Comparison of Infant and Adult Rats in Exploratory Activity, Diurnal Patterns, and Responses to Novel and Anxiety-Provoking Environments

Behavioral Neuroscience

Volumn 121, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 449-461

  Smith, Kiersten S ^a   Morrell, Joan I ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

activity; adult; anxiety; exploration; infant

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPLOITATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; LIGHT DARK CYCLE; LOCOMOTION; NONHUMAN; PERINATAL PERIOD; RAT; RUNNING; SOMNOLENCE;

AGING; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, NEWBORN; ANXIETY; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; ENVIRONMENT; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY;

EID: 34548837262     PISSN: 07357044     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.121.3.449     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Abbey H., and Howard E. Statistical procedure in developmental studies on species with multiple offspring. Developmental Psychobiology 6 (1973) 329-335
2. Ader R. Effects of early experience on emotional and physiological reactivity in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 66 (1968) 264-268
3. Andersen S.L. Trajectories of brain development: Point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 27 (2003) 3-18
4. Andersen S.L., Arvanitogiannis A., Pliakas A.M., LeBlanc C., and Carlezon Jr. W.A. Altered responsiveness to cocaine in rats exposed to methylphenidate during development. Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002) 13-14
5. Andrews N., and File S.E. Handling history of rats modifies behavioural effects of drugs in the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. European Journal of Pharmacology 235 (1993) 109-112
6. Antle M.C., and Mistlberger R.E. Circadian rhythms. In: Whishaw I.Q., and Kolb B. (Eds). The behavior of the laboratory rat: A handbook with tests (2005), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England 183-194
7. Barnett S.A. Exploratory behaviour. British Journal of Psychology 49 (1958) 289-310
8. Barnett S.A. The rat: A study in behavior. rev. ed. (1975), University of Chicago, Chicago
9. Barron S., Hansen-Trench L.S., and Kaiser D.H. Neonatal cocaine exposure and activity rhythms in rats. Behavioural Brain Research 74 (1996) 167-174
10. Bauer M.S. Intensity and precision of circadian wheel running in three outbred rat strains. Physiology and Behavior 47 (1990) 397-401
11. Blumberg M.S., Seelke A.M., Lowen S.B., and Karlsson K.A. Dynamics of sleep-wake cyclicity in developing rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102 (2005) 14860-14864
12. Bolles R.C., and Woods P.J. The ontogeny of behaviour in the albino rat. Animal Behaviour 12 (1964) 427-441
13. Borbély A.A., and Neuhaus H.U. Daily pattern of sleep, motor activity and feeding in the rat: Effects of regular and gradually extended photoperiods. Journal of Comparative Physiology 124 (1978) 1-14
14. Borchelt P.L. Care of the body surface (COBS). In: Denny M.R. (Ed). Comparative psychology: An evolutionary analysis of animal behavior (1980), Wiley, New York 363-384
15. Britton D.R., and Britton K.T. A sensitive open field measure of anxiolytic drug activity. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 15 (1981) 577-582
16. Bronstein P.M. Open-field behavior of the rat as a function of age: Cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 80 (1972) 335-341
17. Brown S.A., and Tapert S.F. Adolescence and the trajectory of alcohol use: Basic to clinical studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1021 (2004) 234-244
18. Buelke-Sam J., Sullivan P.A., Kimmel C.A., and Nelson C.J. Sex and strain differences in the developmental activity profile of the rat tested over clean versus home cage bedding. Developmental Psychobiology 17 (1984) 67-77
19. Campbell B.A., and Mabry P.D. The role of catecholamines in behavioral arousal during ontogenesis. Psychopharmacologia 31 (1973) 253-264
20. Carlezon Jr. W.A., and Konradi C. Understanding the neurobiological consequences of early exposure to psychotropic drugs: Linking behavior with molecules. Neuropharmacology 47 (2004) 7-60
21. Chitty D., and Southern H.N. Control of rats and mice, Volumes I-III (1954), Clarendon, Oxford, England
22. Chitty S., and Shorten M. Techniques for the study of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus. Journal of Mammalogy 27 (1946) 63-78
23. Costall B., Jones B.J., Kelly M.E., Naylor R.J., and Tomkins D.M. Exploration of mice in a black and white test box: Validation as a model of anxiety. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 32 (1989) 777-785
24. Crawley J.N. Neuropharmacological specificity of a simple animal model for the behavioral actions of benzodiazepines. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 15 (1981) 695-699
25. Crawley J.N., and Davis L.G. Baseline exploratory activity predicts anxiolytic responsiveness to diazepam in five mouse strains. Brain Research Bulletin 8 (1982) 609-612
26. Crawley J.N., and Goodwin F.K. Preliminary report of a simple animal behavior model for the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 13 (1980) 167-170
27. Dahl R.E., and Spear L.P. Adolescent brain development: Vulnerabilities and opportunities (2004), New York Academy of Sciences, New York
28. Dalton-Jez O.A.E., and Eikelboom R. Development of wheel running induced feeding suppression in male and female weanling rats [Abstract]. Program No. 532.11. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner (2005), Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC. http://sfn.scholarone.com/itin2005/index.html Retrieved August 5, 2006 from http://sfn.scholarone.com/itin2005/index.html
29. Doremus T.L., Varlinskaya E.I., and Spear L.P. Age-related differences in elevated plus maze behavior between adolescent and adult rats. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1021 (2004) 427-430
30. Eikelboom R., and Mills R. A microanalysis of wheel running in male and female rats. Physiology and Behavior 43 (1988) 625-630
31. Eilam D., and Golani I. The ontogeny of exploratory behavior in the house rat (Rattus rattus): The mobility gradient. Developmental Psychobiology 21 (1988) 679-710
32. Elsner J., Suter K.E., Ulbrich B., and Schreiner G. Testing strategies in behavioral teratology: IV. Review and general conclusions. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 8 (1986) 585-590
33. Evans H.L. Rats' activity: Influence of light-dark cycle, food presentation and deprivation. Physiology and Behavior 7 (1971) 455-459
34. Feigley D.A., Parsons P.J., Hamilton L.W., and Spear N.E. Development of habituation to novel environments in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 79 (1972) 443-452
35. File S.E. What can be learned from the effects of benzodiazepines on exploratory behavior?. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 9 (1985) 45-54
36. Francis D.D., Diorio J., Plotsky P.M., and Meaney M.J. Environmental enrichment reverses the effects of maternal separation on stress reactivity. Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002) 7840-7843
37. Galani R., Duconseille E., Bildstein O., and Cassel J.-C. Effects of room and cage familiarity on locomotor activity measures in rats. Physiology and Behavior 74 (2001) 1-4
38. Galef B.G., and Clark M.M. Mother's milk and adult presence: Two factors determining initial dietary selection by weanling rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 78 (1972) 220-225
39. Golani I., Benjamini Y., Dvorkin A., Lipkind D., and Kafkafi N. Locomotor and exploratory behavior. In: Whishaw I.Q., and Kolb B. (Eds). The behavior of the laboratory rat: A handbook with tests (2005), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England 171-182
40. Gregory K. A note of strain differences in exploratory activity (rearing). Life Sciences 6 (1967) 1253-1256
41. Grossen N.E., and Kelley M.J. Species-specific behavior and acquisition of avoidance behavior in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 81 (1972) 307-310
42. Hastings L., Cooper G.P., Bornschein R.L., and Michaelson I.A. Behavioral effects of low level neonatal lead exposure. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 7 (1977) 37-42
43. Holson R.R., and Pearce B. Principles and pitfalls in the analysis of prenatal treatment effects in multiparous species. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 14 (1992) 221-228
44. Hughes R.N., Blampied N.M., and Stewart W.J. Scopolamine induced changes in activity and reactions to novelty. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 3 (1975) 731-734
45. Johnston L.D., O'Malley P.M., Bachman J.G., and Schulenberg J.E. Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings. (NIH Publication No. 05-5726) (2005), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD
46. Jolles J., Rompa-Barendregt J., and Gispen W.H. Novelty and grooming behavior in the rat. Behavioral and Neural Biology 25 (1979) 563-572
47. Joutsiniemi S.-L., Leinonen L., and Laakso M.-L. Continuous recording of locomotor activity in groups of rats: Postweaning maturation. Physiology and Behavior 50 (1991) 649-654
48. Kabbaj M., and Akil H. Individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior in rats: A c-fos study. Neuroscience 106 (2001) 535-545
49. Kalinichev M., Easterling K.W., and Holtzman S.G. Early neonatal experience of Long-Evans rats results in long-lasting changes in reactivity to a novel environment and morphine-induced sensitization and tolerance. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (2002) 518-533
50. Kalsbeek A., de Bruin J.P., Matthijssen M.A., and Uylings H.B. Ontogeny of open field activity in rats after neonatal lesioning of the mesocortical dopaminergic projection. Behavioural Brain Research 32 (1989) 115-127
51. Katona C., and Smale L. Wheel-running rhythms in Arvicanthus niloticus. Physiology and Behavior 61 (1997) 365-372
52. Lett B.T., Grant V.L., Byrne M.J., and Koh M.T. Pairings of a distinctive chamber with the aftereffect of wheel running produce conditioned place preference. Appetite 34 (2000) 87-94
53. Lett B.T., Grant V.L., and Koh M.T. Naloxone attenuates the conditioned place preference induced by wheel running in rats. Physiology and Behavior 72 (2001) 355-358
54. Lister R.G. The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse. Psychopharmacology 92 (1987) 180-185
55. Lister R.G. Ethologically-based animal models of anxiety disorders. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 46 (1990) 321-340
56. Livesey P.J., and Egger G.J. Age as a factor in open-field responsiveness in the white rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 73 (1970) 93-99
57. Lomanowska A.M., Rana S.A., McCutcheon D., Parker L.A., and Wainwright P.E. Artificial rearing alters the response of rats to natural and drug-mediated rewards. Developmental Psychobiology 48 (2006) 301-314
58. Mayer A.D., and Rosenblatt J.S. A method for regulating the duration of pregnancy and the time of parturition in Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River CD strain). Developmental Psychobiology 32 (1998) 131-136
59. McHugh S.B., Deacon R.M., Rawlins J.N., and Bannerman D.M. Amygdala and ventral hippocampus contribute differentially to mechanisms of fear and anxiety. Behavioral Neuroscience 118 (2004) 63-78
60. Meaney M.J., Mitchell J.B., Aitken D.H., Bhatnagar S., Bodnoff S.R., Iny L.J., et al. The effects of neonatal handling on the development of the adrenocortical response to stress: Implications for neuropathology and cognitive deficits in later life. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16 (1991) 85-103
61. Moorcroft W.H., Lyttle L.D., and Campbell B.A. Ontogeny of starvation-induced behavioral arousal in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 75 (1971) 59-67
62. Norton S., Culver B., and Mullenix P. Development of nocturnal behavior in albino rats. Behavioral Biology 15 (1975) 317-331
63. Ojeda S.R., and Urbanski H.F. Puberty in the rat. In: Knobil E., and Neill J.D. (Eds). The physiology of reproduction, Volume II (1988), Raven, New York 1699-1737
64. Olazábal D.E., Kalinichev M., Morrell J.I., and Rosenblatt J.S. MPOA cytotoxic lesions and maternal behavior in the rat: Effects of midpubertal lesions on maternal behavior and the role of ovarian hormones in maturation of MPOA control of maternal behavior. Hormones and Behavior 41 (2002) 126-138
65. Pappas B.A., Vickers G., Buxton M., and Pusztay W. Infant rat hyperactivity elicited by home cage bedding is unaffected by neonatal telencephalic dopamine or norepinephrine depletion. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 16 (1982) 151-154
66. Patterson C., and Levin B.E. Post-weaning exercise prevents obesity in obesity-prone rats even after exercise termination [Abstract]. Obesity Research 12 Suppl. (2004) A22
67. Pellow S., Chopin P., File S.E., and Briley M. Validation of open-closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 14 (1985) 149-167
68. Peng M.-T., Jiang M.-J., and Hsu H.-K. Changes in running-wheel activity, eating and drinking and their day/night distributions throughout the life span of the rat. Journal of Gerontology 35 (1980) 339-347
69. Pereira, M., & Morrell, J. I. (2007). [When mothering is voluntary, how much time do postpartum dams spend away from their pups?] Unpublished raw data.
70. Ramos A., Berton O., Mormede P., and Chaouloff F. A multiple-test study of anxiety-related behaviours in six inbred rat strains. Behavioural Brain Research 85 (1997) 57-69
71. Richter C.P. A behavioristic study of the activity of the rat. Comparative Psychology Monographs 1 (1922) 1-55
72. Rowe W.B., Spreekmeester E., Meaney M.J., Quiron R., and Rochford J. Reactivity to novelty in cognitively-impaired and cognitively-unimpaired aged rats and young rats. Neuroscience 83 (1998) 669-680
73. Russell J.C., Towns D.R., Anderson S.H., and Clout M.N. Intercepting the first rat ashore. Nature 437 (2005, October 20) 1107
74. Sachs B.D. The development of grooming and its expression in adult animals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 525 (1988) 1-17
75. Shirley M. Studies in activity. II. Activity rhythms; age and activity; activity after rest. Journal of Comparative Psychology 8 (1928) 159-186
76. Slawecki C.J. Comparison of anxiety-like behavior in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 119 (2005) 1477-1483
77. Small W.S. Notes on the psychic development of the young rat. American Journal of Psychology 11 (1899) 80-100
78. Smith K.S., and Morrell J.I. Distinct adult-juvenile responses to novelty correlate to postnatal changes in glutamatergic innervation [Abstract]. Program No. 728.13. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner (2003), Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC. http://sfn.scholarone.com/itin2003/index.html Retrieved February 1, 2004 from http://sfn.scholarone.com/itin2003/index.html
79. Smith, K. S., & Morrell, J. I. (2007). Infant-adult behavioral differences in stimulus-directed exploration of object, biologically animated, and food stimuli. Manuscript in preparation.
80. Spear L.P. The adolescent brain and age-related manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24 (2000) 417-463
81. Spear L.P., and Brick J. Cocaine-induced behavior in the developing rat. Behavioral and Neural Biology 26 (1979) 401-415
82. Stead J.D.H., Clinton S., Neal C., Schneider J., Jama A., Miller S., et al. Selective breeding for divergence in novelty-seeking traits: Heritability and enrichment in spontaneous anxiety-related behaviors. Behavioral Genetics 36 (2006) 697-712
83. Stewart K.T., Rosenwasser A.M., and Adler N.T. Interactions between nocturnal feeding and wheel running patterns in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 34 (1985) 601-608
84. Treit D., and Fundytus M. Thigmotaxis as a test for anxiolytic activity in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 31 (1988) 959-962
85. Turner L., Mermelstein R., and Flay B. Individual and contextual influences on adolescent smoking. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1021 (2004) 175-197
86. Werme M., Messer C., Olson L., Gilden L., Thoren P., Nestler E., et al. ΔFosB regulates wheel running. Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002) 8133-8138
87. Werme M., Thoren P., Olson L., and Brene S. Running and cocaine both upregulate dynorphin mRNA in medial caudate putamen. European Journal of Neuroscience 12 (2000) 2967-2974
88. Whishaw I.Q., and Kolb B. The behavior of the laboratory rat: A handbook with tests (2005), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England
89. Williams M.T., Vorhees C.V., Boon F., Saber A.J., and Cain D.P. Methamphetamine exposure from postnatal day 11 to 20 causes impairments in both behavioral strategies and spatial learning in adult rats. Brain Research 958 (2002) 312-321
90. Zucker I. Light-dark rhythms in rat eating and drinking behavior. Physiology and Behavior 6 (1971) 115-126