Research on dengue and dengue-like illness in East Asia and the Western Pacific during the First Half of the 20th century

Reviews in Medical Virology

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 327-341

  Kuno, Goro ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEDES AEGYPTI; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; DENGUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; EPIDEMIC; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; LEPTOSPIROSIS; MALARIA; MEDICAL PERSONNEL; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SCARLET FEVER; SHOCK; TYPHOID FEVER; VIRUS ISOLATION; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN; DENGUE; FAR EAST; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS;

EID: 34548733678     PISSN: 10529276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.545     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Gubler DJ. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11: 480-496.
2. Gubler DJ. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever: its history and resurgence as a global public health problem. In Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Gubler DJ, Kuno G (eds). CAB International: Wallingford, UK, 1997; 1-22.
3. Nelson ER. Hemorrhagic fever in children in Thailand. J Pediatrics 1960; 56: 101-108.
4. Quintos FN, Lim LE, Juliano L, Reyes A, Lacson P. Hemorrhagic fever observed among children in the Philippines. Philippine J Pediatrics 1954; 3: 1-18.
5. Kuno G. A bibliographic database on dengue San Juan, Puerto Rico: Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dept. Health and Human Services, United States; 1993.
6. Sabin AB. The dengue group of viruses and its family relationships. Bacteriol Rev 1950; 14: 225-232.
7. Hotta S. Experimental studies on dengue I. Isolation, identification, and modification of the virus. J Infect Dis 1952; 90: 1-9.
8. Hotta S. Twenty years of laboratory experience with dengue virus. In Applied Virology (Vol. 1, 1st edn). Sanders M, Lennette EH (eds). Warren H. Green: St. Louis, MO, 1965; 228-256.
9. Sabin AB. Research on dengue during World War II. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1952; 1: 30-50.
10. Fujita N, Yoshida K. Follow-up studies on dengue endemic in Nagasaki, Japan: detection of specific antibodies in the serum taken more than 30 years after a single attack of dengue. Kobe J Med Sci 1979; 25: 217-221.
11. Ashburn PM, Craig CF. Experimental investigations regarding the etiology of dengue fever. J Infect Dis 1907; 4: 440-475.
12. Koizumi T, Yamaguchi K, Tonomura K. [Research on dengue]. Taiwan-Igakukai-Zasshi [Taiwan J Med] 1917; 176: 369-392.
13. Siler JF, Hall MW, Hitchen AP. Dengue, its history, mechanism of transmission, etiology, clinical manifestation, immunity, and prevention. Philippine J Sciences 1926; 29: 1-304.
14. Philip CB. Infectivity of dengue serums transported in ordinary ice by air. Bull US Army Med Dept 1947; 5(2): 226-227.
15. Kimura R, Hotta S. [Research on dengue. Report 6: inoculation of mice with dengue virus]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1944; 3379: 629-633.
16. Hotta S. [Dengue virus isolation: a review]. Virus 1951; 1: 187-197.
17. Sabin AB. Recent advances in Phlebotomus and dengue fevers. Proc Fourth Int Congr Trop Med Malaria 1948; 520-525.
18. Doherty RL. Arthropod-borne viruses in Australia, 1973-1976. Austr J Exp Biol Med Sci 1977; 55(2): 103-130.
19. Halstead SB. Etiologies of the experimental dengues of Siler and Simmons. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1974; 23: 974-982.
20. Manson P. Dengue. Allbutt's System of Medicine 1897; 2: 376-385.
21. Hammon WM, Rudnick A, Sather GE. Viruses associated with epidemic hemorrhagic fevers of the Philippines and Thailand. Science 1960; 131: 1102-1103.
22. Matsunaga S. [Clinical observations during a dengue outbreak in Truk Island]. Nippon-Biseibutsugaku-Zasshi [Jpn J Microbiol] 1922; 16(7): 721-739.
23. Morifuku S. [Recent demographic data of the repatriated Japanese]. Nippon-Koshu-Eisei-Zasshi [Jpn J Publ Hlth] 1949; 6: 20-22.
24. Inagaki C. [Dengue fever]. Kenyokai-Zasshi [Kenyokai Med J] 1917; 132: 45-51.
25. Hosoya S, Kawashima S. [Dengue outbreak that prevailed in Okinawa]. Shinryo [Clinical Management] 1931; 3(11/12): 970-978.
26. Ooi M. [Dengue outbreak in Taiwan, 1942, with emphases on the epidemiologic stituation in Kaohsiung areas and major clinical symptoms]. Taiwan-Igakukai-Zasshi [Taiwan J Med] 1943; 42(6): 734-741.
27. Hotta S. Dengue epidemics in Japan, 1942-1945. J Trop Med Hyg 1953; 56(4): 83.
28. Murray CK, Horvath LL. An approach to prevention of infectious diseases during military deployments. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 424-430.
29. Kisner P, Lisansky ET. Analysis of an epidemic of dengue fever. Ann Intern Med 1944; 20: 45-51.
30. Stewart FH. Dengue: analysis of the clinical syndrome at a South Pacific advance base. US Naval Med Bull 1944; 42: 1233-1240.
31. Takasaki H, Okada T. [Seven necropsy cases of dengue associated with the cerebral hemorrhage, especially as to the specificity of hemorrhagic focus]. Mie-Igaku [Med J Mie] 1958; 2(4): 554-559.
32. Yaoi H. [Infectious diseases prevalent in the tropics]. In Tropical Medicine, Medicine Jpn Soc Trop Med (ed.). Japan Society of Tropical Medicine: Tokyo, 1963; 123-144.
33. Shimizu K. [The epidemiology of dengue fever in Okinawa Prefecture (1931) and Mile (sic) Island (1943)]. National Defense Med J (Japan) 1983; 30(9): 297-310.
34. Nagao G. [The military significance of dengue]. Nippon-Iji-Shimpo [Jpn Med Gazette] 1943; 1092: 1648-1650.
35. McCoy OR, Sabin AB. Chapter IV: dengue. In Preventive Medicine in World War II: Communicable Diseases, Coates JB (ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C., 1955; 29-62.
36. Army US. Medical Department, United States Army in World War II: Organization and Administration in World War II. United States Army: Washington, D.C., 1963.
37. Carson DA. Observations on dengue. US Naval Med Bull 1944; 42: 1081-1084.
38. Sabin AB. Dengue. In Viral and Rickettsial Infection of Man, Rivers TM (ed.). Lippincott: Philadelphia, 1948; 445-453.
39. Fairley NH. Wartime research on malaria and other tropical diseases of military significance. Res Defence Soc London 1947; 35(1): 2-19.
40. Smallman-Raynor MR, Cliff AD. Impact of infectious diseases on war. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2004; 18: 341-368.
41. Hotta S. [Research on dengue. Report 12: the protective efficacy of a vaccine candidate with modified traits]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1947; 3414: 105-106.
42. Fujino K. History of Microbiologic Research in Japan (in Japanese). Kindai Shuppan: Tokyo, 1984.
43. Hamada S. [Clinical observations of dengue fever among children]. Nippon-Iji-Shimpo [Jpn Med Gazette] 1942; 1056: 2751-2753.
44. Akashi K. [An investigation of the outbreak of dengue in the southern regions of Taiwan, 1931]. Taiwan-Igakukai-Zasshi [Taiwan J Med] 1932; 31(7): 767-777.
45. Nogue J. Notes et observations sur deux epidemies de dengue. Arch Med Nav (Paris) 1897; 68: 442-457.
46. Goldsmid JA. Fatal haemorrhagic dengue. Med J Australia 1917; 1: 7-8.
47. Oda T. [A clinical investigation of dengue fever]. Taiwan-Igakukai- Zasshi [Taiwan J Med] 1943; 42(1): 78-79.
48. Fukui M. [An outbreak of dengue in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 1943: clinical observations, statistical studies, early diagnosis, and re-infection]. Shonika-Shinryo [Pediatric Clinics] 1943; 9(1): 17-38.
49. Hattori J. [The causes of hemorrhagic manifestations in dengue infection]. Rinsho-to-Kenkyu [Clinical Diagnosis and Research] 1946; 23: 305-308.
50. Simmons JS, St. John JH, Holt RL, Reynolds FHK. Experimental studies of dengue. Philippine J Sci 1931; 44: 1-251.
51. Ishii N. [Dengue fever]. Nippon-Rinsho [Jpn J Clin Diagn] 1943; 1: 419-426.
52. Abe I, Shioiri A, Ide T, Iwazawa S, Nakahashi Y. [Development of dengue fever by a bite of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus and clinical observations]. Kaigun-Gun-Ikai-Zasshi [J Med Assoc Physicians Jpn Navy] 1944; 33: 368.
53. Koizumi T, Yamaguchi K, Tonomura K. [Research on dengue: introduction]. Taiwan-Igakukai-Zasshi [Taiwan J Med] 1917; 177: 432-463.
54. Mackerras IM. Transmission of dengue fever by Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris Walk, in New Guinea. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1946; 40: 295-312.
55. Daggy RH. Aedes scutellaris hebrideus Edwards. A probable vector of dengue in the New Hebrides. War Med 1944; 5: 292-293.
56. Ashford DA, Savage HM, Hajieh RA, et al. Outbreak of dengue fever in Palau, western Pacific: risk factors for infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 69(2): 135-140.
57. Rosen L, Rozeboom LE, Sweet BH, Sabin AB. The transmission of dengue by Aedes polynesiensis Marks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1954; 3: 878-882.
58. Kumm HW. The geographic distribution of the yellow fever vectors. Am J Hyg 1931; Monograph Series 12, (pp. 110).
59. Yamada S. [Distribution of Stegomyia fasciata, the yellow fever vector, in Japan]. Eiseigaku-Densenbyogaku-Zasshi [Jpn J Hyg & Infect Dis] 1917; 12: 386-403.
60. Hosoya S, Kawashima S. [Dengue fever outbreak that prevailed in Okinawa this year]. Tokyo-IjiShimpo [Tokyo Med Bull] 1931; 2741: 39-43.
61. Uchida N. [A survey of vectors of dengue virus in Nagasaki, Japan]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1942; 3306: 2299-2230.
62. Ishii N, Kamogaki M, Fukuda M, Yajima Y, Mitoma H. [Research on dengue. Report 1: the outbreak in Nagasaki City]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1943; 3316: 92-95.
63. Oguri K, Kobayashi K. [Aedes aegypti in the Amakusa District of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan]. Nippon-Eiseigakukai-Zasshi [Jpn J Hyg] 1948; 2: 13-16.
64. Hotta S. Dengue vector mosquitoes in Japan: the role of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the 1942-1944 dengue epidemics of Japanese main islands. Med Entomol Zool 1998; 49(4): 267-274.
65. Morishita T. [A survey of Ae. albopictus infestation in Shanghai and Hanzhou, China, with a focus on the relationship with dengue outbreak]. Dojinkai-Igaku-Zasshi [The Dojinkai Med J] 1943; 17(6): 371-375.
66. Omori N. [Prevention of dengue]. Taiwan-no-Ikai [Med J Taiwan] 1942; 1(6): 266-267.
67. Morishita K. [Observations of dengue infection among Japanese residents in Bangkok, Thailand]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1942; 3292: 1561-1562.
68. Esaki T. A preliminary report on the entomological survey of the Micronesian islands under the Japanese Mandate, with special reference to the insects of economic importance. Proc Sixth Pacific Congr 1939; 4: 407-415.
69. Kuwabara S. On 'dengue' in the South Sea Islands under the Japanese Administration. Sei-Ikai-Zasshi [Sei-Ikai J Med] 1941; 60: 958-986.
70. Kay BH, Ives WA, Whelan PI, Barker-Hudson P, Fanning ID, Marks EN. Is Aedes albopictus in Australia? Med J Australia 1990; 153: 31-34.
71. Anonymous. [An epidemiologic review of the dengue outbreak currently in progress in Taiwan]. Taiwan-no-Ikai [Med J Taiwan] 1942; 1(9): 441-443.
72. Miyajima M, Nagano K, Ii M, Kodama T, Hata M, Yamagami Y. [The basic knowledge of the biology of mosquitoes and control measures including the application of a predatory fish]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1944; 3365: 625-629.
73. Nanzaki Y. [Prevention of dengue]. Nippon-Iji-Shimpo [Jpn Med Gazette] 1943; 1092: 1650-1651.
74. Misao T, Ishihara M. [Dengue. Report 4: Transport of the mosquito vectors via aircraft]. Rinsho-to-Kenkyu [Clinical Diagnosis and Research] 1945; 22: 386-387.
75. Stedman FO. An epidemic of dengue fever. Brit Med J 1902; 2: 94-95.
76. De Jonge K. Kleinere mededeelingen. Geneeskundig Tijdshrift voor Nederlands-Indie 1902; 43(3): 303-315.
77. Skae SMT. Dengue fever in Penang. Brit Med J 1902; 2: 1581-1582.
78. More FW. Observations on dengue fever in Singapore. J Malaya Brit Med Assoc 1904; 1: 24-29.
79. Nightingale PA. The climate and diseases of Bangkok. Brit Med J 1902; 2: 839-841.
80. Pridmore WG. Dengue fever in Burmah. Brit Med J 1902; 2: 1582-1583.
81. Ura M. [The epidemiology of dengue in Okinawa. Part 1: the history of outbreaks and seroprevalence of HI antibody]. Okinawa-Kogai-Eiseikenkyusho-Ho [Rept Okinawa Inst Environ Hyg] 1978; 12: 104-114.
82. Stitt ER. Dengue and influenza in the tropics- a method of differential diagnosis. US Naval Med Bull 1907; 1: 30-33.
83. Cazamian. Quelques considerations sur une epidemie de dengue a bord du Kersaint, Saigon, Juillet-Aout-September, 1905. Arch Med Nav Paris 1906; 85: 241-262.
84. Gaide. Note sur la dengue en Annam-Tonkin. Ann Hyg Med Colon (Paris) 1913; 16: 1177-1181.
85. Vassal JJ, Brochet A. Dengue in Indo-China: epidemic on board the 'Manche'. Philippine J Sci 1909; 4: 21-36.
86. Vassal JJ, Brochet A. La dengue en Indo-Chine. Epidemie a bord de la Manche en 1907. Ann d'Hyg Med Colon (Paris) 1908; 11: 547-572.
87. Inagaki C. [My recollection of dengue outbreaks]. Nippon-Iji-Shimpo [Jpn Med Gazette] 1942; 1045: 2183.
88. Legendre. La dengue, ses varietes et la conservation de son virus en Indochine. Bull Soc Med Chir Indo-Chine Hanoi-Haiphon 1912; 3: 456-462.
89. Ikegami Y. [A review of dengue syndrome based on general survey and personal affliction]. Nippon-Iji-Shimpo [Jpn Med Gazette] 1942; 1045: 2185-2186.
90. Yamamoto S. [Dengue outbreak in the Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands)]. Saikin-Igaku [Modern Medicine] 1936; 12(8): 32-34.
91. Matsuura T. [Dengue fever]. Nippon-Biseibutsugaku-Zasshi [Jpn J Microbiol] 1920; 14: 143-150.
92. Kaku T. [A dengue outbreak in Tottori, Japan, in the Twenty First Infantry Division of the Japanese Army]. Gun-Idan-Zasshi [J Assoc Physicians Jpn Army] 1929; 191: 753-764.
93. Goto M. [Dengue virus (abstract)]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1944; 3365: 225.
94. Pirot R. Note preliminaire sur une epidemie de fievre de sept jours observee sur les navires de guerre stationnnes a Saigon. Bull Soc Med Chir Indo-Chine 1926; 4(7): 360-375.
95. Misaizu H. [A clinical examination of dengue patients]. Hifuka-Kiyo [Dermatology Bulletin] 1932; 19(1): 54-55.
96. Izeki W. [Dengue outbreak in Palau, 1927]. Hifuka-Kiyo [Dermatology Bulletin] 1935; 25: 249-258.
97. Millous P. Note sur les caracteristiques cliniques d'une epidemie de dengue en 1927 dans une province de Cochinchine. Ann Med Pharm Colon 1929; 27: 422-435.
98. Hoffmann JM, Martens WK. De overbrenging van de Javaansche 'endemische dengue' naar Amsterdam. Geneesk Tijdsch V Ned Ind 1932; 72: 1195-1199.
99. Snijders EP, Dinger EJ, Schuffner WAP. On the transmission of dengue in Sumatra. Am J Trop Med 1931; 11: 171-197.
100. Snijders EP, Dinger JE, Schuffner W. Over de overbreging der Sumatraanschle Dengue (2e Mededeeling). Geneesk Tijdsch V Ned Ind 1931; 71: 345-353.
101. Nakagawa H, Kiyokawa Y. [A hematologic analysis of the blood specimens of dengue patients]. Shindan-to-Chiryo [Clinical Diagnosis and Care] 1942; 29: 1167-1185.
102. Kitano M. [An epidemiologic review of the dengue infections among military servicemen in the Japanese Army: an outbreak in Okinawa, 1931]. GunIdan-Zasshi [J Assoc Physicians Jpn Army] 1931; 220: 1951-1972.
103. Miyao T. [The dengue outbreak in Okinawa, 1931]. Kaigun-Gun-Ikai- Zasshi [J Med Assoc Physicians Jpn Navy] 1931; 20(6): 564-580.
104. Okawa N. Dengue fever observed in Chia-i, Taiwan, with a special interest in hematologic changes]. Kumamoto-Igakukai-Zasshi [Kumamoto J Med] 1932; 8(9): 990-1007.
105. Fujiwara T. [A small outbreak of dengue in a textile factory in Wakayama, Japan]. Iji-Koron [Medical Bulletin] 1938; 1354: 8-9.
106. Onisi M. [Clinical observations of dengue infection in Rota Island, including a study of hepatitic patients]. Tohoku-Igakukai-Zasshi [Tohoku J Med] 1938; 22: 575-594.
107. Kaieda M. [An outbreak of dengue locally known as Amoy fever, in the summer of 1941 in Amoy, China]. Taiwan-Igakukai-Zasshi [Taiwan J Med] 1943; 42(3): 291-299.
108. Ikeda M. [A dengue outbreak in Imieji Island, Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Islands]. Kaigun-Gun-Ikai-Zasshi [J Med Assoc Physicians Jpn Navy 1942; 31(7): 600.
109. Morishita K. [Observations of the dengue infection rate among Japanese residents in Thailand]. Taiwan-no-Ikai [Med J Taiwan] 1942; 1: 278-282.
110. Fujita S, Okada I, Fukushima G, Amano H. [Epidemiologic and clinical investigations during the dengue outbreak in Osaka, Japan]. Rinsho-Iho [Clinical-Medical Bulletin] 1943; 15: 9-10.
111. Oshiro T. [A dengue outbreak in Kobe, 1942]. Hyogo-Igaku [Med J Hyogo] 1942; 8(3): 203-213.
112. Uchida M, Ishikawa T. [Clinical observations during the dengue outbreak in Kobe, Japan, 1942]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1942; 3306: 2287-2290.
113. Yoneda M, Shiroma M: [Clinical observations of dengue infection in Okinawa, 1943. Part 2]. Nippon-Iji-Shimpo [Jpn Med Gazette] 1943; 1106: 2165.
114. Satomi M. [Clinical diagnosis of dengue]. Ikai-Shuho [Weekly Med Bull] 1943; 414: 341-343.
115. Murakami K, Fukuda R. [A clinical and epidemiological investigation: age as a factor in dengue prevalence in Taipei area of Taiwan]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1943; 3334: 950-953.
116. Aoki Y. [A report of the dengue outbreak in Wuhan, China, 1943]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1944; 3373: 437-440.
117. Ito N. [Endemic dengue activity in southern Borneo, Indonesia]. Osaka-Ikadaigaku-Zasshi [J Osaka Med College] 1959; 19: 211-221.
118. Yoneda M, Shiroma M. [Clinical observations of dengue infection in Okinawa, 1943: part 1]. Nippon-Iji-Shimpo [Jpn Med Gazette] 1943; 1105: 2129.
119. Hayashi T. [A dengue epidemic among the soldiers of the Cavalry Division of Japanese Army]. GunIdan-Zasshi [J Assoc Physicians Jpn Army] 1929; 191: 715-764.
120. Koba M. [An otolaryngologic observation of dengue patients]. Jibi-Inko-ka [Jpn J Otolaryngol] 1932; 5: 1-10.
121. Nomura S, Akashi K. [Hemorrhagic death associated with dengue infection]. Taiwan-Igakukai-Zasshi [Taiwan J Med] 1931; 30(10): 1154-1156.
122. Kawase Y, Kuranishi A. [A case of intestinal hemorrhage in dengue infection]. Rinsho-Iho [Clinical-Medical Bulletin] 1943; 626: 10-12.
123. Dann BS. [A dengue outbreak in Guangdong, China, 1942]. Taiwan-no-Ikai [Med J Taiwan] 1944; 2(12): 721-726.
124. Kunitomo N. [Ophthalmologic disorders in dengue infection]. Taiwan-no-Ikai [Med J Taiwan] 1942; 1(9): 457-458.
125. Lee TL. [Stomach bleeding associated with dengue infection and a cumulative analysis of clinical observations]. Taiwan-no-Ikai [Med J Taiwan] 1942; 1(8): 383-397.
126. Magara M. [The importance of dengue fever in obsterics]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1942; 3306: 2286-2287.
127. Kawanishi E. [Dengue, a brief account of the outbreak in Osaka, 1943]. Jyosan-no-Shiori [Syllabus of Obsterics] 1943; 48(11): 7-10.
128. Iriyama K, Kawase Y. [A report of the dengue outbreak in the summer of 1947: clinical diagnosis]. Rinsho-Iho [Clinical-Medical Bulletin] 1943; 15(1): 17-23.
129. Hamada S, Ide H, Yasui H, Kadowaki M, Fujii T, Nagaoka M. [Pediatric cases of dengue infection observed during an epidemic in Nagasaki, 1943]. Jika-Zasshi [J Child Health] 1943; 49(3): 243.
130. Kaneko T. [A histopathological investigation of a fatal case of dengue infection during the outbreak in Nagasaki, 1943]. Nippon Igaku [Jpn Med] 1943; 3329: 748.
131. Akashi K, Lim EC. [Recent observations of hemorrhagic manifestations and psychiatric disturbances in dengue patients]. Taiwan-Igakukai-Zasshi [Taiwan J Med] 1943; 42(12): 1255.
132. Kawaishi K. [Surgery necessitated in severe complications of dengue infections]. Nettai-Igaku [Trop Med Taiwan] 1943; 1(5/6): 618.
133. Kinosita R, Miyaji T. [Fatal cases of dengue infection: a study of the cause]. Nippon-Rinsho [Jpn J Clin Diagn] 1944; 2: 999-1002.
134. Sawada H. [Clinical observations of dengue infection in Taiwan, 1944, with an emphasis on four fatal cases]. Taiwan-Igakukai-Zasshi [Taiwan J Med] 1944; 43(12): 893-894.
135. Yoshida T. [Clinical observations of dengue patients during the outbreak in Taiwan, 1944 (discussion-addendum)]. Taiwan-Igakukai-Zasshi [Taiwan J Med] 1944; 43(12): 894.