Positron-emission tomography (PET) in the diagnosis and staging of non-small cell lung cancer. Proposal for a rational approach;Proposta di utilizzo razionale della tomografia a emissione di positroni (PET) nella diagnosi e stadiazione del tumore polmonare non a piccole cellule

Rassegna di Patologia dell'Apparato Respiratorio

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 43-53

  Ceron, Loris ^a   Mazzini, Roberto ^a   Michieletto, Lucio ^a   Pagan, Vittore ^a   Serena, Pietro ^a   Zamperlin, Andrea ^a  

^a Azienda ULSS 12 Veneziana   (Italy)

Author keywords

Negative predictive value; PET; PET CT; Positive predictive value; Sensitivity; Specificity

Indexed keywords

BONE SCINTISCANNING; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER STAGING; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; HUMAN; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MEDIASTINOSCOPY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTION; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; THORACOTOMY;

EID: 34548760775     PISSN: 00339563     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Lowe VJ, Naunheim KS. Positron emission tomography in lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;65:1821-9.
2. Delbeke D, Martin WH. PET and PET-CT for evaluation of colorectal carcinoma. Semin Nucl Med 2004;34:209-23.
3. Dizendorf EV, Baumert BG, von Schulthess GK, Lutolf UM, Steinert HC. Impact of whole-body 18F-FDG PET on staging and managing patients for radiation therapy. J Nucl Med 2003;44:30-2.
4. Hustinx R, Bénard F, Alavi A. Whole-Body FDG PET imaging in the management of patients with cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2002;32:35-46.
5. Gould MK, Maclean CC, Kuschner WG, Rydzak CE, Owens DK. Accuracy of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and mass lesions: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2001;285:914-24.
6. Eschmann SM, Friedel G, Paulsen F, Budach W, Harer-Mouline C, Dohmen BM, et al. FDG PET for staging of advanced non-small cell lung cancer prior to neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:804-8.
7. Detterbeck FC, Falen S, Rivera MP, Halle JS, Socinski MA. Seeking a home for a PET Part 2. Defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the staging of patients with suspected lung cancer. Chest 2004;125:2300-8.
8. Gould MK, Kuschner WG, Rydzak CE, Maclean CC, Demas AN, Shigemitsu H, et al. Test performance of positron emission tomography and computed tomography for mediastinal staging in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. A metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139:879-92.
9. 18F FDG PEF. Radiology 2004;231:858-65.
10. Shumacher T, Brink I, Mix M, Reinhardt M, Herget G, Digel W, et al. FDG-PET imaging for the staging and follow-up of small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 2001;28:483-8.
11. Grahek D, Montravers F, Mayaud C, Regnard JF, Kerrou K, Younsi N, et al. Positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F7-FDG in bronchopulmonary cancer and its impact on medical decision at the time of diagnosis, staging or recurrence evaluation. Rev Pneumol Clin 2001;57:393-403.
12. Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, De Leyn PR, Dupont PJ, Verschakelen A Nackaerts KL, et al. Mediastinal lymph node staging with FDG-PET- scan in patients with potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective analysis of 50 cases. Chest 1997; 112:1480-6.
13. Lewis P, Griffin S, Marsden P, Nunan T, Malsey M, Dussek J. Whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in preoperative evaluation of lung cancer. Lancet 1994;344:1265-6.
14. Van Tinteren H, Hoekstra OS, Smit EF, van den Bergh JH, Schreurs AJ, Stallaert RA, et al. Effectiveness of positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of patients with suspected non-small cell lung cancer: the PLUS multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1388-93.
15. Kernstine KH, Mclaughlin KA, Merida Y, Rossi NP, Kahn DJ, Bushnell DL, et al. FDG-PET reduce the need for mediastinoscopy in potentially respectable nonsmall cell lung cancer? Ann thorac Surg 2002;73:394-402.
16. Vanuytsel LJ, Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, De Leyen PR, De Wever W, Verbeken EK, et al. The impact of (18)Ffluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) lymph node staging on the radiation treatment volumes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 2000;55:317-24.
17. Ryu JS, Choi NC, Fischman AJ, Lynch TJ, Mathisen DJ. FDG-PEF in staging and restaging non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: correlation with histopathology. Lung Cancer 2002;35:179-87.
18. Hicks R, Kalff V, MacMannus M, Ware RE, McKenzie AF, Matthews JP, et al. The Utility Of 18F FDG PET for suspected recurrent non-small cell lung cancer after potentially curative therapy: impact on management and prognostic stratification. J Nucl Med 2001;42:1605-13.
19. MacMannus MP, Hicks RJ, Matthews JP, McKenzie A, Rischin D, Salminen EK, et al. Positron emission tomography is superior to computed tomography scanning for responseassessment after radical radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:1285-92.
20. 18F]FDG-PET caused by non-neoplastic cellular elements after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2005;35:271-3.
21. Kelly RF, Tran T, Holmstrom A, Murar J, Segurola RJ Jr. Accuracy and cost-effectiveness of[18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-d-lucosepositron emission tomography scan in potentially resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2004; 125:1413-23.
22. Bastarrika G, Garcia-Velloso MJ, Lozano MD, Montes U, Torre W, Spiteri N, et al. Early lung cancer detection using spiral computed tomography and positron emission tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:1378-83.
23. Vesselle H, Pugsley JM, Vallières E, Wood DE. The impact of fluorodeoxyglucose F18 positron-emission tomography on the surgical staging of non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:511-9.
24. Cohade C, Osman M, Marshall LT, Wahl RL. PET-CT: accuracy of PET and CT spatial registration of lung lesions. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:721-6.
25. Osman MM, Cohade C, Nakamoto Y, Marshall LT, Leal JP, Wahl RL. Clinically significant inaccurate localization of lesions with PET/CT frequency in 300 patients. J Nucl Med 2003;44:240-3.
26. Goerres GW, Kamel E, Heidelberg TN, Schwitter MR, Burger C, von Schulthess GK. PET-CT image co-registration in the thorax: influence of respiration. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:351-60.
27. Poncelet AJ, Lonneux M, Coche E, Weynaud B, Nairhomme P. PET-FDG scan enhances but does not replace preoperative surgical staging in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;20:468-74.
28. Farrel MA, McAdams HP, Herndon JE, Patz EF Jr. Non-small cell lung cancer: FDG-PET for nodal staging in patients with stage I disease. Radiology 2000;215:886-90.
29. Valk PE, Pounds TR, Hopkins DM, Haseman MK, Hofer GA, Greiss HB, et al. Staging non-small cell lung cancer by whole body positron emission tomographic imaging. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;60:1573-82.
30. Duhaylongsod FG, Lowe VJ, Patz EF Jr, Vaughn AL, Coleman RE, Wolfe WG. Detection of primary and recurrent lung cancer by means of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;110:130-40.
31. Scott WJ, Globar LS, Terry JD, Dewan NA, Sunderland JJ. Mediastinal lymph node staging of non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective comparison of computed tomography and positron emission tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 111:642-8.
32. Silvestri GA, Tanoue LT, Margolis ML, Barker J, Detterbeck F. The noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer. The guidelines. Chest 2003; 123:S147-56.
33. Kluetz P, Villemagne W, Meltzer C, Chander S, Martinelli M, Townsend D. The case for PET/CT. Experience at the University of Pittsburgh. Clin Positron Imaging 2000;3:174.
34. Martinelli M, Townsend D, Meltzer C, Villemagne W. Survey of results of whole body imaging using the PET/CT at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center PET Facility. Clin Positron Imaging 2000;3:161.
35. Branstetter BF 4th, Blodgett TM, Zimmer LA, Snyderman CH, Johnson JT, Raman S, et al. Head and neck malignancy: is PET/CT more accurate than PEF or CT alone? Radiology 2005;235:580-6.
36. Fanti S, Franchi R, Battista G, Monetti N, Canini R. PET e PET-TC: stato dell'arte e prospettive future. Radiol Med 2005; 110: 1-15.
37. Veit P, Ruehm S, Kuehl H, Stergar H, Mueller S, Bockisch A, et al. Lymph node staging with dual-modality PET/CT: Enhancing the diagnostic accuracy in oncology. Eur J Radiol 2006;58:383-9.
38. Von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC, Hany TF. Integrated PET/CT: current applications and future directions. Radiology 2006;238:405-22.
39. Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, Dupont PJ, De Leyn PR, De Wever WF, Verbeken EK, et al. FDG-PET scan in potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer: do anatomometabolic PET-CT fusion images improve the localisation of regional lymph node metastases? The Leuven Lung Cancer Group. Eur J Nucl Med 1998;25:1495-501.
40. Krishnasetty V, Fischman AJ, Halpern EL, Aquino SL. Comparison of alignment of computer-registered data sets: combined PET/CT versus independent PET and CT of the thorax. Radiology 2005;237:635-9.
41. Swensen SJ, Silverstein MD, Ilstrup DM, Schleck CD, Edell ES. The probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules. Application to small radiologically indeterminate nodules. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:849-55.
42. Dewan NA, Shehan CJ, Reeb SD, Gobar LS, Scott WJ, Ryschon K. Likelihood of malignancy in a solitary pulmonary nodule: comparison of Bayesian analysis and results of FDG-PET scan. Chest 1997;112:416-22.
43. Lillington GA. Management of solitary pulmonary nodules. Dis Mon 1991;37:271-318.
44. Quint LE, Park CH, Iannettoni MD. Solitary pulmonary nodules in patients with extrapulmonary neoplasms. Radiology 2000;217:257-61.
45. Mery CM, Pappas AN, Bueno R, Mentzer SJ, Lukanich JM, Sugarbaker DJ, et al. Relationship between a history of antecedent cancer and the probability of malignancy for a solitary pulmonary nodule. Chest 2004; 125:2175-81.
46. Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Connolly JE. Solitary pulmonary nodules. Part II. Evaluation of the indeterminate nodule. RadioGraphics 2000;20:59-66.
47. Viggiano RW, Swensen SJ, Rosenow EC 3rd. Evaluation and management of solitary and multiple pulmonary nodules. Clin Chest Med 1992; 13:83-95.
48. Detterbeck FC, Falen S, Rivera MP, Halle JS, Socinski MA. Seeking a home for PET, Part 1. Defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules or masses. Chest 2004; 125:2294-9.
49. Gould MK, Sanders GD, Barnett PG, Rydzak CE, Maclean CC, McClellan MB, et al. Cost-effectiveness of alternative management strategies for patients with solitary pulmonary nodules. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:724-35.
50. Guyatt GH, Lefcoe M, Walter S, Cook D, Troyan S, Griffith L, et al. Interobserver variation in the computed tomographic evaluation of mediastinal lymph node size in patients with potentially resectable lung cancer. Chest 1995; 107:116-9.
51. Staples CA, Müller NL, Miller RR, Evans KG, Nelems B. Mediastinal nodes in bronchogenic carcinoma: comparison between CT and mediastinoscopy. Radiology 1988; 167:367-72.
52. Takamochi K, Nagai K, Suzuki K, Yoshida J, Ohde Y, Nishiwaki Y. Clinical predictors of N2 disease in non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2000;117:1577-82.
53. MacManus MP, Hicks RJ, Matthews JP, Hogg A, McKenzie AF, Wirth A, et al. High rate of detection of unsospected distant metastasis by PET in apparent stage III non-small cell lung cancer: implications for radical radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;50:287-93.
54. Hatter J, Kohman LJ, Mosca RS, Graziano SL, Veit LJ, Coleman M. Preoperative evaluation of stage I and stage II nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58:1738-41.
55. Grant D, Edwards D, Goldstraw P. Computed tomography of the brain, chest and abdomen in the preoperative assessment of non-small cell lung cancer. Thorax 1988;43:883-6.
56. Salvatierra A, Baamonde C, Llamas JM, Cruz F, Lopez-Pujol J. Extrathoracic staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 1990; 97:1052-8.
57. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, Dempsey RJ, Maruyama Y, Kryscio RJ, et al. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 1990;322:494-500.
58. Jacobson AF, Cronin EB, Stomper PC, Kaplan WD. Bone scans with one or two new abnormalities in cancer patients with no known metastases: frequency and serial scintigraphic behaviour of benign and malignant lesions. Radiology 1990; 175:229-32.
59. Dietlein M, Weber K, Grandjour A, Moka D, Theissen P, Lauterbach KW, et al. Cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET for the management of potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer; priority for a PET-based strategy after nodal-negative CT results. Eur J Nucl Med 2000;27:1598-609.
60. Gross BH, Glazer GM, Orringer MB, Spizarny DL, Flint A. Bronchogenic carcinoma metastatic to normal-sized lymph nodes: frequency and significance. Radiology 1988;166(1 Pt1):71-4.
61. Ohta Y, Oda M, Wu J, Tsunezuka Y, Hiroshi M, Nonomura A, et al. Can tumor size be a guide for limited surgical intervention in patients with peripheral non-small cell lung cancer? Assessment from the point of view of nodal micrometastasis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 122:900-6.
62. Arita T, Matsumoto T, Kuramitsu T, Kawamura M, Matsunaga N, Sugi K, et al. Is it possible to differentiate malignant mediastinal nodes from benign nodes by size? Reevaluation by CT transesophageal echocardiography, and nodal specimen. Chest 1996; 110: 1004-8.
63. Arita T, Kuramitsu T, Kawamura M, Matsumoto T, Matsunaga N, Sugi K, et al. Bronchogenic carcinoma: incidence of metastases to normal sized lymph nodes. Thorax 1995;50:1267-9.
64. Breyer RH. Karstaedt N, Mills SA, Johnston FR, Choplin RH, Wolfman NT, et al. Computed tomography for evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes in lung cancer, correlation with surgical staging. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;38:215-20.
65. Gdeedo A, Van Schil P, Corthouts B, Van Mieghem F, Van Meerbeeck J, Van Marck E. Prospective evaluation of computed tomography and mediastinoscopy in mediastinal lymph node staging. Eur Respir J 1997;10:1547-51.
66. Aaby C, Kristensen S, Nielsen SM. Mediastinal staging of non-small-cell lung cancer: computed tomography and cervical mediastinoscopy. J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1995;57:279-85.
67. Sioris T, Jarvenpaa R, Kuukasjarvi P, Helin H, Saarelainen S, Tarkka M. Comparison of computed tomography and systematic lymph node dissection in determining TNM and stage in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003;23:403-8.
68. Prenzel KL, Moenig SP, Jan M, Sinning JM, Baldus SE, Brochhagen HG, et al. Lymph node size and metastatic infiltration in non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2003; 123:463-7.
69. Miller DL, Rowland CM, Deschamps C, Allen MS, Trastek VF, Pairolero PC. Surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer 1 cm or less in diameter. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:1545-51.
70. Asamura H, Nakayama H, Kondo H, Tsuchiya R, Shimosato Y, Naruke T. Lymph node involvement, recurrence and prognosis in resected small, peripheral, non-small cell lung carcinomas: are these carcinomas candidates for video-assisted lobectomy? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;111:1125-34.
71. Suzuki K, Nagai K, Yoshida J, Nishimura M, Takahashi K, Nishiwaki Y. Clinical predictors of N2 disease in the setting of a negative computed tomographic scan in patients with lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:593-8.
72. Takizawa T, Terashima M, Koike T, Watanabe T, Kurita Y, Yokoyama A, et al, Lymph node metastasis in small peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 116:276-80.
73. Watanabe S, Asamura H, Suzuki K, Tsuchiya R. Problems in diagnosis and surgical management of clinical N1 non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:1682-5.
74. Mizushima Y, Yamashita R, Kusajima Y, Sugiyama S. Prognostic comparison between peripheral and central types of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in patients undergoing surgical resection. Oncol Rep 2000; 7:319-22.
75. Saito M, Furukawa K, Miura T, Kato H. Evaluation of T factor surgical method, and prognostic factors in central type lung cancer. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;50:413-7.
76. Marom EM, McAdams HP, Erasmus JJ, Goodman PC, Culhane DK, Coleman RE, et al. Staging non-small cell lung cancer with whole-body PET. Radiology 1999;212:803-9.
77. Bury T, Barreto A, Daenen F, Barthelemy N, Ghaye B, Rigo R Fluorine-18deoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the detection of bone metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 1998;25:1244-7
78. Szolar DH, Kammerhuber F. Quantitative CT evaluation of adrenal gland masses: a step forward in the differentiation between adenomas and nonadenomas? Radiology 1997;202:517-21.
79. Szolar DH, Kammerhuber FH. Adrena adenomas and nonadenomas: assessment of washout at delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology 1998;207:369-75.
80. Reed C, Harpole D, Posther K, Woolson SL, Downey RJ, Meyers BF, et al. Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0050 trial: the utility, of PET in staging patients with potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126:1943-51.
81. Takamochi K, Yoshida J, Murakami K, Niho S, Ishii G, Nishimura M, et al. Pitfalls in lymph node staging with positron emission tomography in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 2005;47:235-42.
82. Scott WJ, Shepherd J, Gambhir SS. Cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET for staging non-small cell lung cancer: a decision analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;66:1876-83(discussion 1883-85).
83. Gambhir SS, Hoh CK, Phelps ME, Madar L, Maddahi J. Decision tree sensitivity analysis for cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET in the staging and management of non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Nucl Med 1996;37:1428-36.
84. Martini N, Flehinger BJ. The role of surgery in N2 lung cancer. Surg Clin North Am 1987;67:1037-49.
85. Goldstraw P, Mannam GC, Kaplan DK, Michail P. Surgical management of non-small-cell lung cancer with ipsilateral mediastinal node metastasis (N2 disease). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;107:19-27(discussion 27-8).
86. Inoue M, Sawabata N, Takeda S, Ohta M, Ohno Y, Maeda H. Results of surgical intervention for p-stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer: acceptable prognosis predicted by complete resection in patients with single N2 disease with primary tumor in the upper lobe. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127:1100-6.
87. Maggi G, Casadio C, Cianci R, Molinatti M, Filosso PL, Nicolosi M, et al. Results of surgical resection of stage IIIa (N2) non small cell lung cancer, according to the site of the mediastinal metastases. Int Surg 1993;78:213-7.
88. Van Klaveren RJ, Festen J, Otten HJ, Cox AL, de Graaf R, Lacquet LK. Prognosis of unsuspected but completely resectable N2 non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;56:300-4.
89. Vansteenkiste JF, De Leyn PR, Deneffe GJ, Stalpaert G, Nackaerts KL, Lerut TE, et al. Survival and prognostic factors in resected N2 non-small cell lung cancer: a study of 140 cases. Leuven Lung Cancer Group. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:1441-50.
90. Okada M, Tsubota N, Yoshimura M, Miyamoto Y, Matsuoka H. Prognosis of completely resected pN2 non-small cell lung carcinomas: What is the significant node that affects survival? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:270-5.
91. Andre F, Grunenwald D, Pignon JP, Dujon A, Pujol JL, Brichon PY, et al. Survival of patients with resected N2 non-small-cell lung cancer: evidence for a subclassification and implications. J Clin Oncol 2000;18(16):2981-9.
92. Watanabe Y, Hayashi Y, Shimizu J, Oda M, Iwa T. Mediastinal nodal involvement and the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 1991;100:422-8.
93. De Leyn P, Schoonooghe P, Deneffe G, Van Raemdonck D, Coosemans W, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Surgery for non-small cell lung cancer with unsuspected metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal or subcarinal nodes (N2 disease). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1996;10:649-54(discussion 654-5).
94. Quidaciolu F, Cappato S, Pastorino G, Guasone F, De Negri A, Giua R. Surgery in the treatment of pulmonary carcinoma with mediastinal lymph node metastasis (N2). Minerva Chir 1991;46:1105-8.
95. Naruke T, Goya T, Tsuchiya R, Suemasu K. The importance of surgery to non-small cell carcinoma of lung with mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Ann Thorac Surg 1988;46:603-10.