2006 Apr 1-4; Nice
75. Sharpe JN, Shively EH, Polk Jr HC. Clinical and economic outcomes of oral linezolid versus intravenous vancomycin in the treatment of MRSA-complicated, lower-extremity skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Surg 2005; 189: 425-8
76. Vinken A, Li Z, Balan D, et al. Economic evaluation of linezolid, flucloxacillin and vancomycin in the empirical treatment of cellulitis in UK hospitals: a decision analytical model. J Hosp Infect 2001; 49 Suppl. A: S13-24
77. Vinken AG, Li JZ, Balan DA, et al. Comparison of linezolid with oxacillin or vancomycin in the empiric treatment of cellulitis in US hospitals. Am J Ther 2003; 10: 264-74
78. McKinnon PS, Sorensen SV, Liu LZ, et al. Impact of linezolid on economic outcomes and determinants of cost in a clinical trial evaluating patients with MRSA-complicated skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40: 1017-23
79. Sorenson S, Hollenbeak CS, Baker T, et al. Linezolid for the treatment of skin and soft-tissue MRSA infections: a cost-effective alternative to vancomycin. Evidence from a multinational clinical trial. Value Health 2004; 7: 758-9
80. Schurmann D, De Cock E, Sorensen S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of linezolid versus vancomycin in complicated skin and soft-tissue infection due to suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Germany [abstract]. 15th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID); 2005 Apr 2-5; Copenhagen
81. Patanwala A, Erstad B, Nix DE. Cost-effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin in the treatment of surgical site infections. Cur Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 185-93
82. McKinnon PS, Carter CT, Girase PG, et al. Impact of oral linezolid vs IV vancomycin on resource utilization and cost in the outpatient setting [abstract]. 43rd Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; 2005 Oct 6-9; San Francisco
83. Grau S, Alvarez-Lerma F, del Castillo A, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia with linezolid or vancomycin in Spain. J Chemother 2005; 17: 203-11
84. Kollef MH, Rello J, Cammarata SK, et al. Clinical cure and survival in Gram-positive ventilator-associated pneumonia: retrospective analysis of two double-blind studies comparing linezolid with vancomycin. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 388-94
85. Rubinstein E, Cammarata S, Oliphant T, et al. Linezolid (PNU-100766) versus vancomycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 402-12
86. Wunderink RG, Cammarata SK, Oliphant TH, et al. Continuation of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of linezolid versus vancomycin in the treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 980-92
87. Mullins CD, Kuznik A, Shaya FT, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of linezolid compared with vancomycin for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Ther 2006; 28: 1184-98
88. Kuznik A, Mullins C, Levine A, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of linezolid vs vancomycin for the treatment of MRSA nosocomial pneumonia [abstract no. C86]. American Thoracic Society International Conference; 2005 May 20-25; San Diego
89. Gr̈unewald T, De Cock E, Sorenson S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of linezolid versus vancomycin in suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nosocomial pneumonia in Germany. Value Health 2004; 7: 785
90. Shorr AF, Susla GM, Kollef MH. Linezolid for treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a cost-effective alternative to vancomycin. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 137-43
91. Plosker G, Figgitt DP. Linezolid: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in serious Gram-positive infections. Pharmacoeconomics 2005; 23 (9): 945-64
92. Nathwani D, Barlow GD, Ajdukiewicz K, et al. Cost-minimization analysis and audit of antibiotic management of bone and joint infections with ambulatory teicoplanin, in-patient care or outpatient oral linezolid therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51: 391-6