Assessment of Self-Injurious and Aggressive Behavior

International Review of Research in Mental Retardation

Volumn 34, Issue , 2007, Pages 281-319

  Rojahn, Johannes ^a   Whittaker, Katie ^a   Hoch, Theodore A ^a   González, Melissa L ^b  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548796445     PISSN: 00747750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7750(07)34009-3     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Adams D., and Allen D. Assessing the need for reactive behaviour management strategies in children with intellectual disability and severe challenging behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45 (2001) 335-343
2. Alborz A., Bromley J., Emerson E., Kiernan C., and Qureshi H. Challenging Behaviour Survey: Individual Schedule (1994), Hester Adrian Research Centre: University of Manchester, Manchester
3. Allen D. Recent research on physical aggression in persons with intellectual disability: An overview. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability 25 (2000) 41-57
4. Aman M.G. Review and evaluation of instruments for assessing emotional and behavioral disorders. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities 17 (1991) 127-145
5. Aman M.G. Annotated Bibliography on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (June 2003 update) (2003), OH: Ohio State University, Columbus
6. Aman M.G., De Smedt G., Derivan A., Lyons B., Findling R.L., and The Risperidone Disruptive Behavior Study Group. Risperidone treatment of children with disruptive behavior disorders and subaverage IQ: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 1337-1346
7. Aman M.G., DeSmedt G., Derivan A., Lyons B., Findling R.L., and The Risperidone Conduct Study Group. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone for the treatment of disruptive behaviors in children with subaverage intelligence. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 1337-1346
8. Aman M.G., and Singh N.N. Aberrant Behavior Checklist - Community. Supplementary Manual (1994), Slosson Educational Publications, East Aurora, NY
9. Aman M.G., Singh N.N., Stewart A.W., and Field C.J. Psychometric characteristics of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. American Journal on Mental Deficiency 89 (1985) 492-502
10. Aman M.G., Singh N.N., and Turbott S.H. Reliability of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and the effect of variations in instructions. American Journal on Mental Retardation 92 (1987) 237-240
11. Aman M.G., Tassé M.J., Rojahn J., and Hammer D. The Nisonger CBRF: A child behavior rating form for children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities 17 (1996) 41-57
12. Anderson C.M., Freeman K.A., and Scotti J.R. Evaluation of the generalizability (reliability and validity) of analog functional assessment methodology. Behavior Therapy 30 (1999) 31-50
13. Bailey J.S., and Burch M. Research methods in applied behavior analysis (2002), Sage Publication, Thousand Oaks, CA
14. Baker B.L., McIntyre L.L., Blacher J., Crnic K., Edelbrok C., and Low C. Pre-school children with and without developmental delay: Behaviour problems and parenting over time. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research 47 (2003) 217-230
15. Bienstein P., Smith K., Rojahn J., and Matson J.L. Differential functional properties profiles of chronic behavior problems in adults with severe and profound mental retardation. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, August 10 (2006)
16. Bihm E.M., Kienlen T.L., and Ness M.E. Factor structure of the Motivation Assessment Scale for persons with mental retardation. Psychological Reports 68 (1991) 1235-1238
17. Bihm E.M., and Poindexter A.R. Cross-validation of the factor structure of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist for persons with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation 96 (1991) 209-211
18. Bodfish J.W., Crawford T.W., Powell S.B., Parker D.E., Golden R.N., and Lewis M.H. Compulsions in adults with mental retardation: Prevalence, phenomenology, and co-morbidity with stereotypy and self-injury. American Journal on Mental Retardation 100 (1995) 183-192
19. Bodfish J.W., Symons F.J., and Lewis M.H. Repetitive Behavior Scales (1999), Western Carolina Center Research Reports
20. Bodfish J.W., Symons F.J., Parker D.E., and Lewis M.H. Varieties in repetitive behavior in autism: Comparisons to mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 30 (2000) 237-243
21. Brown E.C., Aman M.G., and Havercamp S.M. Factor analysis and norms for parent ratings on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community for young people in special education. Research in Developmental Disabilities 23 (2002) 45-60
22. Bruininks R.H., Woodcock R.W., Weatherman R.F., and Hill B.K. Scales of Independent Behavior - Revised (1996), Riverside, Chicago, IL
23. Campbell M. Timed stereotypies rating scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 21 (1985) 1082-1085
24. Carr E.G., Smith C.E., Giacin T.A., Whelan B.M., and Pancari J. Menstrual discomfort as a biological setting event for severe problem behavior: Assessment and intervention. American Journal on Mental Retardation 108 (2003) 117-133
25. Chadwick O., Piroth N., Walker J., Bernard S., and Taylor E. Factors affecting the risk of behaviour problems in children with severe intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 44 (2000) 108-123
26. Cicchetti D.V. Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment 6 (1994) 284-290
27. Cohen I.L. Criterion-related validity of the PDD Behavior Inventory. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33 (2003) 47-53
28. Cohen I.L., Schmidt-Lackner S., Romanczyk R., and Sudhalter V. The PDD Behavior Inventory: A rating scale for assessing response to intervention in children with pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33 (2003) 31-45
29. Connors J., Iwata B.A., Kahng S.W., Hanley G.P., Wordsell A.S., and Thompson R.H. Differential responding in the presence and absence of discriminative stimuli during multielement functional analyses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 33 3 (2000) 299-308
30. nd ed. (2007), Merrill, Columbus, OH
31. Crosland K.A., Zarcone J.R., Lindauer S.E., Valdovinos M.G., Zarcone T.J., Hellings J.A., and Schroeder S.R. Use of functional analysis methodology in the evaluation of medication effects. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33 (2003) 271-279
32. Davidson P.D., Houser K.D., Cain N.N., Sloane-Reeves J., Quijano L., Matons L., Giesow V., and Ladrigan P.M. Characteristics of older adults with intellectual disabilities referred for crisis intervention. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 43 (1999) 38-46
33. Derby K.M., Wacker D.P., Peck S., Sasso G., DeRaad A., Berg W., Asmus J., and Ulrich S. Functional analysis of separate topographies of aberrant behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 27 (1994) 267-278
34. Duker P.C., and Sigafoos J. The Motivation Assessment Scale: Reliability and construct validity. Research in Developmental Disabilities 19 (1998) 131-141
35. Durand V.M., and Crimmins D.B. Identifying the variables maintaining self-injurious behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 18 (1988) 99-117
36. Edelbrock C.S. Child Behavior Rating Form. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 21 (1985) 835-837
37. Einfeld S.L., and Tonge B.J. Manual for the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (1992), Monash University Center for Developmental Psychiatry and School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Clayton, Malbourne, and Sydney
38. Einfeld S.L., and Tonge B.J. Manual for the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (Second Edition) (2002), Monash University Center for Developmental Psychiatry and School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Clayton, Malbourne, and Sydney
39. Ellingson S.A., Miltenberger R.G., and Long E.S. A survey of the use of functional assessment procedures in agencies serving individuals with developmental disabilities. Behavioral Interventions 14 (1999) 187-198
40. Emerson E., and Bromley J. The form and function of challenging behaviors. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 39 (1995) 388-398
41. English C.L., and Anderson C.M. Effects of familiar versus unfamiliar therapists on responding in the analog functional analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities 25 (2004) 39-55
42. Fisher W.W., Bowman L.G., Thompson R.H., Contrucci S.A., Burd L., and Alon G. Reductions in self-injury produced by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 31 (1998) 493-496
43. Fisher W.W., DeLeon I.G., Rodrigues-Carter V., and Keeney K.M. Enhancing effects of extinction on attention-maintained behavior through noncontingent delivery of attention or stimuli identified via a competing stimulus assessment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 37 (2004) 171-184
44. Gardner W.I., Cole C.L., Davidson D.P., and Karan O.C. Reducing aggression in individuals with developmental disabilities: An expanded stimulus control, assessment, and intervention model. Education and Training in Mental Retardation 21 (1986) 3-12
45. Gardner W.I., and Sovner R. Self-injurious behaviors (1994), VIDA Publishing Co, Willow Street, PA
46. Gedye A. Recognizing obsessive-compulsive disorder in clients with developmental disabilities. The Habilitative Mentalhealthcare Newsletter 11 (1992) 73-77
47. Girouard N., Morin I.N., and Tassé M.J. Étude de fidelité test-retest et accord interjuges de la Grille d'évaluation comprtementale pour enfants Nisonger (GÉCEN). [Test-retest and interrater reliability of the French version of the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form.]. Revue Francophone de la Déficience Intellectuelle 9 (1998) 127-136
48. Goodman W.K., Price L.H., and Rasmussen S.A. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 46 (1989) 1006-1011
49. Goodman W.K., Price L.H., and Rasmussen S.A. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: II. Validity. Archives of General Psychiatry 46 (1989) 1012-1016
50. Gualtieri C.T., and Schroeder S.R. Pharmacotherapy of self-injurious behavior: Preliminary tests of the D-l hypothesis. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 25 (1989) 364-371
51. Hanley G.P., Iwata B.A., and McCord B.E. Functional analysis of problem behavior: A review. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 36 (2003) 147-185
52. Harding J., Wacker D.P., Berg W.K., Barretto A., and Ringdahl J. Evaluation of relations between specific antecedent stimuli and self-injury during functional analysis conditions. American Journal on Mental Retardation 110 (2005) 205-215
53. Hersen M., and Barlow D.H. Single-case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change (1976), Pergamon, New York
54. Holden B., and Gitlesen J.P. A total population study od challenging behaviour in the county of Hedmark, Norway: Prevalence and risk markers. Research in Developmental Disabilities 27 (2006) 456-465
55. Iwata B.A., and DeLeon I.G. The functional analysis screening tool (FAST) (1995), Unpublished manuscript, Gainesville: University of Florida
56. Iwata B.A., Dorsey M.F., Slifer K.J., Bauman K.E., and Richman G.S. Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities 2 (1982) 3-20
57. Iwata B.A., Dorsey M.F., Slifer K.J., Bauman K.E., and Richman G.S. Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 27 2 (1994) 197-209
58. Iwata B.A., Pace G.M., Dorsey M.F., Zarcone J.R., Vollmer T.R., Smith R.G., et al. The functions of self-injurious behavior: An experimental-epidemiological analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 27 (1994) 215-240
59. Iwata B.A., Pace G.M., Kissel R.C., Nau P.A., and Farber J.M. The self-injury trauma (SIT) scale: A method for quantifying surface tissue damage caused by self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 23 (1990) 99-110
60. Kahng S., and Iwata B.A. Correspondence between outcomes of brief and extended functional analyses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 32 (1999) 149-159
61. Kahng S.W., Iwata B.A., and Lewin A.B. Behavioral treatment of self-injury, 1964-2000. American Journal on Mental Retardation 107 (2002) 212-221
62. Kazdin A.E. Single-case research designs (1982), Oxford University Press, New York
63. Kearney C.A., Cook L.C., Chapman G., and Bensaheb A. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the Motivation Assessment Scale and Resident Choice Assessment Scale. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 18 (2006) 1-11
64. Kurtz P.F., Chin M.D., Huete J.M., Tarbox R.S.F., O'Connor J.T., Paclawskyj T.R., et al. Functional analysis and treatment of self-injurious behavior in young children: A summary of 30 cases. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 36 (2003) 205-219
65. Lalli J.S., Browder D.M., Mace F.C., and Brown D.K. Teacher use of descriptive analysis data to implement interventions to decrease students' problem behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 26 (1993) 227-238
66. Lalli J.S., Mace F.C., Wohn T., and Liverzy K. Identification and modification of a response-class hierarchy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 28 (1995) 551-559
67. Lambert N., Nihira K., and Leland H. AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scales-School (ABS-S:2) (1993), Pro-Ed, Inc.
68. Lecavalier L., and Aman M.G. Rating instruments. In: Matson J.L., Laud R.B., and Matson M.L. (Eds). Behavior modification for persons with developmental disabilities: Treatment and supports Vol. 1 (2003), National Association for the Dually Diagnosed, Kingston, New York 160-189
69. Lecavalier L., Aman M.G., and Hammer D. Factor Analysis of the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34 (2004) 709-721
70. Lecavalier L., Aman M.A., Hammer D., Stoica W., and Mathews G.L. Factor analysis of the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34 (2004) 709-721
71. Lovaas O.I., and Simmons J.Q. Manipulation of self-destruction in three retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 2 (1969) 143-157
72. Lowe, K., Allen, D., Jones, E., Brophy, Moore, K., James, W. (in press). Challenging behaviours: Prevalence and topographies. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research.
73. Mace F.C., Blum N.J., Sierp B.J., Delaney B.A., and Mauk J.E. Differential response of operant self-injury to pharmacologic versus behavioral treatment. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 22 (2001) 85-91
74. Marshburn E.C., and Aman M.G. Factor validity and norms for the Aberrant Behavior Checklist in a community sample of children with mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 22 (1992) 357-373
75. Matson J.L. The diagnostic assessment of the severely handicapped-revised (DASH-II) (1995), Disability Consultants, LLC, Baton Rouge, LA
76. Matson J.L. The assessment of dual diagnosis (ADD) (1997), Disability Consultants, LLC, Baton Rouge, LA
77. Matson J.L. Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped II - Manual (1998), Scientific Publishers Incorporated, Baton Rouge, LA
78. Matson J.L., and Bamburg J.W. Reliability of the assessment of dual diagnosis (ADD). Research in Developmental Disabilities 19 (1998) 89-95
79. Matson J.L., Coe D.A., Gardner W.I., and Sovner R. A factor analytic study of the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped (DASH) Scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 179 (1991) 553-557
80. Matson J.L., Kiely S.L., and Bamburg J.W. The effects of stereotypies on adaptive skills as assessed with the DASH-II and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. Research in Developmental Disabilities 18 (1997) 471-476
81. Matson J.L., Kuhn D.E., Dixon D.R., Mayville S.B., Laud R.B., Cooper C.L., et al. The development and factor structure of the Functional Assessment for Multiple Causality (FACT). Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 (2003) 485-495
82. Matson J.L., Smiroldo B.B., and Bamburg J.W. The relationship of social skills to psychopathology for individuals with severe and profound mental retardation. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research 23 (1998) 137-145
83. Matson J.L., Smiroldo B.B., Hamilton M., and Baglio C. Do anxiety disorders exist in persons with severe and profound mental retardation?. Research in Developmental Disabilities 18 (1997) 39-44
84. Matson J.L., Smiroldo B.B., and Hastings T. Validity of the autism/PDD subscale of the DASH-II. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities 28 (1998) 77-81
85. Matson J.L., and Vollmer T. Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF) (1995), Disability Consultants, LLC, Baton Rouge, LA
86. McClintock K., Hall S., and Oliver C. Risk markers associated with challenging behaviours in people with intellectual disabilities: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 47 (2003) 405-416
87. McCord B.E., and Neef N.A. Leisure items as controls in the attention condition of functional analyses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 38 (2005) 417-426
88. McCord B.E., Thompson R.J., and Iwata B.A. Functional analysis and treatment of self-injury associated with transitions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 34 (2001) 195-210
89. McDonough M., Hillery J., and Kennedy N. Olanzapine for chronic, stereotypic self-injurious behavior: A pilot study in seven adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 44 (2000) 677-684
90. McGonigle J.J., Rojahn J., Dixon J., and Strain P.S. Multiple treatment interference in the alternating treatments design as a function of the intercomponent interval length. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 20 (1987) 171-178
91. Mulick J.A., Barbour R., Schroeder S.R., and Rojahn J. Overcorrection of pica in two profoundly retarded adults: Analysis of setting effects, stimulus and response generalization. Applied Research in Mental Retardation 1 (1980) 24l-252
92. Mulick J.A., Hoyt P., Rojahn J., and Schroeder S.R. Reduction of a "nervous habit" in a profoundly retarded youth by increasing toy play. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 9 (1978) 381-385
93. Newell K.M., and Bodfish J.W. Temporal and force dynamics of self-injury. In: Schroeder S.R., Oster-Granite M.L., and Thompson T. (Eds). Self-injurious behavior: Gene-brain-behavior relationship (2002), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 235-247
94. Newell K.M., Sprague R.L., Pain M.T., Deutsch K.M., and Meinhold P. Dynamics of self-injurious behavior. American Journal on Mental Retardation 104 (1999) 11-21
95. Northup J., Wacker D., Sasso G., Steege M., Cigrand K., Cook J., and DeRaad A. A brief functional analysis of aggressive and alternative behavior in an outpatient clinic setting. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 24 (1991) 509-522
96. Nottestad J.A., and Linkaer O.M. Predictors for attacks on people after deinstitutionalization. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46 (2002) 493-502
97. Oliver C., McClintock K., Hall S., Smith M., Dagnan D., and Stenfert-Kroese B. Assessing the severity of challenging behaviour: Psychometric properties of the Challenging Behavior Interview. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 16 (2003) 53-61
98. O'Neill R.E., Horner R.H., Albin R.W., Sprague J.R., Storey K., and Newton J.S. Functional assessment and program development for problem behavior: A practical handbook (1997), Brooks / Cole, New York, NY
99. O'Reilly M.F. Assessment and treatment of episodic self-injury: A case study. Research in Developmental Disabilities 17 (1996) 349-361
100. O'Reilly M.F. Functional analysis of episodic self-injury correlated with recurrent otitis media. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 30 (1997) 165-167
101. O'Reilly M., and Lancioni G. Response covariation of escape-maintained aberrant behavior correlated with sleep deprivation. Research in Developmental Disabilities 21 (2000) 125-136
102. Paclawskyj T.R., Matson J.L., and Bamburg J.W. A comparison of the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II (DASH-II) and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). Research in Developmental Disabilities 18 (1997) 289-298
103. Paclawskyj T.R., Matson J.L., Rush K.S., Smalls Y., and Vollmer T.R. Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF): A behavioral checklist for functional assessment of aberrant behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities 21 (2000) 223-230
104. Paclawskyj T.R., Matson J.L., Rush K.S., Smalls Y., and Vollmer T.R. Assessment of the convergent validity of the Questions About Behavioral Function scale with analogue functional analysis and the Motivation Assessment Scale. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45 6 (2001) 484-494
105. Pelios L., Morren J., Tesch D., and Axelrod S. The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self-injurious behavior and aggressive behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 32 (1999) 185-195
106. Reiss S. The Reiss screen for maladaptive behavior (1988), International Diagnostic Systems, Worthington, OH
107. Ringdahl J.E., Winborn L.C., Andelman M.S., and Kitsukawa K. The effects of noncontingently available altyernative stimuli on functional analysis outcomes. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 35 (2002) 407-410
108. Rojahn J., Aman M.G., Matson J.L., and Mayville E. The Aberrant Behavior Checklist and the behavior problems inventory: Convergent and divergent validity. Research in Developmental Disabilities 24 (2003) 391-404
109. Rojahn J., Borthwick-Duffy S., and Jacobson J. The association between psychiatric diagnoses and severe behavior problems in mental retardation. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 5 (1993) 163-170
110. Rojahn J., and Esbensen A. Epidemiology of self-injurious behavior in mental retardation. In: Schroeder S., Oster-Granite M.L., and Thompson T. (Eds). Self-injurious behavior: Gene-brain-behavior relationships (2002), APA Books, Washington, D.C. 41-77
111. Rojahn J., Matson J.L., Lott D., Esbensen A.J., and Smalls Y. The behavior problem inventory: An instrument for the assessment of self-injury, stereotyped behavior and aggression/destruction in individuals with developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 31 (2001) 577-588
112. Rojahn J., Mulick J.A., McCoy D., and Schroeder S.R. Setting effects and the modification of head-banging and self-restraint in two profoundly retarded adults. Behavioural Analysis and Modification 2 ((1978)) l85-l96
113. Rojahn J., and Schroeder S.R. Behavioral assessment. In: Matson J.L., and Mulick J.A. (Eds). Handbook of mental retardation. 2nd ed. (1991), Pergamon, New York 240-259
114. Roscoe E.M., Iwata B.A., and Goh H.L. A comparison of noncontingent reinforcement and sensory extinction as treatments for self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 31 (1998) 635-646
115. Schroeder S.R., and Gualtieri C.T. Behavioral interactions induced by chronic neuroleptic therapy with persons with mental retardation. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 21 (1985) 310-315
116. Schroeder S.R., Mulick J.A., and Rojahn J. The definition, taxonomy, epidemiology, and ecology of self-injurious behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 10 (1980) 417-432
117. In: Schroeder S.R., Oster-Granite M.L., and Thompson T. (Eds). Self-injurious behavior: Gene-brain-behavior relationships (2002), American Psychological Association Books, Washington, DC
118. Schroeder S.R., Rojahn J., and Mulick J.A. Ecobehavioral organization of developmental day care for the chronically self-injurious. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 3 (1978) 81-88
119. Schroeder S.R., Rojahn J., and Reese R.M. Reliability and validity of instruments for assessing psychotropic medication effects on self-injurious behavior in mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 27 (1997) 89-102
120. Sevin J.A., Matson J.L., Williams D., and Kirkpatrick-Sanchez S. Reliability of emotional problems with the diagnostic assessment for the severely handicapped (DASH). British Journal of Clinical Psychology 94 (1995) 33-34
121. Shogren K.A., and Rojahn J. Convergent reliability and validity of the Questions About Behavioral Function and the Motivational Assessment Scale: A replication study. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 15 (2003) 367-375
122. Shore B.A., Iwata B.A., DeLeon I.G., Kahng S., and Smith R.G. An analysis of reinforcer substitutability using object manipulation and self-injury as competing responses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 30 (1997) 21-41
123. Sigafoos J., Kerr M., and Roberts D. Interrater reliability of the Motivation Assessment Scale: Failure to replicate with aggressive behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities 15 (1994) 333-342
124. Smith R.G., and Churchill R.M. Identification of environmental determinants of behavior disorders through functional analysis of precursor behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 35 (2002) 125-136
125. The Risperidone Conduct Study Group, Snyder R., Turgay A., Aman M.G.M., Binder C., and Fisman S. Effects of risperidone on conduct and disruptive disorders in children with subaverage IQ's. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41 (2002) 1026-1036
126. Sprague R.L., and Newell K.M. Stereotyped movements: Brain and behavior relationships (1996), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
127. Sturmey P. Assessing the functions of aberrant behaviors: A review of psychometric instruments. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities 24 3 (1994) 293-304
128. Sturmey P., Fink C., and Sevin J. The Behavior Problems Inventory: A replication and extension of its psychometric properties. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 5 (1993) 327-336
129. Sturmey P., Sevin J., and Williams D.E. The Behavior Problems Inventory: A further replication of its factor structure. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 39 (1995) 353-356
130. Symons F.J., and Thompson T. Self-injurious behavior and body site preference. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 41 (1997) 456-468
131. Tarbox J., Wallace M.D., Tarbox R.S.F., Landaburu H.J., and Williams L. Functional analysis and treatment of low rate problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities. Behavioral Interventions 19 (2004) 187-204
132. Tassé M.J., Aman M.G., Hammer D., and Rojahn J. The Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form: Age and gender effects and norms. Research in Developmental Disabilities 17 (1996) 59-75
133. Tassé M.J., and Lecavalier L. Comparing parent and teacher ratings of social competence and problem behavior. American Journal on Mental Retardation 105 (2000) 252-259
134. Tate B.G., and Baroff G.S. Aversive control of self-injurious behavior in a psychotic boy. Behavior Research and Therapy 4 (1966) 281-287
135. Thompson T., and Caruso M. Self-injurious behavior: Knowing what we're looking for. In: Schroeder S.R., Oster-Granite M.L., and Thompson T. (Eds). Self-injurious behavior: Gene-brain-behavior relationships (2002), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 3-21
136. Thompson T., Felce D., and Symons F.J. Behavioral observation (2000), Brookes, Baltimore
137. Touchette P.E., MacDonald R.F., and Langer S.N. A scatter plot for identifying stimulus control of problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 18 (1985) 343-351
138. Wallace M.D., and Iwata B.A. Effects of session duration on functional analysis outcome. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 32 (1999) 175-183
139. Wanless L.K., and Jahoda A.U. Responses of staff towards people with mild to moderate intellectual disability who behave aggressively: A cognitive emotional analysis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46 (2002) 507-516
140. Wordsell A.S., Iwata B.A., Hanley G.P., Thompson R.H., and Kahng S.W. Effects of continuous and intermittent reinforcement for problem behavior during functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 33 (2000) 167-179
141. Zarcone J.R., Iwata B.A., Hughes C.E., and Vollmer T.R. Momentum versus extinction effects in the treatment of self-injurious escape behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 26 (1993) 135-136
142. Zarcone J.R., Iwata B.A., Mazaleski J.L., and Smith R.G. Momentum and extinction effects on self-injurious behavior and noncompliance. Journal of Applied Behavior analysis 27 (1994) 649-658
143. Zarcone J.R., Rodgers T.A., Iwata B.A., Rourke D.A., and Dorsey M.F. Reliability analysis of the Motivation Assessment Scale: A failure to replicate. Research in Developmental Disabilities 12 (1991) 349-360