A Rheic cause for the Acadian deformation in Europe

Journal of the Geological Society

Volumn 164, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 1023-1036

  Woodcock, N H ^a   Soper, N J ^b   Strachan, R A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b Gams Bank   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADIAN OROGENY; ALLOCHTHON; FAULT ZONE; IAPETUS OCEAN; SILURIAN; SUBDUCTION; SUTURE ZONE;

EURASIA; EUROPE;

EID: 34548680740     PISSN: 00167649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/0016-76492006-129     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. ALLEN, J.R.L. & WILLIAMS, B.P.J. 1981. Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Townsend Taff Bed (Lower Old Red Sandstone) in South Wales and the Welsh Borders. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 138, 15-29.
2. ANDERTON, R., BRIDGES, P.H., LEEDER, M.R. & SELLWOOD, B.W. 1979. A Dynamic Stratigraphy of the British Isles. George Allen & Unwin, London.
3. BALÉ, P. & BRUN, J.-P. 1986. Les complexes métamorphiques du Léon (NW Bretagne): Un segment du domaine éo-hercynien sud armoricain translaté au Dévonien. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France (8), 2, 471-477.
4. BALLÈVRE, M., MARCHAND, J., GODARD, G., GOUJOU, J.-C. & WYNS, R. 1994. Eo-Hercynian events in the Armorican Massif. In: KEPPIE, J.D. (ed.) Pre-Mesozoic Geology in France and Adjacent Areas. Springer, Berlin, 183-194.
5. BIRD, J.M., DEWEY, J.F. & KIDD, W.S.F. 1971. Proto Atlantic oceanic crust and mantle: Appalachian/Caledonian ophiolites. Nature (Physical Science), 231, 28-31.
6. BOIS, C., LEFORT, J.-P., LE GALL, B., SIBUET, J.-C., GARIEL, O., PINET, B. & CAZES, M. 1990. Superimposed Variscan Caledonian and Proterozoic features inferred from deep seismic reflection profiles recorded between southern Ireland, southwestern Britain and western France. Tectonophysics, 177, 15-37.
7. BOIS, C., CAZES, M. & CHOUKROUNE, P. ET AL. 1994. Seismic reflection images of the pre-Mesozoic crust in France and adjacent areas. In: KEPPIE, J.D. ET AL. (ed.) Pre-Mesozoic Geology in France and Adjacent Areas. Springer, Berlin, 3-48.
8. BOUTELIER, D., CHEMANDA, A. & BURG, J.-P. 2003. Subduction versus accretion of intra-oceanic volcanic arcs: Insight from thermo-mechanical analogue experiments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 212, 31-45.
9. BROOKS, M., TRAYNER, P.M. & TRIMBLE, T.J. 1988. Mesozoic reactivation of Variscan thrusting in the Bristol Channel area, UK. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 145, 439-444.
10. BROWN, M. & DALLMEYER, R.D. 1996. Rapid Variscan exhumation and the role of magma in core complex formation: Southern Brittany metamorphic belt, France. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 14, 361-379.
11. BROWN, P.E., RYAN, P.D., SOPER, N.J. & WOODCOCK, N.H. 2007. The Newer Granite problem revisited: A transtensional origin for the Early Devonian trans-suture suite. Geological Magazine, 142, in press.
12. BRUN, J.-P. & BURG, J.P. 1982. Combined thrusting and wrenching in the Ibero-Armorican arc: A corner effect during continental collision. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 61, 319-332.
13. CHADWICK, R.A., KENOLTY, N. & WHITTAKER, A. 1983. Crustal structure beneath southern England from deep seismic reflection profiles. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 140, 893-911.
14. CHANNELL, J.E.T., MCCABE, C., TORSVIK, T.H., TRENCH, A. & WOODCOCK, N.H. 1992. Palaeozoic palaeomagnetic studies in the Welsh Basin - recent advances. Geological Magazine, 129, 533-542.
15. CLARK, A.H., SCOTT, D.J., SANDEMAN, H.A., BROMLEY, A.V. & FARRAR, E. 1998. Siegenian generation of the Lizard ophiolite: U-Pb zircon age data for plagiogranite, Porthkerris, Cornwall. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 155, 595-598.
16. CLARK, A.H., SANDEMAN, H.A.I., NUTMAN, A.P., GREEN, D.H. & COOK, A.C. 2003. Discussion on SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of the exhumation of the Lizard Peridotite and its emplacement over crustal rocks: constraints for tectonic models. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 331-335.
17. COGNÉ, J. & LEFORT, J.P. 1985. The Ligerian Orogeny: A Proto-Variscan event, related to the Siluro-Devonian evolution of the Tethys I ocean. In: GEE, D.G. & STURT, B.A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and Related Areas. Wiley, Chichester, 1185-1193.
18. COOK, C.A., HOLDSWORTH, R.E. & STYLES, M.T. 2002. The emplacement of peridotites and associated oceanic rocks from the Lizard Complex, southwest England. Geological Magazine, 139, 27-45.
19. COPE, J.C.W. 1987. The pre-Devonian geology of south-west England. Proceedings of the Ussher Society, 7, 468-473.
20. COPE, J.C.W. & BASSETT, M.G. 1987. Sediment sources and Palaeozoic history of the Bristol Channel area. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 98, 315-330.
21. COPE, J.C.W., INGHAM, J.K. & RAWSON, P.F. (EDS) 1992. Atlas of Palaeogeography and Lithofacies. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 13.
22. 39Ar dating of regional fabrics. Tectonophysics, 277, 307-337.
23. DERACKER, T.N., DEWAELE, S., SINTUBIN, M., VERNIERS, J., MUCHEZ, P. & BOVEN, A. 2005. Timing and duration of the progressive deformation of the Brabant Massif, Belgium. Geologica Belgica, 8, 20-34.
24. 39Ar dating of mesothermal, orogenic mineralization in a low-angle reverse shear zone in the Lower Palaeozoic of the Anglo-Brabant fold belt, Belgium. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 111, B215-B220.
25. DEWEY, J.F. 1969a. Evolution of the Caledonian/Appalachian orogen. Nature, 222, 124-129.
26. DEWEY, J.F. 1969b. Structure and sequence in paratectonic British Caledonides. In: KAY, M. (ed.) North Atlantic Geology and Continental Drift. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoirs, 12, 309-335.
27. DEWEY, J.F. 1982. Plate tectonics and the evolution of the British Isles. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 139, 371-414.
28. DEWEY, J.F. & STRACHAN, R.A. 2003. Changing Silurian-Devonian relative plate motion in the Caledonides: Sinistral transpression to sinistral transtension. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 219-229.
29. DUMITRU, T.A., GANS, P.B., FOSTER, D.A. & MILLER, E.L. 1991. Refrigeration of the western Cordilleran lithosphere during Laramide shallow-angle subduction. Geology, 19, 1145-1148.
30. EGUÍLUZ, L., GIL IBARGUCHI, J.I., ÁBALOS, B. & APRAIZ, A. 2000. Superposed Hercynian and Cadomian orogenic cycles in the Ossa-Morena zone and related areas of the Iberian Massif. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 1398-1413.
31. EVANS, J.A. 1996. Dating the transition of smectite to illite in Palaeozoic mudrocks using the Rb-Sr whole-rock technique. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 153, 101-108.
32. FLOYD, P.A. 1995. Igneous activity (basaltic volcanism in the Rhenohercynian Zone, N. Europe). In: DALLMEYER, R.D., FRANKE, W. & WEBER, K. (eds) Pre-Permian Geology of Central and Eastern Europe. Springer, Berlin, 59-81.
33. FORTEY, N.J., MERRIMAN, R.J. & HUFF, W.D. 1996. Silurian and late Ordovician K-bentonites as a record of late Caledonian volcanism in the British Isles. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 86, 167-180.
34. FORTEY, R.A., HARPER, D.A.T., INGHAM, J.K., OWEN, A.W., PARKES, M.A., RUSHTON, A.W.A. & WOODCOCK, N.H. (EDS) 2000. A Revised Correlation of Ordovician Rocks in the British Isles. Geological Society, London, Special Reports, 24.
35. FRANKE, W. 2000. The mid-European segment of the Variscides: tectonostratigraphic units, terrane boundaries and plate tectonic evolution. In: FRANKE, W., HAAK, V., ONCKEN, O. & TANNER, D. (eds) Orogenic Processes: Quantification and Modelling in the Variscan Belt. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 179, 35-61.
36. GARCÍA-ALCALDE, J.L., CARLS, P., PARDO ALONSO, M.V., SANZ LÓPEZ, J., SOTO, F., TRUYOLS-MASSONI, M. & VALENZUALE-RÍOS, J.I. 2002. Devonian. In: GIBBONS, W. & MORENO, T. (eds) The Geology of Spain. Geological Society, London, 67-91.
37. GARDINER, P.R.R. & SHERIDAN, D.J.R. 1981. Tectonic framework of the Celtic Sea and adjacent areas with special reference to the location of the Variscan Front. Journal of Structural Geology, 3, 317-331.
38. 39 Ar laserprobe dating of mylonitic fabrics in a polyorogenic terrane of NW Iberia. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 61-73.
39. GONZÁLEZ CLAVIJO, E. & MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R. 2002. Stratigraphic record of preorogenic to synorogenic sedimentation and tectonic evolution of imbricate units in the Alcañices synform (northwestern Iberian Massif). In: MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R., HATCHER, R.D., ARENAS, R. & DÍAZ GARCÍA, F. (eds) Variscan-Appalachian Dynamics: the Building of the Late Paleozoic Basement. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 364, 17-35.
40. GRADSTEIN, F.M., OGG, J.G. & SMITH, A.G. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
41. HARTLEY, A.J. 1993. Silesian sedimentation in south-west Britain: sedimentary responses to the developing Variscan Orogery. In: GAYER, R.A., GREILING, R.O. & VOGEL, A.K. (eds) Rhenohercynian and Subvariscan Fold Belts. Vieweg, Weisbaden, 160-196.
42. HOBSON, D.M. & SANDERSON, D.J. 1983. Variscan deformation in southwest England. In: HANCOCK, P.L. (ed.) The Variscan Fold Belt in the British Isles. Adam Hilger, Bristol, 108-129.
43. HOLDER, M.T. & LEVERIDGE, B.E. 1986. Correlation of the Rhenohercynian Variscides. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 143, 141-147.
44. HUTTON, D.H.W. & MURPHY, F.C. 1987. The Silurian of the Southern Uplands and Ireland as a successor basin to the end-Ordovician closure of Iapetus. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 144, 765-772.
45. JONES, K.A. 1991. Palaeozoic continental margin tectonics in southern Armorica. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 148, 55-64.
46. KAMERLING, P. 1979. The geology and hydrocarbon habitat of the Bristol Channel Basin. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 2, 75-93.
47. KELLAWAY, G.A. & HANCOCK, P.L. 1983. Structure of the Bristol District, the Forest of Dean and the Malvern Fault Zone. In: HANCOCK, P.L. (ed.) The Variscan Fold Belt in the British Isles. Adam Hilger, Bristol, 47-73.
48. KELLING, G. 1974. Upper Carboniferous sedimentation in South Wales. In: OWEN, T.R. (ed.) The Upper Palaeozoic and Post-Palaeozoic Rocks of Wales. University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 185-224.
49. KNELLER, B.C. 1991. A foreland basin on the southern margin of Iapetus. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 148, 207-210.
50. KNELLER, B.C., KING, L.M. & BELL, A.M. 1993. Foreland basin development and tectonics on the northwest margin of eastern Avalonia. Geological Magazine, 130, 691-697.
51. LARDEUX, H. & CADET, P. 1994. Paleozoic of the Ligerian domain. In: KEPPIE, J.D. (ed.) Pre-Mesozoic Geology in France and Related Areas. Springer, Berlin, 152-156.
52. LE GALL, B. 1991. Crustal evolutionary model for the Variscides of Ireland and Wales from SWAT seismic data. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 148, 759-774.
53. LEGGETT, J.K., MCKERROW, W.S. & SOPER, N.J. 1983. A model for the crustal evolution of southern Scotland. Tectonics, 2, 187-210.
54. MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R. 1990. A non-cylindrical model for the northwest Iberian allochthonous terranes and their equivalents in the Hercynian belt of Western Europe. Tectonophysics, 179, 253-272.
55. MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R., ARENAS, R., DÍAZ GARCÍA, F., RUBIO PASCUAL, F.J., ABATI, J. & MARQUÍNEZ, J. 1996. Variscan exhumation of a subducted Paleozoic continental margin: The basal units of the Ordenes Complex, Galicia, NW Spain. Tectonics, 15, 106-121.
56. MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R., ARENAS, R., DIAZ GARCÍA, F. & ABATI, J. 1997. Variscan accretionary complex of northwest Iberia: Terrane correlation and succession of tectonothermal events. Geology, 25, 1103-1106.
57. MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R., DÍAZ GARCÍA, F. & ARENAS, R. ET AL. 2002. Thrust and detachment systems in the Ordenes Complex (northwestern Spain): Implications for the Variscan-Appalachian geodynamics. In: MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R., HATCHER, R.D., ARENAS, R. & DÍAZ GARCÍA, F. ET AL. (eds) Variscan-Appalachian Dynamics: The Building of the Late Paleozoic Basement. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 364, 163-182.
58. MATTE, P. 1986. Tectonics and plate tectonics models for the Variscan Belt of Europe. Tectonophysics, 126, 329-374.
59. MATTE, P. 2001. The Variscan collage and orogeny (480-290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: A review. Terra Nova, 13, 122-128.
60. MCKERROW, W.S. 1988a. The development of the Iapetus Ocean from the Arenig to the Wenlock. In: HARRIS, A.L. & FETTES, D.J. (eds) Geological Society; London, Special Publications, 38, 405-412.
61. MCKERROW, W.S. 1988b. Wenlock to Givetian deformation in the British Isles and the Canadian Appalachians. In: HARRIS, A.L. & FETTES, D.J. (eds) The Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38, 437-448.
62. MCKERROW, W.S., MACNIOCAILL, C. & DEWEY, J.T. 2000. The Caledonian Orogeny redefined. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 157, 1149-1154.
63. MEERE, P.A. & MULCHRONE, K.F. 2006. Timing of deformation within Old Red Sandstone lithologies from the Dingle Peninsula, SW Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 461-469.
64. MERRIMAN, R.J., REX, D.C., SOPER, N.J. & PEACOR, D.R. 1995. The age of Acadian cleavage in northern England, UK: K-Ar and TEM analysis of a Silurian metabentonite. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 50, 255-265.
65. MERRIMAN, R.J., EVANS, J.A. & LEVERIDGE, B.E. 2000. Devonian and Carboniferous volcanic rocks associated with the passive margin sequences of SW England; some geochemical perspectives. Geoscience in South-west England, 10, 77-85.
66. MICHOT, P. 1979. La faille mosane et la phase hyporogénique bollandienne, d'âge emsien dans le rameau calédonien condruso-brabançon. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique, 101, 321-335.
67. MILIORIZOS, M., RUFFELL, A. & BROOKS, M. 2004. Variscan structure of the inner Bristol Channel, UK. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 161, 31-44.
68. MURPHY, J.B. & KEPPIE, J.D. 2005. The Acadian Orogeny in the Northern Appalachians. International Geology Review, 47, 663-687.
69. MURPHY, J.B., OPPLIGER, G.L., BRIMHALL, G.H.J. & HYNES, A. 1998. Plume-modified orogeny: An example from the western United States. Geology, 26, 731-734.
70. MURPHY, J.B., VAN STAAL, C.R. & KEPPIE, J.D. 1999. Middle to late Paleozoic Acadian orogeny in the northern Appalachians: A Laramide-style plume-modified orogeny? Geology, 27, 653-656.
71. NUTMAN, A.P., GREEN, D.H., COOK, C.A., STYLES, M.T. & HOLDSWORTH, R.E. 2001. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of the exhumation of the Lizard Peridotite and its emplacement over crustal rocks: Constraints for tectonic models. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 158, 809-820.
72. OLIVEIRA, J.T. 1990. Stratigraphy and syn-sedimentary tectonism in the South Portuguese Zone. In: DALLMEYER, R.D. & MARTÍNEZ GARCÍA, E. (eds) Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Iberia. Springer, Berlin, 334-347.
73. OLIVEIRA, J.T. & QUESADA, C. 1998. A comparison of the stratigraphy, structure and palaeogeography of the South Portuguese Zone and south-west England, European Variscides. Geoscience in South-west England, 9, 141-150.
74. OLIVER, G.J.H., CORFU, F. & KROGH, T.E. 1993. U-Pb ages from SW Poland: Evidence for a Caledonian suture zone between Baltica and Gondwana. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 150, 355-369.
75. ORDÓÑEZ CASADO, B., GEBAUER, D., SCHÄFER, H.J., IBARGUCHI, J.I.G. & PEUCAT, J.J. 2001. A single Devonian subduction event for the HP/HT metamorphism of the Cabo Ortegal complex within the Iberian Massif Tectonophysics, 332, 359-385.
76. PARIS, F. & ROBARDET, M. 1990. Early Palaeozoic palaeobiogeography of the Variscan regions. Tectonophysics, 177, 193-213.
77. PARIS, F. & ROBARDET, M. 1994. Paleogeographic synthesis. In: KEPPIE, J.D. (ed.) Pre-Mesozoic Geology in France and Adjacent Areas. Springer, Berlin, 172-176.
78. PHARAOH, T.C., MERRIMAN, R.J., WEBB, P.C. & BECKINSALE, R.D. 1987. The concealed Caledonides of eastern England: Preliminary results of a multi-disciplinary study. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 46, 355-369.
79. PHARAOH, T.C., MERRIMAN, R.J., EVANS, J.A., BREWER, T.S., WEBB, P.C. & SMITH, N.J.P. 1991. Early Palaeozoic arc-related volcanism in the concealed Caledonides of Southern Britain. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique, 114, 63-91.
80. PHILLIPS, W.E.A., STILLMAN, C.J. & MURPHY, T. 1976. A Caledonian plate tectonic model. Journal of the Geological Socieity, London, 132, 579-609.
81. PICKERING, K.T., BASSETT, M.G. & SIVETER, D.J. 1988. Late Ordovician-early Silurian destruction of the Iapetus Ocean: Newfoundland, British Isles and Scandinavia - a discussion. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 79, 361-382.
82. POWELL, D. & PHILLIPS, W.E.A. 1985. Time of deformation in the Caledonide orogen of Britain and Ireland. In: HARRIS, A.L. (ed.) The Nature and Timing of Orogenic Activity in the Caledonian Rocks of the British Isles. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 9, 17-40.
83. QUESADA, C. 1991. Geological constraints on the Paleozoic tectonic evolution of tectonostratigraphic terranes in the Iberian Massif Tectonophysics, 185, 225-245.
84. 39 Ar mineral age constraints. Tectonophysics, 231, 195-213.
85. QUESADA, C., FONSECA, P.E., MUNHA, J., OLIVEIRA, J.T. & RIBEIRO, A. 1994. The Beja-Acebuches ophiolite (southern Iberian Variscan fold belt): Geological characterization and geodynamic significance. Boletin Geológico y Minero, 105, 3-49.
86. REY, P., BURG, J.-P. & CASEY, M. 1997. The Scandinavian Caledonides and their relationship to the Variscan belt. In: BURG, J.-P. & FORD, M.P. (eds) Orogeny through Time. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 121, 179-200.
87. RIBEIRO, A., QUESADA, C. & DALLMEYER, R.D. 1990. Overall geodynamic evolution of the Iberian Massif In: DALLMEYER, R.D. & MARTÍNEZ GARCÍA, E. (eds) Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Iberia. Springer, Berlin, 399-409.
88. RICHMOND, L.K. & WILLIAMS, B.P.J. 2000. A new terrane in the Old Red Sandstone of the Dingle Peninsula, SW Ireland. In: FRIEND, P.F. & WILLIAMS, B.P.J. (eds) New Perspectives on the Old Red Sandstone. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 180, 147-183.
89. ROBARDET, M. 2002. Alternative approach to the Variscan Belt in southwestern Europe: Preorogenic paleobiogeographical constraints. In: MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R., HATCHER, R.D., ARENAS, R. & DÍAZ GARC_ACIA, F. (eds) Variscan-Appalachian Dynamics: The Building of the Late Paleozoic Basement. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 364, 1-15.
90. ROBARDET, M., BONJOUR, J.L., PARIS, F., MORZADEC, P. & RACHEBOEUF, P.R. 1994. Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian of the medio-North-Armorican domain. In: KEPPIE, J.D. (ed.) Pre-Mesozoic Geology in France and Related Areas. Springer, Berlin, 142-151.
91. SÁNCHEZ MARTÍNEZ, S., ARENAS, R., DÍAZ GARCÍA, F., MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R., GÓMEZ-BARREIRO, J. & PEARCE, J. 2007. Careón Ophiolite, NW Spain: Supra-subduction zone setting for the youngest Rheic Ocean floor. Geology, 35, 53-56.
92. SANDEMAN, H.A.I., CLARKE, A.H., SCOTT, D.J. & MALPAS, J.G. 2000. The Kennack Gneiss of the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, SW England: commmingling and mixing of mafic and felsic magmas accompanying Givetian continental incorporation of the Lizard ophiolite. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 157, 1227-1242.
93. SCHENK, P.E. 1997. Sequence stratigraphy and provenance on Gondwana's margin: The Meguma one (Cambrian to Devonian) of Nova Scotia, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109, 395-409.
94. SEAGO, R.D. & CHAPMAN, T.J. 1988. The confrontation of structural styles and the evolution of a foreland basin in central SW England. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 145, 789-800.
95. SELWOOD, E.B. & THOMAS, J.M. 1988. The Padstow Confrontation, north Cornwall: A reappraisal. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 145, 801-807.
96. 39 Ar laser microprobe. Geology, 31, 219-222.
97. SIMANCAS, F., GONZÁLEZ LODEIRO, F., EXPÓSITO RAMOS, I., AZOR, A. & MARTÍNEZ POYATOS, D. 2002. Opposite subduction polarities connected by transform faults in the Iberian Massif and western European Variscides. In: MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R., HATCHER, R.D., ARENAS, R. & DÍAZ GARCÍA, F. (eds) Variscan-Appalachian Dynamics: The Building of the Late Paleozoic Basement. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 364, 253-262.
98. SMITH, A.G. & RUSH, L.A. 2006. Timetrek. Cambridge Paleomap Services, www address: Http://www.the-conference.com/CPSL/.
99. SOPER, N.J. & WOODCOCK, N.H. 1990. Silurian collision and sediment dispersal patterns in southern Britain. Geological Magazine, 127, 527-542.
100. SOPER, N.J. & WOODCOCK, N.H. 2003. The lost Lower Old Red Sandstone of England and Wales: A record of post Iapetan flexure or Early Devonian transtension? Geological Magazine, 140, 627-647.
101. SOPER, N.J., WEBB, B.C. & WOODCOCK, N.H. 1987. Late Caledonian (Acadian) transpression in North West England: Timing, geometry and geotectonic significance. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 46, 175-192.
102. SOPER, N.J., STRACHAN, R.A., HOLDSWORTH, R.E., GAYER, R.A. & GREILING, R.O. 1992. Sinistral transpression and the Silurian closure of Iapetus. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 149, 871-880.
103. STAMPFLI, G.M., VON RAUMER, J.F. & BOREL, G.D. 2002. Palaeozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes: From Gondwana to the Variscan collision. In: MARTÍNEZ CATALÁN, J.R., HATCHER, R.D., ARENAS, R. & DÍAZ GARCÍA, F. (eds) Variscan-Appalachian Dynamics: The Building of the Late faleozoic Basement. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 364, 263-280.
104. STILLE, H. 1924. Grundfragen der vergleichenden Tektonik. Borntraeger, Berlin.
105. THOROGOOD, E.J. 1990. Provenance of the pre-Devonian sediments of England and Wales: Sm-Nd isotopic evidence. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 147, 591-594.
106. TODD, S.P. 2000. Taking the roof off a suture zone: Basin setting and provenance of conglomerates in the ORS Dingle Basin of SW Ireland. In: FRIEND, P.F. & WILLIAMS, B.P.J. (eds) New Perspectives on the Old Red Sandstone. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 180, 185-222.
107. TORSVIK, T.H., SMETHURST, M.A., BRIDEN, J.C. & STURT, B.A. 1990. A review of Palaeozoic palaeomagnetic data from Europe and their palaeogeographic, implications. In: MCKERROW, W.S. & SCOTESE, C.R. (eds) Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 12, 25-41.
108. TRENCH, A. & TORSVIK, T.H. 1992. The closure of the Iapetus Ocean and Tornquist Sea: New palaeomagnetic constraints. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 149, 867-870.
109. TUNBRIDGE, I.P. 1986. Mid-Devonian tectonics and sedimentation in the Bristol Channel area. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 143, 107-116.
110. VAN STAAL, C.R., DEWEY, J.F., MACNIOCAILL, C. & MCKERROW, W.S. 1998. The Cambrian-Silurian tectonic evolution of the Northern. In: BLUNDELL, D.J. & SCOTT, A.C.T(eds) Lyell: the Past is the Key to the Present. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 143, 199-242.
111. VERNIERS, J. & DE VOS, W. 1995. Recent research on the Brabant Massif Studio Geophysica et Geodaetica, 39, 347-353.
112. VERNIERS, J., PHARAOH, T.C. & ANDRÉ, L. ET AL. 2002. The Cambrian to mid Devonian basin development and deformation history of Eastern Avalonia, east of the Midlands Microcraton: New data and a review. In: WINCHESTER, J.A., PHARAOH, T.C. & VERNIERS, J. ET AL. (eds) Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Europe. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 201, 47-93.
113. WARR, L.N. 2000. The Variscan Orogeny: The welding of Pangaea. In: WOODCOCK, N.H. & STRACHAN, R.A. (eds) Geological History of Britain and Ireland. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 271-294.
114. WEIL, A.B., VAN DER VOO, R. & VAN DER PLUIJM, B.A. 2001. Oroclinal bending and evidence against the Pangea megashear: The Canabria-Asturias arc (northern Spain). Geology, 29, 991-994.
115. WINCHESTER, J.A. & PACE-TMR-NETWORK, 2002. Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe: New results from recent geological and geophysical investigations. Tectonophysics, 360, 5-21.
116. WINCHESTER, J.A., PHARAOH, T.C. & VERNIERS, J. 2002. Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe: An introduction and synthesis of new results from recent geological and geophysical investigations. In: WINCHESTER, J.A., PHARAOH, T.C. & VERNIERS, J. (eds) Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Europe. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 201, 1-18.
117. WOODCOCK, N.H. 1990. Sequence stratigraphy of the Welsh Basin. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 147, 537-547.
118. WOODCOCK, N.H. 1991. The Welsh, Anglian and Belgian Caledonides compared. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique, 114, 5-17.
119. WOODCOCK, N.H. & PHARAOH, T.C. 1993. Silurian facies beneath East Anglia. Geological Magazine, 130, 681-690.
120. WOODCOCK, N.H. & SOPER, N.J. 2006. The Acadian Orogeny: The mid-Devonian phase that formed slate belts in England and Wales. In: BRENCHLEY, P.J. & RAWSON, P.F. (eds) The Geology of England and Wales. Geological Society, London, 131-146.