Human facial expressions are organized functionally across the upper-lower facial axis

Neuroscientist

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 433-446

  Ross, Elliott D ^a,b   Prodan, Calin I ^a   Monnot, Marilee ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Emotions; Facial expressions; Neuroanatomy; Neurobiology; Sociobiology

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ADAPTATION; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN INJURY; DATA ANALYSIS; EMOTION; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FOREBRAIN; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; LEFT HEMISPHERE; MOOD DISORDER; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR CORTEX; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROMODULATION; PARALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY; RIGHT HEMISPHERE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SPEECH; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; CEREBRAL CORTEX; EMOTIONS; FACE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; PROSENCEPHALON;

EID: 34548807543     PISSN: 10738584     EISSN: 10894098     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1073858407305618     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Ahern GL, Schwartz GE 1985. Differential lateralization for positive and negative emotion in the human brain: EEG spectral analysis. Neuropsychologia 23: 745 - 55.
2. Bandler R., Keay KA 1996. Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray and the integration of emotional expression. Prog Brain Res 107: 285 - 300.
3. Bard P. 1934. On emotional expression after decortication with some remark on certain theoretical views. Psychol Rev 41: 309 - 29, 424 - 49.
4. Benson DF 1979. Aphasia, alexia, and agraphia. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
5. Berger B. 1992. Dopaminergic innervation of the frontal cerebral cortex. Evolutionary trends and functional implications. Adv Neurol 57: 525 - 44.
6. Bickerton D. 1995. Language and human behavior. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
7. Black DW 1982. Pathological laughter: a review of the literature. J Nerv Ment Dis 170: 67 - 71.
8. Blonder LX, Bowers D., Heilman KM 1991. The role of the right hemisphere in emotional communication. Brain 114: 1115 - 27.
9. Blonder LX, Burns AF, Bowers D., Moore RW, Heilman KM 1993. Right hemisphere facial expressivity during natural conversation. Brain Cogn 21: 44 - 56.
10. Blonder LX, Heilman KM, Ketterson T., Rosenbek J., Raymer A., Crosson, B., et al. 2005. Affective facial and lexical expression in aprosodic versus aphasic stroke patients. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 11: 677 - 85.
11. Borod JC, Andelman F., Obler LK, Tweedy JR, Welkowitz J. 1992. Right hemisphere specialization for the identification of emotional words and sentences: evidence from stroke patients. Neuropsychologia 30: 827 - 44.
12. Borod JC, Bloom RL, Brickman AM, Nakhutina L., Curko EA 2002. Emotional processing deficits in individuals with unilateral brain damage. Appl Neuropsychol 9: 23 - 36.
13. Borod JC, Caron HS 1980. Facedness and emotion related to lateral dominance, sex, and expression type. Neuropsychologia 8: 237 - 41.
14. Borod JC, Kent J., Koff E., Martin C., Alpert M. 1988 a. Facial asymmetry while posing positive and negative emotions: support for the right hemisphere hypothesis. Neuropsychologia 26: 759 - 64.
15. Borod JC, Koff E., Lorch MP, Nicholas M., Welkowitz J. 1988 b. Emotional and non-emotional facial behaviour in patients with unilateral brain damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51: 826 - 32.
16. Borod JC, Koff E., White B. 1983. Facial asymmetry and spontaneous expressions of emotion. Brain Cogn 2: 165 - 75.
17. Botwink J. 1977. Intellectual abilities. In: Birren JE, Schaie KW, editors. Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
18. Bowers D., Bauer RM, Heilman KM 1993. The nonverbal affect lexicon: theoretical perspectives from neuropsychological studies of affect perception. Neuropsychology 7: 433 - 44.
19. Buck R. 1988. Human motivation and emotion. New York: Wiley.
20. Buck R., Duffy RJ 1980. Nonverbal communication of affect in brain-damaged patients. Cortex 16: 351 - 62.
21. Byrne RW, Whiten A. 1988. Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
22. Byrne RW, Whiten A. 1992. Cognitive evolution in primates: evidence from tactical deception. Man 27: 609 - 27.
23. Campbell R. 1978. Asymmetries in interpreting and expressing a posed facial expression. Cortex 14: 327 - 42.
24. Cannon WB 1928. The mechanism of emotional disturbance of bodily functions. N Engl J Med 198: 877 - 84.
25. Ceccaldi M., Poncet M., Milandre L., Rouyer C. 1994. Temporary forced laughter after unilateral strokes. Eur Neurol 34: 36 - 9.
26. Cerrato P., Imperiale D., Bergui M., Giraudo M., Baima C., Grasso M., et al. 2003. Emotional facial paresis in a patient with a lateral medullary infarction. Neurology 60: 723 - 4.
27. Chang L. 1994. A psychometric evaluation of 4-point and 6-point Likert-type scales in relation to reliability and validity. Appl Psychol Measurement 18: 205 - 15.
28. Charbonneau S., Scherzer BP, Aspirot D., Cohen H. 2003. Perception and production of facial and prosodic emotions by chronic CVA patients. Neuropsychologia 41: 605 - 13.
29. Cohen J. 1973. Eta-squared and partial eta-squared in fixed factor ANOVA designs. Ed Psychol Meas 33: 107 - 12.
30. Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2 nd ed. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates. p 77 - 83.
31. Cohen J. 1990. Things I have learned (so far). Am Psychol 45: 1304 - 12.
32. Cohen J. 1992. A power primer. Psychol Bull 112: 155 - 9.
33. Cohen J. 1994. The earth is round (p <.05). Am Psychol 49: 997 - 1003.
34. Coleman JC 1949. Facial expressions of emotion. Psychol Monographs 63: 1 - 296.
35. Cooper HM 1981. On the significance of effects and the effects of significance. J Personal Social Psychol 41: 1013 - 8.
36. Darwin C. 1955. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: Philosophical Library Edition (reproduction of 1872 publication).
37. Davidson RJ, Ekman P., Saron CD, Senulis JA, Friesen WV 1990. Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: emotional expression and brain physiology. I. J Personal Social Psychol 58: 330 - 41.
38. Derex L., Ostrowsky K., Nighoghossian N., Trouillas P. 1997. Severe pathological crying after left anterior choroidal artery infarct. Reversibility with paroxetine treatment. Stroke 28: 1464 - 6.
39. Dimond SJ, Farrington L., Johnson P. 1976. Differing emotional responses from right and left hemispheres. Nature 261: 690 - 2.
40. Dodd B. 1980. Interaction of auditory and visual information in speech perception. Br J Psychol 71: 541 - 9.
41. Dunbar Rim. 1993. Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behav Brain Sci 16: 681 - 735.
42. Dunbar Rim. 1996. Gossip, grooming and the evolution of language. London: Faber and Faber.
43. Dunlap K. 1927. The role of the eye-muscles and the mouth-muscles in the expression of the emotions. Genet Psychol Monogr 2: 196 - 233.
44. Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. 1972. Similarities and differences between cultures in expressive movements. In: Hinde RA, editor. Non-verbal communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 297 - 312.
45. Ekman P. 1980. Asymmetry in facial expression. Science 209: 833 - 4.
46. Ekman P. 1992. Telling lies: clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics and marriage. New York: Norton.
47. Ekman P. 2003. Darwin, deception, and facial expression. Ann NY Acad Sci 1000: 205 - 21.
48. Ekman P., Davidson RJ, Friesen WV 1990. The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain physiology. II. J Personal Social Psychol 58: 342 - 53.
49. Ekman P., Friesen WV 1969 a. Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry 32: 88 - 106.
50. Ekman P., Friesen WV 1969 b. The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: categories, origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica 1: 49 - 98.
51. Ekman P., Friesen WV 1975. Unmasking the face. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall.
52. Ekman P., Friesen WV 1982. Felt, false, and miserable smiles. J Nonverb Behav 6: 238 - 52.
53. Ekman P., Friesen WV, O'Sullivan M. 1988. Smiles when lying. J Personal Social Psychol 54: 414 - 20.
54. Ekman P., Hager JC, Friesen WV 1981. The symmetry of emotional and deliberate facial expressions. Psychophysiology 18: 101 - 6.
55. Faigin G. 1990. The artist's complete guide to facial expression. New York: Watson-Guptill.
56. Fernandez-Carriba S., Loeches A., Morcillo A., Hopkins WD 2002. Asymmetry in facial expression of emotions by chimpanzees. Neuropsychologia 40: 1523 - 33.
57. Frank MG, Ekman P., Friesen WV 1993. Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. J Personal Social Psychol 64: 83 - 93.
58. Fries W., Danek A., Scheidtmann K., Hamburger C. 1993. Motor recovery following capsular stroke. Role of descending pathways from multiple motor areas. Brain 116: 369 - 82.
59. Gainotti G. 1972. Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of the lesion. Cortex 8: 41 - 55.
60. Gazzaniga MS 1970. The bisected brain. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
61. Gazzaniga MS, Smylie CS 1990. Hemispheric mechanisms controlling voluntary and spontaneous facial expressions. J Cogn Neurosci 2: 239 - 245.
62. Gibson KR, Ingold T, editors. 1993. Tools, language and cognition in human evolution. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
63. Gorelick PB, Ross ED 1987. The aprosodias: further functional-anatomic evidence for the organization of affective language in the right hemisphere. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50: 553 - 60.
64. Hanawalt NG 1944. The role of the upper and the lower parts of the face as a basis for judging facial expressions: II. In posed expressions and "candid camera" pictures. J Gen Psychol 31: 23 - 36.
65. Harlow HF 1936. The neuro-physiological correlates of learning and intelligence. Psychol Bull 33: 479 - 525.
66. Haslinger B., Erhard P., Kampfe N., Boecker H., Rummeny E., Schwaiger M., and others. 2001. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson's disease before and after levodopa. Brain 124: 558 - 70.
67. Hauser MD 1993 ). Right hemisphere dominance for the production of facial expressions in monkeys. Science 261: 475 - 7.
68. Heilman KM, Scholes R., Watson RT 1975. Auditory affective agnosia. Disturbed comprehension of affective speech. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38: 69-72.
69. Helgason C., Wilbur A., Weiss A., Redmond KJ, Kingsbury NA 1988. Acute pseudobulbar mutism due to discrete bilateral capsular infarction in the territory of the anterior choroidal artery. Brain 111: 507 - 24.
70. Hiatt SW, Campos JJ, Emde RN 1979. Facial patterning and infant emotional expression: happiness, surprise, and fear. Child Dev 50: 1020 - 35.
71. Hilliard RD 1973. Hemispheric laterality effects on a facial recognition task in normal subjects. Cortex 9: 246 - 58.
72. Hochnadel G., Kaplan E. 1984. Neuropsychology of normal aging. In: Albert ML, editor. Clinical neurology of aging. New York: Oxford University Press. p 231 - 44.
73. Hofer S., Frahm J. 2006. Topography of the human corpus callosum revisited-Comprehensive fiber tractography using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. NeuroImage 32: 989 - 94.
74. Holstege G. 1992. The emotional motor system. Eur J Morphol 30: 67 - 79.
75. Holstege G. 2002. Emotional innervation of facial musculature. Movement Dis 17 (suppl 2). S12 - 6.
76. Holstege G, Bandler R, Saper C, editors. 1996. The emotional motor system. Progress in brain research. Vol. 107. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
77. Hook-Costigan MA, Rogers LJ 1998. Lateralized use of the mouth in the production of vocalizations by marmosets. Neuropsychologia 36: 1265 - 73.
78. Hopf HC, Fitzek C., Marx J., Urban PP, Thomke F. 2000. Emotional facial paresis of pontine origin. Neurology 54: 1217.
79. Hopf HC, Muller-Forell W., Hopf NJ 1992. Localization of emotional and volitional facial paresis. Neurology 42: 1918 - 23.
80. Hopf HC, Tettenborn B., Kramer G. 1990. Pontine supranuclear facial palsy. Stroke 21: 1754 - 7.
81. Hyson MC, Izard CE 1985. Continuities and changes in emotion expressions during brief separation at 13 and 18 months. Develop Psychol 21: 1165 - 70.
82. Izard CE 1977. Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
83. Jenkins IH, Fernandez W., Playford ED, Lees AJ, Frackowiak RS, Passingham RE, Brooks DJ 1992. Impaired activation of the supplementary motor area in Parkinson's disease is reversed when akinesia is treated with apomorphine. Ann Neurol 32: 749 - 57.
84. Jenny AB, Saper CB 1987. Organization of the facial nucleus and corticofacial projection in the monkey: a reconsideration of the upper motor neuron facial palsy. Neurology 37: 930 - 9.
85. Jerison HJ 1985. Animal intelligence as encephalization. Philos Trans Royal Soc Lond B Biol Sci 308: 21 - 35.
86. Jones NA, Fox NA 1992. Electroencephalogram asymmetry during emotionally evocative films and its relation to positive and negative affectivity. Brain Cogn 20: 280 - 99.
87. Killackey HP 1990. Neocortical expansion: An attempt toward relating phylogeny and ontogeny. J Cogn Neurosci 2: 1 - 17.
88. Killackey HP 1994. Evolution of the human brain: A neuroanatomical perspective. In: Gazzaniga M, editor. The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. p 1243 - 53.
89. Kim JS 1997 a. Pathologic laughter after unilateral stroke. J Neurol Sci 148: 121 - 5.
90. Kim JS 1997 b. Pathological laughter and crying in unilateral stroke. Stroke 28: 2321.
91. Kirk R. 1996. Practical significance: a concept whose time has come. Ed Psychol Meas 56: 746 - 59.
92. Kowner R. 1995. Laterality in facial expressions and its effect on attributions of emotion and personality: a reconsideration. Neuropsychologia 33: 539 - 59.
93. Kuypers HGJM. 1958. Corticobulbar connections to the pons and lower brain stem in man. An anatomical study. Brain 81: 364 - 88.
94. Kuypers HGJM. 1973. The anatomical organization of the descending pathways and their contributions to motor control especially in primates. New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 3: 38 - 68.
95. Larsen JT, McGraw AP, Cacioppo JT 2001. Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? J Personal Social Psychol 81: 684 - 96.
96. Lewis W., Michalson L. 1983. Children's emotions and moods: developmental theory and measurement. New York: Plenum Press.
97. Ley RG, Bryden MP 1981. Consciousness, emotion, and the right hemisphere. In: Underwood G, Stevens R, editors. Aspects of consciousness. Vol. 2. London: Academic Press.
98. Lieberman A., Benson DF 1977. Control of emotional expression in pseudobulbar palsy. Arch Neurol 34: 717 - 9.
99. Likert RA 1932. A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch Psychol 140: 1 - 55.
100. Lindvall O., Bjorklund A., Moore RY, Stenevi U. 1974. Mesencephalic dopamine neurons projecting to neocortex. Brain Res 81: 325 - 31.
101. Machovec FJ 1976. The evil eye: superstition or hypnotic phenomenon? Am J Clin Hypn 19: 74 - 9.
102. MacNeilage PF, Davis BL 2005. The Evolution of Language. In: Buss DM, editor. The handbook of evolutionary psychology. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons. p 698 - 723.
103. Malatesta CZ, Kalnok D. 1984. Emotional experience in younger and older adults. J Gerontol 39: 301 - 8.
104. Mammucari A., Caltagirone C., Ekman P., Friesen W., Gainotti G., Pizzamiglio L., and others. 1988. Spontaneous facial expression of emotions in brain-damaged patients. Cortex 24: 521 - 33.
105. Masserman JH 1941. Is the hypothalamus a center of emotion ? Psychsomatic Med 3: 3-24.
106. Maxwell SE, Camp CJ, Arvey RD 1981. Measures of strength of association: a comparative examination. Journal of Appl Psychol 66: 525 - 34.
107. McGurk H., MacDonald J. 1976. Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature 264: 746 - 8.
108. Mesulam MM 1990. Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Ann Neurol 28: 597 - 613.
109. Mishra RK, Demirjian C., Katzman R., Makman MH 1975. A dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in anterior limbic cortex and mesolimbic region of primate brain. Brain Res 96: 395 - 9.
110. Mithen S. 2006. The singing Neanderthals: the origins of music, language, mind, and body. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
111. Morecraft RJ, Louie JL, Herrick JL, Stilwell-Morecraft KS 2001. Cortical innervation of the facial nucleus in the non-human primate: a new interpretation of the effects of stroke and related subtotal brain trauma on the muscles of facial expression. Brain 124: 176 - 208.
112. Morecraft RJ, Stilwell - Morecraft KS, Rossing WR 2004. The motor cortex and facial expression: new insights from neuroscience. Neurologist 10: 235 - 249
113. Nummenmaa T. 1964. The language of the face. Jyvaskyla studies in education, psychology and social research. Vol. 9. Jyvaskyla (Finland): Kustantajat Publishers.
114. Otto MW, Dougher MJ, Yeo RA 1989. Depression, pain, and hemispheric activation. J Nerv Ment Dis 177: 210 - 8.
115. Parr LA, Cohen M., de Waal F. 2005 Influence of social context on the use of blended and graded facial displays in Chimpanzees. Int J Primatol 26: 73 - 103.
116. Panksepp J. 1998. Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotion. New York: Oxford University Press.
117. Passingham RE 1973. Anatomical differences between the neocortex of man and other primates. Brain Behav Evol 7: 337 - 59.
118. Penfield W. 1966. Speech, perception and the uncommitted cortex. In: Eccles JC, editor. Brain and conscious experience. New York: Springer-Verlag. p 217 - 237.
119. Playford ED, Jenkins IH, Passingham RE, Nutt J., Frackowiak RS, Brooks DJ 1992. Impaired mesial frontal and putamen activation in Parkinson's disease: a positron emission tomography study. Ann Neurol 32: 151 - 61.
120. Poeck K., Pilleri G. (1963). Pathologisches Lachen und Weinen. Schweizer Archiv Neurol Neurochirurgie Psychiatrie 92: 323 - 70.
121. Poeck K. 1969. Pathology of emotional disorders associated with brain damage. In: Vinken PJ. Bruyn DW. Handbook of clinical neurology. Vol. 3, Chap. 20. New York: Wylie & Sons. p 3 43 - 67.
122. Prodan CI, Orbelo DM, Ross ED 2007. Processing of facial blends of emotion: support for right hemisphere cognitive aging. Cortex 43: 196 - 206.
123. Prodan CI, Orbelo DM, Testa JA, Ross ED 2001. Hemispheric differences in recognizing upper and lower facial displays of emotion. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 14: 206 - 12.
124. Reiman EM, Raichle ME, Robins E., Butler FK, Herscovitch P., Fox P., and others. 1986. The application of positron emission tomography to the study of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 143: 469 - 77.
125. Remy P., Zilbovicius M., Leroy-Willig A., Syrota A., Samson Y. 1994. Movement- and task-related activations of motor cortical areas: a positron emission tomographic study. Ann Neurol 36: 19 - 26.
126. Rinn WE 1984. The neuropsychology of facial expression: a review of the neurological and psychological mechanisms for producing facial expressions. Psychol Bull 95: 52 - 77.
127. Rosenthal R., Rosnow RL 1991. Essentials of behavioral research: methods and data analysis. 2 nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill. p 316 - 23, 350 - 2.
128. Ross ED 1980. Location of the pyramidal tract in the internal capsule by whole brain dissection. Neurology 30: 59 - 64.
129. Ross ED 1981. The aprosodias: functional-anatomical organization of the affective components of language in the right hemisphere. Arch Neurol 38: 561 - 9.
130. Ross ED 1996. Hemispheric specialization for emotions, affective aspects of language and communication and the cognitive control of display behaviors in humans. Prog Brain Res 107: 583 - 94.
131. Ross ED 2000. Affective prosody and the aprosodias. In: Mesulam MM, editor. 2nd ed. Principles of behavioral and cognitive neurology. New York: Oxford University Press. p 316 - 31.
132. Ross ED, Hansel SL, Orbelo DM, Monnot M. 2005. Relationship of leukoaraiosis to cognitive decline and cognitive aging. Cogn Behav Neurol 18: 89 - 97.
133. Ross ED, Homan RW, Buck R. 1994. Differential hemispheric lateralization of primary and social emotions. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behavl Neurol 7: 1 - 19.
134. Ross ED, Mesulam MM 1979. Dominant language functions of the right hemisphere? Prosody and emotional gesturing. Arch Neurol 36: 144 - 8.
135. Ross ED, Monnot M. 2007. Neurology of affective prosody and its functional-anatomic organization in right hemisphere. Brain Lang (in press; e-pub: doi:10.1016/j.band1.2007.04.007).
136. Ross ED, Reddy AI, Nair A., Mikawa K., Prodan CI 2007. Facial expressions are more easily produced on the upper-lower compared to right-left hemiface. Percept Mot Skills 104: 155 - 65.
137. Ross ED, Rush AJ 1981. Diagnosis and neuroanatomical correlates of depression in brain-damaged patients. Implications for a neurology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38: 1344 - 54.
138. Ross ED, Stewart R. 1987. Pathological display of affect in patients with depression and right focal brain damage: An alternative mechanism. J Nerv Ment Dis 175: 165 - 72.
139. Ross ED, Stewart RM 1981. Akinetic mutism from hypothalamic damage: successful treatment with dopamine agonists. Neurology 31: 1435 - 9.
140. Ross ED, Thompson RD, Yenkosky JP 1997. Lateralization of affective prosody in brain and the callosal integration of hemispheric language functions. Brain Lang 56: 27 - 54.
141. Saarni C. 1979. Children's understanding of display rules for expressive behaviors. Develop Psychol 15: 424 - 9.
142. Sackeim, HA, Greenberg MS, Weiman AL, Gur RC, Hungerbuhler JP, Geschwind N. 1982. Hemispheric asymmetry in the expression of positive and negative emotions. Neurologic evidence. Arch Neurol 39: 210 - 8.
143. Sackeim HA, Gur RC 1978. Lateral asymmetry in intensity of emotional expression. Neuropsycholgia 16: 473 - 81.
144. Sackeim HA, Gur RC, Saucy MC 1978. Emotions are expressed more strongly on the left side of the face. Science 202: 434 - 6.
145. Samuel M., Ceballos-Baumann AO, Blin J., Uema T., Boecker H., Passingham RE, Brooks DJ 1997. Evidence for lateral premotor and parietal overactivity in Parkinson's disease during sequential and bimanual movements. A PET study. Brain 120: 963 - 76.
146. Scatton B., Javoy-Agid F., Rouquier L., Dubois B., Agid Y. 1983. Reduction of cortical dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 275: 321 - 8.
147. Schiff BB, Truchon C. 1993. Effect of unilateral contraction of hand muscles on perceiver biases in the perception of chimeric and neutral faces. Neuropsychologia 31: 1351 - 65.
148. Schmahmann JD, Ko R., MacMore J. 2004. The human basis pontis: motor syndromes and topographic organization. Brain 127: 1269 - 91.
149. Schwartz GE, Davidson RJ, Maer F. 1975. Right hemisphere lateralization for emotion in the human brain: interactions with cognition. Science 190: 286 - 8.
150. Skinner M., Mullen B. 1991. Facial asymmetry in emotional expression: a meta-analysis of research. Br J Soc Psychol 30: 113 - 24.
151. Suberi M., McKeever WF 1977. Differential right hemispheric memory storage of emotional and non-emotional faces. Neuropsychologia 15: 757 - 68.
152. Tanner JE, Byrne RW 1993. Concealing facial evidence of mood: perspective taking in a captive gorilla ? Primates 34: 451 - 7.
153. Terao S., Miura N., Takeda A., Takahashi A., Mitsuma T., Sobue G. 2000. Course and distribution of facial corticobulbar tract fibres in the lower brain stem. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69: 262 - 5.
154. Thompson JK 1985. Right brain, left brain; left face, right face: hemisphericity and the expression of facial emotion. Cortex 21: 281 - 99.
155. Tucker DM, Watson RT, Heilman KM 1977. Discrimination and evocation of affectively intoned speech in patients with right parietal disease. Neurology 27: 947 - 50.
156. Urban PP, Wicht S., Marx J., Mitrovic S., Fitzek C., Hopf HC 1998. Isolated voluntary facial paresis due to pontine ischemia. Neurology 50: 1859 - 62.
157. Urban PP, Wicht S., Vucorevic G., Fitzek S., Marx J., Thomke F., and others. 2001. The course of corticofacial projections in the human brainstem. Brain 124: 1866 - 76.
158. Van Buskirk C. 1954. Return of motor function in hemiplegia. Neurology 4: 919-928.
159. Wechsler AF (1973). The effect of organic brain disease on recall of emotionally charged versus neutral narrative texts. Neurology 23: 130 - 5.
160. Wexler BE 1980. Cerebral laterality and psychiatry: a review of the literature. Amer J Psychiatry 137: 279 - 91.
161. Wild B., Rodden FA, Grodd W., Ruch W. 2003. Neural correlates of laughter and humour. Brain 126: 2121 - 38.
162. Williams SM, Goldman-Rakic PS 1993. Characterization of the dopaminergic innervation of the primate frontal cortex using a dopamine-specific antibody. Cereb Cortex 3: 199 - 222.
163. Wilson Sak. 1924. Some problems in neurology. II. Pathological laughing and crying. J Neurol Psychopathol 4: 299 - 333.
164. Young MA 1993. Supplementing tests of statistical significance: variation accounted for. J Speech Hear Res 36: 644 - 56.