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Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 255-266

Equality legislation and reflexive regulation: A response to the discrimination law review's consultative paper

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EID: 34548642489     PISSN: 03059332     EISSN: 14643669     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/indlaw/dwm015     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (48)

References (44)
  • 1
    • 34548622101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Communities and Local Government, Discrimination Law Review, A Framework for Fairness: Proposal for a Single Equality Bill for Great Britain: A consultation paper (June 2007), available at (hereafter Consultation Paper).
    • Department of Communities and Local Government, Discrimination Law Review, A Framework for Fairness: Proposal for a Single Equality Bill for Great Britain: A consultation paper (June 2007), available at (hereafter Consultation Paper).
  • 2
    • 34548659813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A separate and equivalent exercise has been underway in Northern Ireland for some time. Office of the First and Deputy First Minister, A Single Equality Bill for Northern Ireland: A Discussion Paper on options for a Bill to harmonise, update and extend, where appropriate, antidiscrimination and equality legislation in Northern Ireland (June 2004), available at: . In the interests of transparency, I should make it clear that I have been a member of an advisory committee on the issue established by the Office of the First and Deputy First Minister.
    • A separate and equivalent exercise has been underway in Northern Ireland for some time. Office of the First and Deputy First Minister, A Single Equality Bill for Northern Ireland: A Discussion Paper on options for a Bill to harmonise, update and extend, where appropriate, antidiscrimination and equality legislation in Northern Ireland (June 2004), available at: . In the interests of transparency, I should make it clear that I have been a member of an advisory committee on the issue established by the Office of the First and Deputy First Minister.
  • 3
    • 34548646627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consultation Paper, p 3.
    • Consultation Paper, p 3.
  • 4
    • 34548619908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equalities Review, Fairness and Freedom: The Final Report of the Equalities Review (February 2007), available at .
    • Equalities Review, Fairness and Freedom: The Final Report of the Equalities Review (February 2007), available at .
  • 5
    • 34548643889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid, p 3.
  • 6
    • 34548657968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equality and Non-Discrimination
    • See, in general, David Feldman ed, Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • See, in general, Christopher McCrudden, 'Equality and Non-Discrimination' in David Feldman (ed.), English Public Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
    • (2004) English Public Law
    • McCrudden, C.1
  • 7
    • 34548602032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of the variety of regulatory approaches in the equality context, taking a comparative approach, see Christopher McCrudden, Advice to a Legislator on Problems Regarding the Enforcement of Anti-Discrimination Law and Strategies to Overcome Them', in Titia Loenen and Peter R. Rodrigues, Non-Discrimination Law: Comparative Perspectives (Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 1999) 295.
    • For a discussion of the variety of regulatory approaches in the equality context, taking a comparative approach, see Christopher McCrudden, Advice to a Legislator on Problems Regarding the Enforcement of Anti-Discrimination Law and Strategies to Overcome Them', in Titia Loenen and Peter R. Rodrigues, Non-Discrimination Law: Comparative Perspectives (Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 1999) 295.
  • 8
    • 34548602971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consultation Paper, paras 3.23-3.24 rejecting an equal pay moratorium.
    • Consultation Paper, paras 3.23-3.24 rejecting an equal pay moratorium.
  • 9
    • 34548639261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the rejection of hypothetical comparators in equal pay cases, ibid para 3.29; the rejection of class actions, para 7.28.
    • For example, the rejection of hypothetical comparators in equal pay cases, ibid para 3.29; the rejection of class actions, para 7.28.
  • 10
    • 0004271372 scopus 로고
    • The work of Ayres and Braithwaite has been particularly influential, see, New York: Oxford University Press
    • The work of Ayres and Braithwaite has been particularly influential, see Ian Ayres and John Braithwaite, Responsive Regulation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
    • (1992) Responsive Regulation
    • Ayres, I.1    Braithwaite, J.2
  • 11
    • 34548621485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion in the context of regulatory approaches generally, see, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • For a discussion in the context of regulatory approaches generally, see Bronwen Morgan and Karen Yeung, An Introduction to Law and Regulation: Text and Materials (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) 79-146.
    • (2007) An Introduction to Law and Regulation: Text and Materials , pp. 79-146
    • Morgan, B.1    Yeung, K.2
  • 12
    • 84881994800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation in the age of governance: The rise of the post-regulatory state
    • and, eds, Cheltenham: Edward Edgar, at
    • Colin Scott, 'Regulation in the age of governance: The rise of the post-regulatory state' in Jacint Jordana and David Levi-Faur (eds), The Politics of Regulation (Cheltenham: Edward Edgar, 2004) 145 at 151.
    • (2004) The Politics of Regulation , vol.145 , pp. 151
    • Scott, C.1
  • 13
    • 34548636149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hugh Collins, 'Book Review' (1998) 61 MLR 916, 917.
    • Hugh Collins, 'Book Review' (1998) 61 MLR 916, 917.
  • 14
    • 34548659189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scott, above n 10 at 153
    • Scott, above n 10 at 153.
  • 15
    • 0242389880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proceduralising Regulation
    • See further
    • See further, Julia Black, 'Proceduralising Regulation' (2000) 20 OJLS 597.
    • (2000) OJLS , vol.20 , pp. 597
    • Black, J.1
  • 17
    • 34548653520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consultation Paper, p 8, paras 6.1, 6.3, 6.5.
    • Consultation Paper, p 8, paras 6.1, 6.3, 6.5.
  • 18
    • 34548646958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid p 20; para 5.44.
    • Ibid p 20; para 5.44.
  • 19
    • 34548635801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid para 4.6, p 16; para 1.2; para 1.7.
    • Ibid para 4.6, p 16; para 1.2; para 1.7.
  • 20
    • 34548642670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid para 1.7; para 3.8; para. 5.100; para 6.5; para 6.9.
    • Ibid para 1.7; para 3.8; para. 5.100; para 6.5; para 6.9.
  • 21
    • 34548645386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 7.3; para 7.5; para 7.11
    • Ibid para. 7.3; para 7.5; para 7.11.
    • Ibid para1
  • 22
    • 34548611623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid para 5.100.
    • Ibid para 5.100.
  • 23
    • 34548615449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid para 6.8.
    • Ibid para 6.8.
  • 24
    • 34548644800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid paras 5.31 ff.
    • Ibid paras 5.31 ff.
  • 25
    • 34548641505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid paras 4.44 ff.
    • Ibid paras 4.44 ff.
  • 26
    • 34548649519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid paras 1.64-1.70.
    • Ibid paras 1.64-1.70.
  • 27
    • 34548637846 scopus 로고
    • Against Settlement
    • Owen Fiss, 'Against Settlement' (1984) 93 Yale LJ 1073.
    • (1984) Yale LJ , vol.93 , pp. 1073
    • Fiss, O.1
  • 28
    • 34548628160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olivier De Schutter and Simon Deakin, 'Reflexive Governance and the Dilemmas of Social Regulation' in Olivier De Schutter and Simon Deakin, Social Rights and Market Forces: Is the Open Coordination of Employment and Social Policies the Future of Social Europe? (Brussels: Bruylant, 2005) at 3.
    • Olivier De Schutter and Simon Deakin, 'Reflexive Governance and the Dilemmas of Social Regulation' in Olivier De Schutter and Simon Deakin, Social Rights and Market Forces: Is the Open Coordination of Employment and Social Policies the Future of Social Europe? (Brussels: Bruylant, 2005) at 3.
  • 29
    • 34548631788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consultation Paper, p 12.
    • Consultation Paper, p 12.
  • 30
    • 34548621178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consultation Paper, para 5.8.
    • Consultation Paper, para 5.8.
  • 31
    • 0010077246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 1998 Order replaced the earlier Fair Employment (Northern Ireland) Act 1989, but did not change the underlying regulatory model adopted in the 1989 Act, on which see Christopher McCrudden, 'Affirmative Action and Fair Participation: Interpreting the Fair Employment Act 1989' (1992) 21 ILJ 170. The Fair Employment and Treatment (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 was itself amended by the Fair Employment and Treatment Order (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2003.
    • The 1998 Order replaced the earlier Fair Employment (Northern Ireland) Act 1989, but did not change the underlying regulatory model adopted in the 1989 Act, on which see Christopher McCrudden, 'Affirmative Action and Fair Participation: Interpreting the Fair Employment Act 1989' (1992) 21 ILJ 170. The Fair Employment and Treatment (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 was itself amended by the Fair Employment and Treatment Order (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2003.
  • 32
    • 34548628743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northern Ireland Act 1998, s 75 and Sched 9. See Christopher McCrudden, 'Mainstreaming Equality in the Governance of Northern Ireland' (1999) 22 Fordham ILJ 1696.
    • Northern Ireland Act 1998, s 75 and Sched 9. See Christopher McCrudden, 'Mainstreaming Equality in the Governance of Northern Ireland' (1999) 22 Fordham ILJ 1696.
  • 33
    • 34548655602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consultation Paper, para 5.94 (on disqualification of tenderers under public contracts); see also para 6.11 (on compulsory monitoring).
    • Consultation Paper, para 5.94 (on disqualification of tenderers under public contracts); see also para 6.11 (on compulsory monitoring).
  • 34
    • 34548616378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the public sector equality duty, see Eithne McLaughlin and Neil Faris, Section 75 Equality Duty: An Operational Review (2004), 2; Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, Section 75: Keeping it Effective: Reviewing the Effectiveness of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Belfast, ECNI, 2007).
    • On the public sector equality duty, see Eithne McLaughlin and Neil Faris, Section 75 Equality Duty: An Operational Review (2004), Vol 2; Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, Section 75: Keeping it Effective: Reviewing the Effectiveness of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Belfast, ECNI, 2007).
  • 35
    • 27844456319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal Regulation of Affirmative Action in Northern Ireland: An Empirical Assessment
    • On the fair employment legislation, see
    • On the fair employment legislation, see Christopher McCrudden, Robert Ford, and Anthony Heath, 'Legal Regulation of Affirmative Action in Northern Ireland: An Empirical Assessment' (2004) 24 OJLS 363;
    • (2004) OJLS , vol.24 , pp. 363
    • McCrudden, C.1    Ford, R.2    Heath, A.3
  • 37
    • 34548623119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fair Employment and Treatment Order 1998, Arts 52-54 requiring registered employers (private sector employers with more than 10 full-time employees working more than 16 hours per week and specified public sector employers) to submit a monitoring return annually to the Equality Commission giving details of the community background of their workforce, including details of their employees, applicants and appointees. Private sector employers with more than 250 employees and all public sector employees must, in addition, provide details of promotees and leavers.
    • Fair Employment and Treatment Order 1998, Arts 52-54 requiring registered employers (private sector employers with more than 10 full-time employees working more than 16 hours per week and specified public sector employers) to submit a monitoring return annually to the Equality Commission giving details of the community background of their workforce, including details of their employees, applicants and appointees. Private sector employers with more than 250 employees and all public sector employees must, in addition, provide details of promotees and leavers.
  • 38
    • 34548634096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consultation Document, para 6.11.
    • Consultation Document, para 6.11.
  • 39
    • 34548637373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fair Employment and Treatment (Northern Ireland) Order 1998, Art 55 (registered employers must review their recruitment, training and promotion practices at least once every three years in order to determine whether fair participation in employment is being secured by both the two communities); Northern Ireland Act, Sched 9, para 9 (providing for public authorities to give information regarding measures which might mitigate any adverse impact of particular policies on the promotion of equality of opportunity and alternative policies which might better achieve the promotion of equality of opportunity).
    • Fair Employment and Treatment (Northern Ireland) Order 1998, Art 55 (registered employers must review their recruitment, training and promotion practices at least once every three years in order to determine whether fair participation in employment is being secured by both the two communities); Northern Ireland Act, Sched 9, para 9 (providing for public authorities to give information regarding measures which might mitigate any adverse impact of particular policies on the promotion of equality of opportunity and alternative policies which might better achieve the promotion of equality of opportunity).
  • 40
    • 34548640220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consultation Document, para 3.7.
    • Consultation Document, para 3.7.
  • 41
    • 34548636148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consultation Document, para 5.45.
    • Consultation Document, para 5.45.
  • 42
    • 34548633523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consultation Document, para 5.44.
    • Consultation Document, para 5.44.
  • 43
    • 34548650536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, Northern Ireland Act 1998, Sched 9, para 5.
    • For example, Northern Ireland Act 1998, Sched 9, para 5.


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