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Separate Program for Abstinence Education, SEC. 510 [42 U.S.C. 710]. Compilation of the Social Security Laws 2004. Available from: http://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/ssact/title05/0510.htm. [Accessed 12 May 2004]
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Grants Notice: Community-Based Abstinence Education Program
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U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Available from:, Accessed May 21
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U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Grants Notice: Community-Based Abstinence Education Program. Administration for Children and Families; 2006. Available from: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/grants/pdf/HHS-2006-ACF- ACYF-AE-0099.pdf. [Accessed May 21, 2006]
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Abma JC, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Dawson BS. Teenagers in the United States: sexual activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing 2002. Vital Health Stat 2004; 23:1-48.
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Trends in premarital sex in the United States, 1954-2003
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Using sophisticated life-table models, this paper demonstrates that sex before and outside of marriage is ubiquitous across the life-span among Americans. It calls into question whether it is realistic and ethical to hold anyone to a premarital abstinence ideal
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Finer LB. Trends in premarital sex in the United States, 1954-2003. Public Health Rep 2007; 122:73-78. Using sophisticated life-table models, this paper demonstrates that sex before and outside of marriage is ubiquitous across the life-span among Americans. It calls into question whether it is realistic and ethical to hold anyone to a premarital abstinence ideal.
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Public Health Rep
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Finer, L.B.1
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Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2005. MMWR Surveill Summ 2006; 55:1-108.
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Eaton, D.K.1
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Guttmacher Institute. U.S. Teenage Pregnancy Statistics: National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity New York, NY: Guttmacher Institute; 2006.
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Guttmacher Institute. U.S. Teenage Pregnancy Statistics: National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity New York, NY: Guttmacher Institute; 2006.
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8
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Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and 2001
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Finer LB, Henshaw SK. Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and 2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2006; 38:90-96.
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Finer, L.B.1
Henshaw, S.K.2
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Santelli JS, Lindberg LD, Finer LB, Singh S. Explaining recent declines in adolescent pregnancy in the United States: the contribution of abstinence and improved contraceptive use. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:150-156. This paper demonstrates the critical role of improved contraceptive use to the declines in adolescent pregnancy between 1995 and 2002. Decreased nonuse, increased use of highly effective hormonal contraceptives, and increased dual use accounted for 86% of the decline in pregnancy rates among 15-19-year-olds. This paper drives home the importance of providing comprehensive sexuality information to all adolescents, including medically accurate information on contraceptive efficacy and condom use, if we are to experience further declines in adolescent pregnancy.
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Santelli JS, Lindberg LD, Finer LB, Singh S. Explaining recent declines in adolescent pregnancy in the United States: the contribution of abstinence and improved contraceptive use. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:150-156. This paper demonstrates the critical role of improved contraceptive use to the declines in adolescent pregnancy between 1995 and 2002. Decreased nonuse, increased use of highly effective hormonal contraceptives, and increased dual use accounted for 86% of the decline in pregnancy rates among 15-19-year-olds. This paper drives home the importance of providing comprehensive sexuality information to all adolescents, including medically accurate information on contraceptive efficacy and condom use, if we are to experience further declines in adolescent pregnancy.
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10
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34648834639
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Live-birth rates by age of mother and urban/rural residence: Latest available year, 1995-2004
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United Nations Statistics Division, New York, NY: United Nations Statistics Division;
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United Nations Statistics Division. Live-birth rates by age of mother and urban/rural residence: latest available year, 1995-2004. In: Demographic Yearbook 2004; New York, NY: United Nations Statistics Division; 2007.
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Context counts: Long-term sequelae of premarital intercourse or abstinence
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Else-Quest NM, Hyde JS, Delamater JD. Context counts: long-term sequelae of premarital intercourse or abstinence. J Sex Re 2005; 42:102-112.
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Else-Quest, N.M.1
Hyde, J.S.2
Delamater, J.D.3
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13
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A prospective study of psychological distress and sexual risk behavior among black adolescent females
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DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM, Crosby RA, et al. A prospective study of psychological distress and sexual risk behavior among black adolescent females. Pediatrics 2001; 108:E85.
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DiClemente, R.J.1
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Brown LK, Tolou-Shams M, Lescano C, et al. AT Depressive symptoms as a predictor of sexual risk among African American adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39(3):444 e1-8. [Epub 2006 Jul 10]
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Brown LK, Tolou-Shams M, Lescano C, et al. AT Depressive symptoms as a predictor of sexual risk among African American adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39(3):444 e1-8. [Epub 2006 Jul 10]
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33749402597
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Sabia JJ. Does early adolescent sex cause depressive symptoms? J Policy Anal Manage 2006; 25:803-825. Longitudinal analysis of Add Health data suggesting that early teen sex is not a cause of depressive symptoms, but rather an early indicator of these symptoms.
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Sabia JJ. Does early adolescent sex cause depressive symptoms? J Policy Anal Manage 2006; 25:803-825. Longitudinal analysis of Add Health data suggesting that early teen sex is not a cause of depressive symptoms, but rather an early indicator of these symptoms.
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16
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0029977917
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The sexual practices of adolescent virgins: Genital sexual activities of high school students who have never had vaginal intercourse
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Schuster MA, Bell RM, Kanouse DE. The sexual practices of adolescent virgins: genital sexual activities of high school students who have never had vaginal intercourse. Am J Public Health 1996; 86:1570-1576.
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Schuster, M.A.1
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Sanders SA, Reinisch JM. Would you say you 'had sex' if. . .? Jama 1999; 281:275-277.
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Perceptions of sexual abstinence among high-risk early and middle adolescents
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Health, This qualitative study shows that high risk adolescents hold a nuanced and developmental perspective on abstinence and the transition to sexual activity
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Ott MA, Pfeiffer EJ, Fortenberry JD. Perceptions of sexual abstinence among high-risk early and middle adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39:192-198. This qualitative study shows that high risk adolescents hold a nuanced and developmental perspective on abstinence and the transition to sexual activity.
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Ott, M.A.1
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Defining abstinence: Views of directors, instructors, and participants in abstinence-only-until-marriage programs in Texas
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Goodson P, Suther S, Pruitt BE, Wilson K. Defining abstinence: views of directors, instructors, and participants in abstinence-only-until-marriage programs in Texas. J Sch Health 2003; 73:91-96.
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Goodson, P.1
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20
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This survey documents overwhelming support for comprehensive sexuality information that includes information on both abstinence and contraceptives among a nationally representative adult population
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Bleakley A, Hennessy M, Fishbein M. Public opinion on sex education in US schools. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160:1151-1156. This survey documents overwhelming support for comprehensive sexuality information that includes information on both abstinence and contraceptives among a nationally representative adult population.
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Bleakley, A.1
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Ito KE, Gizlice Z, Owen-O'Dowd J, et al. Parent opinion of sexuality education in a state with mandated abstinence education: does policy match parental preference? J Adolesc Health 2006; 39:634-641. A second survey documenting overwhelming public support for comprehensive sexuality information that includes information on both abstinence and contraceptives in an 'abstinence-only' state.
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Ito KE, Gizlice Z, Owen-O'Dowd J, et al. Parent opinion of sexuality education in a state with mandated abstinence education: does policy match parental preference? J Adolesc Health 2006; 39:634-641. A second survey documenting overwhelming public support for comprehensive sexuality information that includes information on both abstinence and contraceptives in an 'abstinence-only' state.
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34648843178
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Albert B. With One Voice 2007: America's Adults and Teens Sound Off About Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy; 2007. This survey by the National Campaign documents showing parent and adolescent support for comprehensive sexuality information that includes information on both abstinence and contraceptives.
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Albert B. With One Voice 2007: America's Adults and Teens Sound Off About Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy; 2007. This survey by the National Campaign documents showing parent and adolescent support for comprehensive sexuality information that includes information on both abstinence and contraceptives.
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Legislating Against Arousal: The Growing Divide Between Federal Policy and Teenage Sexual Behavior
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Dailard C. Legislating Against Arousal: The Growing Divide Between Federal Policy and Teenage Sexual Behavior. Guttmacher Policy Review 2006; 9:12-16.
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Lindberg LD, Santelli JS, Singh S. Changes in formal sex education: 1995-2002. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2006; 38:182-189. This paper documents the erosion of comprehensive sexuality education during a time of escalating spending on abstinence-only education. It demonstrates that massive federal funding can markedly change the health education landscape across a short time period.
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Lindberg LD, Santelli JS, Singh S. Changes in formal sex education: 1995-2002. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2006; 38:182-189. This paper documents the erosion of comprehensive sexuality education during a time of escalating spending on abstinence-only education. It demonstrates that massive federal funding can markedly change the health education landscape across a short time period.
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25
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Changing emphases in sexuality education in U.S. public secondary schools, 1988-1999
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Darroch JE, Landry DJ, Singh S. Changing emphases in sexuality education in U.S. public secondary schools, 1988-1999. Fam Plann Perspect 2000; 32:204-211; 65.
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Darroch, J.E.1
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Program Announcement Articulates New Priorities for Nation's Family Planning Program. Washington, DC
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2003. Report No. 65
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Dailard C. Title X Program Announcement Articulates New Priorities for Nation's Family Planning Program. Washington, DC: The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy; 2003. Report No. 6(5).
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Human Rights Watch. The Philippines: Unprotected sex, condoms, and the human right to health. New York: Human Rights Watch; May 2004. Report No. 16 (6C).
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Human Rights Watch. The Philippines: Unprotected sex, condoms, and the human right to health. New York: Human Rights Watch; May 2004. Report No. 16 (6C).
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U.S. Government Accountability Office. Global Health: Spending Requirement Presents Challenges for Allocating Prevention Funding under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office; April 2006. Report No. GAO-06-395. One of a trio of GAO reports raising issues of medical accuracy.
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U.S. Government Accountability Office. Global Health: Spending Requirement Presents Challenges for Allocating Prevention Funding under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office; April 2006. Report No. GAO-06-395. One of a trio of GAO reports raising issues of medical accuracy.
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Santelli J, Ott MA, Lyon M, et al. Abstinence-only education policies and programs: a position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. J Adolesc Health 2006; 38:83-87. The Society for Adolescent Medicine strongly rejects presenting abstinence as the sole option for STI and pregnancy prevention to adolescents. This position paper and its companion review paper lay out how these policies do not reflect the realities of sexuality among Americans, lack effectiveness, potentially cause harm, and violate principles of medical ethics and human rights.
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Santelli J, Ott MA, Lyon M, et al. Abstinence-only education policies and programs: a position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. J Adolesc Health 2006; 38:83-87. The Society for Adolescent Medicine strongly rejects presenting abstinence as the sole option for STI and pregnancy prevention to adolescents. This position paper and its companion review paper lay out how these policies do not reflect the realities of sexuality among Americans, lack effectiveness, potentially cause harm, and violate principles of medical ethics and human rights.
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American Public Health Association. Abstinence and U.S. Abstinence-Only Education Policies: Ethical and Human Rights Concerns. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; Nov 2006. Report No. 200610.
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American Public Health Association. Abstinence and U.S. Abstinence-Only Education Policies: Ethical and Human Rights Concerns. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; Nov 2006. Report No. 200610.
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Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health and Committee on Adolescence. Sexuality education for children and adolescents
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American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health and Committee on Adolescence. Sexuality education for children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2001; 108(2):498-502.
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American Social Health Association. Position on Comprehensive Sexual Health Education. Available from: http://www.ashastd.org/aboutasha/ positionstatements/Comprehensive_Sexual_Health.html. [Accessed 14 September 2004].
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American Medical Association. Sexuality Education, Abstinence, and Distribution of Condoms in Schools. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2004. Report No. H-170.968.
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American Medical Association. Sexuality Education, Abstinence, and Distribution of Condoms in Schools. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2004. Report No. H-170.968.
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Kittredge D. Abstinence and abstinence-only education. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39:150-151; disucssion 2; author reply 2-4.
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Kittredge D. Abstinence and abstinence-only education. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39:150-151; disucssion 2; author reply 2-4.
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Santelli J, Ott MA, Lyon M, et al. Abstinence and abstinence-only education: a review of U.S. policies and programs. J Adolesc Health 2006; 38: 72-81. This review article is a companion to the Society for Adolescent Medicine position paper. It lays out methodology for the review, and provides clear arguments against programs presenting abstinence as the sole option for pregnancy and STI prevention for adolescents. Data support conclusion that AOE is troubling from practical, program effectiveness, ethical, and human rights perspectives.
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Santelli J, Ott MA, Lyon M, et al. Abstinence and abstinence-only education: a review of U.S. policies and programs. J Adolesc Health 2006; 38: 72-81. This review article is a companion to the Society for Adolescent Medicine position paper. It lays out methodology for the review, and provides clear arguments against programs presenting abstinence as the sole option for pregnancy and STI prevention for adolescents. Data support conclusion that AOE is troubling from practical, program effectiveness, ethical, and human rights perspectives.
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Trenholm C, Devaney B, Fortson K, et al. Impacts of Four Title V, Section 510 Abstinence Education Programs, Final Report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research; 2007. Commissioned by the US Congress and conducted by an independent policy research firm, this prospective, randomized, controlled trial evaluated four large abstinence-only education programs, and included nearly 2500 adolescents. The final report demonstrated no effect on behavior at 4-year follow-up, and raised the possibility of future harm, in that abstinence-only program participants were more likely to believe that condoms never work to prevent STIs. If abstinenceonly approaches cannot be shown to be effective in model programs with careful implementation and meticulous follow-up, they are unlikely to be effective elsewhere
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Trenholm C, Devaney B, Fortson K, et al. Impacts of Four Title V, Section 510 Abstinence Education Programs, Final Report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research; 2007. Commissioned by the US Congress and conducted by an independent policy research firm, this prospective, randomized, controlled trial evaluated four large abstinence-only education programs, and included nearly 2500 adolescents. The final report demonstrated no effect on behavior at 4-year follow-up, and raised the possibility of future harm, in that abstinence-only program participants were more likely to believe that condoms never work to prevent STIs. If abstinenceonly approaches cannot be shown to be effective in model programs with careful implementation and meticulous follow-up, they are unlikely to be effective elsewhere.
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Kirby DB, Laris BA, Rolleri LA. Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world. J Adolesc Health 2007; 40:206-217. The most recent in a series of systematic reviews of both comprehensive and abstinence-only sex education programs examining the effectiveness of the curricula in changing specific health behaviors such as delaying the onset of sex and condom use. The authors use clear scientific criteria for inclusion, including experimental or quasi-experimental design, peer review, and behavioral outcomes. Results showed that, compared to controls, many comprehensive programs were effective, but no abstinence-only programs showed differences in behavior.
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Kirby DB, Laris BA, Rolleri LA. Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world. J Adolesc Health 2007; 40:206-217. The most recent in a series of systematic reviews of both comprehensive and abstinence-only sex education programs examining the effectiveness of the curricula in changing specific health behaviors such as delaying the onset of sex and condom use. The authors use clear scientific criteria for inclusion, including experimental or quasi-experimental design, peer review, and behavioral outcomes. Results showed that, compared to controls, many comprehensive programs were effective, but no abstinence-only programs showed differences in behavior.
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Bruckner H, Bearman P. After the promise: the STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges. J Adolesc Health 2005; 36:271-278.
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Santelli JS. Medical Accuracy in Sexuality Education: Ideology and the Scientific Process. New England Journal of Medicine, under review
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Santelli JS. Medical Accuracy in Sexuality Education: Ideology and the Scientific Process. New England Journal of Medicine. (under review).
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U.S. Government Accountability Office. Abstinence Education: Applicability of Section 317P of the Public Health Service Act. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office; October 2006. Report No. B-308128. One of a trio of GAO reports raising issues of medical accuracy.
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U.S. Government Accountability Office. Abstinence Education: Efforts to Assess the Accuracy and Effectiveness of Federally Funded Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office; October 2006. Report No. GAO-07-87. One of a trio of GAO reports raising issues of medical accuracy.
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U.S. Government Accountability Office. Abstinence Education: Efforts to Assess the Accuracy and Effectiveness of Federally Funded Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office; October 2006. Report No. GAO-07-87. One of a trio of GAO reports raising issues of medical accuracy.
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Politics and Policy: HHS Should Enforce Federal Law That Abstinence Education Programs Teach 'Medically Accurate' Information, ACLU Letter Says
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Kaiser Family Foundation. Daily Women's Health Policy: State Politics & Policy j Ohio Gov. Strickland Proposed Budget Would Eliminate Abstinence-Only Education Programs; Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2007. Report No. Daily Reports 2007.
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Kaiser Family Foundation. Daily Women's Health Policy: State Politics & Policy j Ohio Gov. Strickland Proposed Budget Would Eliminate Abstinence-Only Education Programs; Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2007. Report No. Daily Reports 2007.
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