Urbanisation effects on groundwater chemical quality: Findings focusing on the nitrate problem from 2 African cities reliant on on-site sanitation

Journal of Water and Health

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 441-454

  Cronin, Aidan A ^a   Hoadley, Alfred W ^b   Gibson, James ^c   Breslin, Ned ^c   Komou, Fatoumata Kouonto ^b   Haldin, Louis ^b   Pedley, Steve ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

^b Medical Care Development International   (United States)

^c WATERAID   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Africa; Ecological sanitation; Faecal nutrients; Nitrates; Urban groundwater; Urine diversion

Indexed keywords

CHLORIDE; GROUND WATER; NITRATE; SURFACE WATER;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CHLORIDE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DRINKING WATER; GROUNDWATER; GROUNDWATER POLLUTION; NITRATE; NITROGEN; POLLUTION MONITORING; SANITATION; URBANIZATION; WATER QUALITY;

AFRICA; ARTICLE; CALCULATION; CITY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; FECES; FLUID INTAKE; HUMAN IMPACT (ENVIRONMENT); POPULATION GROWTH; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION; URBAN AREA; URBAN POPULATION; URBANIZATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAMPLING;

CHLORIDES; CITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FECES; HUMANS; MALI; MOZAMBIQUE; NITRATES; NITROGEN; PROTEINS; SANITATION; URBANIZATION; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER SUPPLY;

AFRICA; MALI; MOZAMBIQUE; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WEST AFRICA;

EID: 34548643935     PISSN: 14778920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2007.040     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Abouzaid, H. & Echihabi, L. 1995 Drinking water quality and monitoring in North Africa: the Moroccan experience. Sci. Tot. Environ. 171, 29-34.
2. ARGOSS 2001 Guidelines for Assessing the Risk to Groundwater from On-site Sanitation. BGS Commissioned Report CR/01/142. British Geological Survey, Robens Centre for Public and Environmental Health, University of Surrey, UK.
3. Barikmo, I., Ouattara, F. & Oshaug, A. 2004 Protein, carbohydrate and fibre in cereals from Mali - how to fit the results in a food composition table and database. J. Food Comp. Anal. 17, 291-300.
4. Barrett, M., Howard, G., Pedley, S., Taylor, R. G. & Nalubega, M. 1998 A comparison of the extent and impact of sewage contamination on urban groundwater in developed and developing countries. In Water, Sanitation and Health. Resolving conflicts between drinking water demands and pressures from society's wastes. Proceedings of the International Conference hem in Bad Elster, Germany, 1998, (ed. I. Chorus et al.). IWA Publishing, London.
5. BGR/UNESCO 2004, Map "Groundwater Resources of the World 1:50 000 000". World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP). Avaialable at: www.bgr.de/b1hydro/index.html?/ b1hydro/fachbeitraege/a200401/e_whymap.
6. Breslin, N. 2001 Introducing ecological sanitation: some lessons from a small town pilot project in Mozambique. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Ecological Sanitation, Nanjing, China.
7. Comly, H. H. 1945 Cyanosis in infants caused by nitrates in well water. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 129, 112.
8. Cronin, A. A., Breslin, N., Gibson, J. & Pedley, S. 2006 A methodology to prioritise interventions in order to reduce waterborne disease in Northern Mozambique. J. Wat. Health 4, 333-345.
9. Cronin, A. A., Breslin, N., Taylor, R. & Pedley, S. 2004 Assessing the risks to groundwater quality from on-site sanitation and poor sanitary well completion. In Ecosan - Closing The Loop. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Ecological Sanitation, Lubeck, Germany, April 2003 (ed. C. Werner), pp. 431-436. GTZ, Eschborn.
10. Cronin, A. A. & Lerner, D. N. 2004 Mature industrial cities. In Urban Groundwater Pollution. International Contributions to Hydrogeology, vol. 24. Balkema, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 109-131.
11. Drangert, J. O. & Cronin, A. A. 2004 Use and abuse of the urban groundwater resource - some policy implications. Hydrogeol. J. 12, 94-102.
12. Faillat, J. P. 1990 Origene des nitrates dans les nappes de fissures de la zone tropicale humide - exemple de la Côte d'Ivoire. J. Hydrol. 113, 231-264.
13. FAO 2005 Food and Agricultural Association Querable Web-based Database FAOSTAT, Available at: http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/ form?collection=FS.NonPrimaryLivestockAndProducts&Domain= FS&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN.
14. Ferro, B. P. A. & Bouman, D. 1992 The hydrogeological map of Mozambique (scale 1:1,000,000). Hydrogeology 1-2, 17-27.
15. Foster, S. F. & Hirata, R. 1988 Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment - A Methodology Using Available Data. Pan American Health Organization, Environmental Health Program, Peru.
16. Gelinas, Y., Randall, H., Robidoux, L. & Schmit, J. 1996 Well water survey in two districts of Conakry (Rep. of Guinea) and comparison with piped city water. Wat. Res. 30, 2017-2026.
17. Grant, W., Steele, G. & Isiorho, S. A. 1994 Spontaneous abortions possibly related to ingestion of nitrate-contaminated well water - LaGrange County, Indiana, 1991-1994. Morb. Mort. Weekly Rep. 45, 569-572.
18. Hounslow, A. W. 1995 Water Quality Data Analysis and Interpretation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
19. Howard, G., Pedley, S., Barrett, M., Nalubega, M. & Johal, K. 2003 Risk factors contributing to microbiological contamination of shallow groundwater in Kampala. Uganda. Wat. Res. 37, 3421-3429.
20. Jonsson, H., Richert Stintzing, A., Vinnerås, B. & Salomon, E. 2004 Guidelines On The Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. EcoSanRes Publication Series, Rep. 2004-2.
21. Jonsson, H. & Vinneras, B. 2004 Adapting the nutrient content of urine and faeces in different countries using FAO and Swedish data. In Ecosan - Closing The Loop. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Ecological Sanitation, Lubeck, Germany, April 2003, (ed. C. Werner et al.). GTZ, Eschborn, pp. 623-626.
22. Kimmel, G. E. 1984 Non-point contamination of groundwater on Long Island, New York. In Studies in Geophysics: Groundwater Contamination. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 120-126.
23. Lerner, D. N., Issar, S. I. & Simmers, I. 1990 Recharge due to urbanisation. In Groundwater Recharge: A Guide to Understanding and Estimating Natural Recharge. International Contributions to Hydrogeology, vol. 8. International Association of Hydrogeologists Publ. Verlag Heinz Heise Publishers, Hanover, p. 201-214.
24. Lewis, W. J., Foster, S. S. D. & Drasar, B. S. 1982 The Risk of Groundwater to Pollution by On-site Sanitation in Developing Countries. IRCWD Rep. No. 01/82, p. 79.
25. Malomo, S., Okufarasin, V. A., Olorunniwo, M. A. & Omode, A. A. 1990 Groundwater chemistry of weathered zone aquifers of an area underlain by basement complex rocks. J. African Earth Sci. 11, 357-371.
26. Morgan, P. 2005 An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa: A Compilation of Experiences, Available at: http://www.ecosanres.org/ PM%20Report.htm).
27. Morris, B. L., Lawerence, A. R. & Stuart, M. E. 1994 The Impact of Urbanisation on Groundwater Quality (Project Summary Report). British Geological Survey Tech. Rep. WC/95/56.
28. Nomura, A. 1996 Stomach cancer. In Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (ed. D. Scottenfeld & J. F. Fraumeni), Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 631-634.
29. Pedley, S., Cronin, A. A., Okotto-okotto, J., Ouko, J., Comparison of viral and chemical monitoring in low and middle-income suburbs of Kisumu, Kenya. Submitted to Groundwater.
30. Prajapati, K. M. & Gajurel, D. R. 2004 Nutrient uptake by different vegetable plants from source seperated human urine. Ecosan - Closing The Loop. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Ecological Sanitation, Lubeck, Germany, April 2003, (ed. C. Werner et al.), GTZ, Eschborn.
31. Schubert, C., Knobeloch, L., Kanarek, M. S. & Anderson, H. A. 1999 Public response to elevated nitrate in drinking water wells in Wisconsin. Arch. Environ. Health 54(4), 242.
32. Taylor, R. G., Barrett, M. H. & Tindimugaya, C. 2004 Urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa: Weathered crystalline aquifer system. In Urban Groundwater Pollution. International Contributions to Hydrogeology, vol 24. Balkema Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 155-180.
33. Thompson, J., Porras, I., Turnwine, J., Mujwahuzi, M., Katui-Katua, M., Johnstone, N. & Wood, L. 2001 Drawers of Water: 30 Years of Change in Domestic Water Use And Environmental Health in East Africa. IIED, London UK.
34. Tindimugaya, C. 2000 Assessment of Groundwater Development Potential for Wobulenzi Town, Uganda. M.Sc. thesis. IHE, Delft.
35. Uma, K. O. 1993 Nitrates in shallow (regolith) aquifers around Sokoto Town, Nigeria. Environ. Geol. 21, 70-76.
36. UN-HABITAT 2003 Water and Sanitation in the World's Cities: Local Action for Global Goals. Earthscan, London/Stylus Publishing LLC, Vermont.
37. United Nations 1988 Ground Water in North and West Africa, Department of Technical Co-operation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa; Natural Resources/Water Series No. 18.
38. Van Ryneveld, M. B. & Fourie, A. B. 1997 A strategy for evaluating the environmental impact of on-site sanitation systems. Wat. SA 23, 279-291.
39. Walker, W. G., Bouma, J., Keeney, D. R. & Olcott, P. G. 1975 Nitrogen transformations during subsurface disposal of septic tank effluent in land/groundwater quality. J. Environ. Qual. 2, 521-525.
40. WaterAid Mozambique 2004 Sanitation Survey Results, Maúa & Nipepe towns, Niassa Province, Dec. 2003-Jan. 2004. WaterAid, Lichinga, Mozambique.
41. WHO 2004 Guidelines For Drinking Water Quality, 3rd edn. vol. 1 Recommendations. World Health Organization, Geneva.