The type and intensity of exercise have independent and additive effects on bone mineral density

International Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 28, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 773-779

  Magkos, F ^a   Yannakoulia, M ^a   Kavouras, S A ^a   Sidossis, Labros S ^a  

^a HAROKOPIO UNIVERSITY   (Greece)

Author keywords

Distance; Endurance; Running; Skeleton; Sprint; Swimming

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; BONE DENSITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENDURANCE SPORT; EXERCISE; EXERCISE INTENSITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; RUNNING; SWIMMING; TRAINING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BODY COMPOSITION; BONE AND BONES; BONE DENSITY; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EXERCISE; HUMANS; MALE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; RUNNING; SWIMMING;

EID: 34548684117     PISSN: 01724622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-964979     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Ammann P, Rizzoli R. Bone strength and its determinants. Osteoporos Int 2003; 14 (Suppl3): S13-S18
2. Beck BR, Shaw J, Snow CM. Physical activity and osteoporosis. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Kelsey J (eds). Osteoporosis. 2nd edn. San Diego. CA: Academic Press, 2001: 701-720
3. Bellew JW, Gehrig L. A comparison of bone mineral density in adolescent female swimmers, soccer players, and weight lifters. Pediatr Phys Ther 2006; 18: 19-22
4. Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Khan KM, Thomas SA, Reid SJ, Brukner PD, Ebeling PR, Wark JD. Bone mass and bone turnover in power athletes, endurance athletes, and controls: a 12-month longitudinal study. Bone 1997; 20: 477-484
5. Bilanin JE, Blanchard MS, Russek-Cohen E. Lower vertebral bone density in male longdistance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: 66-70
6. Bouxsein ML, Marcus R. Overview of exercise and bone mass. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1994; 20: 787-802
7. Brahm H, Strom H, Piehl-Aulin K, Mallmin H, Ljunghall S. Bone metabolism in endurance trained athletes: a comparison to population-based controls based on DXA, SXA, quantitative ultrasound, and biochemical markers. Calcif Tissue Int 1997; 61: 448-454
8. Cappozzo A. Force actions in the human trunk during running. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1983; 23: 14-22
9. Carter DR. Mechanical loading history and skeletal biology. J Biomech 1987; 20: 1095-1109
10. Chilibeck PD, Sale DG, Webber CE. Exercise and bone mineral density. Sports Med 1995; 19: 103-122
11. Crossley K, Bennell KL, Wrigley T, Oakes BW. Ground reaction forces, bone characteristics, and tibial stress fracture in male runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 1088-1093
12. Duncan CS, Blimkie CJ, Cowell CT, Burke ST, Briody JN, Howman-Giles R. Bone mineral density in adolescent female athletes: relationship to exercise type and muscle strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 286-294
13. Duncan RL, Turner CH. Mechanotransduction and the functional response of bone to mechanical strain. Calcif Tissue Int 1995; 57: 344-358
14. Einhorn TA. Bone strength: the bottom line. Calcif Tissue Int 1992; 51: 333-339
15. Frost HM. Why do marathon runners have less bone than weight lifters? A vital-biomechanical view and explanation. Bone 1997; 20: 183-189
16. Giangregorio L, Blimkie CJ. Skeletal adaptations to alterations in weight-bearing activity: a comparison of models of disuse osteoporosis. Sports Med 2002; 32: 459-476
17. Groothausen J, Siemer H, Kemper HCG, Twisk J, Welten DC. Influence of peak strain on lumbar bone mineral density: an analysis of 15-year physical activity in young males and females. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1997; 9: 159-173
18. Hetland ML, Haarbo J, Christiansen C. Low bone mass and high bone turnover in male long distance runners. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 770-775
19. Karlsson MK, Magnusson H, Karlsson C, Seeman E. The duration of exercise as a regulator of bone mass. Bone 2001; 28: 128-132
20. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Exercise and bone mineral density in men: a meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 1730-1736
21. Kemper HC, Twisk JW, van Mechelen W, Post GB, Roos JC, Lips P. A fifteen-year longitudinal study in young adults on the relation of physical activity and fitness with the development of the bone mass: The Amsterdam Growth And Health Longitudinal Study. Bone 2000; 27: 847-853
22. Lanyon LE. Using functional loading to influence bone mass and architecture: objectives, mechanisms, and relationship with estrogen of the mechanically adaptive process in bone. Bone 1996; 18: 37S-43S
23. Layne JE, Nelson ME. The effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 25-30
24. Leblanc AD, Schneider VS, Evans HJ, Engelbretson DA, Krebs JM. Bone mineral loss and recovery after 17 weeks of bed rest. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5: 843-850
25. Lee EJ, Long KA, Risser WL, Poindexter HB, Gibbons WE, Goldzieher J. Variations in bone status of contralateral and regional sites in young athletic women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 1354-1361
26. MacDougall JD, Webber CE, Martin J, Ormerod S, Chesley A, Younglai EV, Gordon CL, Blimkie CJ. Relationship among running mileage, bone density, and serum testosterone in male runners. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73: 1165-1170
27. Mussolino ME, Looker AC, Orwoll ES. Jogging and bone mineral density in men: results from NHANES III. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 1056-1059
28. Nilsson BE, Westlin NE. Bone density in athletes. Clin Orthop 1971; 77: 179-182
29. Orwoll ES, Ferar J, Oviatt SK, McClung MR, Huntington K. The relationship of swimming exercise to bone mass in men and women. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2197-2200
30. Robinson TL, Snow-Harter C, Taaffe DR, Gillis D, Shaw J, Marcus R. Gymnasts exhibit higher bone mass than runners despite similat prevalence of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10: 26-35
31. Smith R. Rutherford OM. Spine and total body bone mineral density and serum testosterone levels in male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993; 67: 330-334
32. Snow CM, Rosen CJ, Robinson TL. Serum IGF-I is higher in gymnasts than runners and predicts bone and lean mass. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 1902-1907
33. Stewart AD, Hannan J. Total and regional bone density in male runners, cyclists, and controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 1373-1377
34. Suominen H, Rahkila P. Bone mineral density of the calcaneus in 70- to 81-yr-old male athletes and a population sample. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 1227-1233
35. Suominen H. Bone mineral density and long term exercise. An overview of cross-sectional athlete studies. Sports Med 1993; 16: 316-330
36. Taaffe DR, Snow-Harter C, Connolly DA, Robinson TL, Brown MD, Marcus R. Differential effects of swimming versus weight-bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic athletes. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10: 586-593
37. Taaffe DR, Robinson TL, Snow CM, Marcus R. High-impact exercise promotes bone gain in well-trained female athletes. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12: 255-260
38. Taaffe DR, Marcus R. Regional and total body bone mineral density in elite collegiate male swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1999; 39: 154-159
39. Winters KM, Adams WC, Meredith CN, Loan MD, Lasley BL. Bone density and cyclic ovarian function in trained runners and active controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 776-785
40. Wosk J, Voloshin A. Wave attenuation in skeletons of young healthy persons. J Biomech 1981; 14: 261-267