The future of claims to resist removal by non-nationals suffering from HIV/AIDS

Liverpool Law Review

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 183-213

  Bettinson, Vanessa ^a,b   Jones, Alwyn ^a,b  

^a DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights; HIV and inadequate medical treatment; Immigration and asylum; Membership of a particular social group; Refugee status

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548638464     PISSN: 0144932X     EISSN: 15728625     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10991-007-9021-6     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Migration and HIV: Improving Lives in Britain. An inquiry into the Impact of the UK Nationality and Immigration System on People Living with HIV, July 2003, published by the All-Party Parliamentary Group on AIDS. Available electronically at http://www.appg-aids.org.uk. Dr Mary Haour-Knipe works for the International Organisation for Migration.
2. See UNAIDS website at http://www.unaids.org/en/GetStarted/Women.asp "In sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls already make up almost 60% of adults living with HIV." Also conference paper by Mrs Nkolika Aniekwu, 'Sexual violence and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: an intimate link' at Crossing the Boundaries: the place of human rights in contemporary scholarship held at London School of Economics 24 March 2006.
3. J. Zarocostas, "China's HIV/AIDS Epidemic Sharply on the Rise", British Medical Journal 332 (2006), p. 358.
4. Soering v UK (1989) 11 EHRR 439.
5. Chahal v UK (1996) 23 EHRR 439.
6. Highlighted by above in the statement of Dr Mary Haour-Knipe. Supra n. 3.
7. N v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] 4 All ER 821 at [59].
8. Ibid. at [2].
9. Ibid. at [5].
10. D v UK (1997) 24 EHRR 423.
11. Ibid.
12. Supra n. 9 Lord Nicholls at [15]. Also Baroness Hale noted, that 'the test in this sort of case is whether the applicant's illness has reached such a critical stage (i.e. he is dying) that it would be inhuman treatment to deprive him of the care which he is currently receiving' at [69] and Lord Brown made similar observations at [82].
13. Ibid. at [1].
14. S. Palmer, "A Wrong Turning: Article 3 ECHR and Proportionality", CLJ 65 (2006), pp. 438-452.
15. Just to provide a few examples from this large body of literature: Anthony Bradley, "Judicial Independence Under Attack", Public Law (2003), p. 397;
16. Robert Thomas, "The Impact of Judicial Review on Asylum", Public Law (2003), p. 497;
17. Richard Clayton, "Judicial Deference and the 'Democratic Dialogue:' The Legitimacy of Judicial Intervention Under the Human Rights Act 1998", Public Law (2004), p. 33;
18. Lord Steyn, "Deference: A Tangled Story", Public Law (2005), p. 346;
19. Tom R. Hickman, "Constitutional Dialogue, Constitutional Theories and the Human Rights Act 1998", Public Law (2005), p. 306.
20. [2003] EWHC 195
21. Anthony Bradley, "Judicial Independence Under Attack", Public Law (2003), p. 397.
22. Tyrer v United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 1;
23. see Danny Nicol "Original Intent and the European Convention on Human Rights", Public Law (2005), p. 152.
24. Nicholas Blake and Raza Husain, Immigration, Asylum and Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2003), Ch. 2.
25. Richard Clayton, "Judicial Deference and the 'Democratic Dialogue:' The Legitimacy of Judicial Intervention Under the Human Rights Act 1998", Public Law (2004), p. 33;
26. Tom R. Hickman, "Constitutional Dialogue, Constitutional Theories and the Human Rights Act 1998", Public Law (2005), p. 306.
27. Nicholas Blake and Raza Husain, Immigration, Asylum and Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 7
28. Robert Thomas, "Evaluating Tribunal Adjudication: Administrative Justice and Asylum Appeals", Legal Studies 25/3 (2005), 462 at p. 473.
29. Supra n. 12.
30. Bensaid v United Kingdom (2001) 33 EHRR 10, para. 39.
31. Ibid.
32. For example see Ndangoya v Sweden (Application No 17868/03) and Amegnigan v The Netherlands (Application No 25629/04).
33. ZT v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] EWCA Civ 1421, at para. 23.
34. As discussed above see n 5.
35. Conference paper by Dr Martha Chinouya, "Telling African children about HIV in the family:tensions about rights - 'professionals do not understand our situation'" at Crossing the Boundaries: the place of human rights in contemporary scholarship held at London School of Economics 24 March 2006.
36. P. Weatherburn, W. Ssanyu-Sseruma, F. Hickson, S. McLean and D. Reid, Project Nasah: An Investigation into the HIV Treatment Information and Other Needs of African People with HIV Resident in England (2003), p. 15, http://www.nat.org.uk/document/75
37. Also in a report by Ferriman in 2001 it was found that '95% of those who were HIV positive in Africa were unaware of their status' when they became ill Annabel Ferriman 'Doctors demand immediate access to antiretroviral, drugs in Africa' British Medical Journal 322 (2001). p. 1012.
38. Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate July 2002 Understanding the decision-making of asylum seekers http://www.homeoffice.gov. uk/rds/pdfs2/hors243.pdf
39. CA v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] Imm AR 640 at [5].
40. Ibid at [1].
41. Ibid. at [6 and 7].
42. Ibid. at [26].
43. Supra n. 11. at [67].
44. Lord Hope [48];
45. Hale [68].
46. Ibid. at [70].
47. O and W Appeal Number AA/08026/2005 at [19].
48. Ibid. at 42.
49. Ibid. at [43].
50. As discussed above. The AIT in particular referred to Lord Hope's speech at [49].
51. Supra n. 33 at [41].
52. Ibid. at [14].
53. Ibid. at [46].
54. Ibid. at [45].
55. Ibid. at [45].
56. In V v UK (2000) 30 EHRR 31 degrading treatment was considered to include 'feelings of fear, anguish and inferiority capable of humiliating them'.
57. See A Gillespie and V. Bettinson, "Preventing Secondary Victimisation Through Anonymity", MLR 70/1 (2007), p. 114 at [121]
58. and Z et al. v UK (2002) 34 EHRR 3.
59. Botta v Italy (1988) 86 EHRR 241.
60. R (on the application of Bagdanavicius) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] 2 AC 668 a case that discusses claims involving non-state actors.
61. ZT v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] EWCA 1421 at [18].
62. Gina Clayton, Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (Oxford University Press, 2006), Ch. 13;
63. James Hathaway, The Law of Refugee Status (Butterworths, 1991);
64. Dallal Stevens, UK Asylum Law and Policy: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (Thomson Sweet Maxwell, 2004), Ch 4.
65. Guy S. Goodwin-Gill and Jane McAdam, The Refugee in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2007).
66. James Hathaway, The Law of Refugee Status (Butterworths, 1991), p. 65;
67. Gina Clayton, Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 429-430;
68. Dallal. Stevens, UK Asylum Law and Policy: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (Thomson Sweet Maxwell, 2004), pp. 266-267.
69. Colin Harvey, Seeking Asylum in the UK Problems and Prospects (Butterworths, 2000), pp. 236-240.
70. James Hathaway, The Law of Refugee Status (Butterworths, 1991), p. 65.
71. Gina Clayton, Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 429-430.
72. (11530) November 11, 1994, quoted by Dallal Stevens in UK Asylum Law and Policy: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (Thomson Sweet Maxwell, 2004), p. 268.
73. Gina Clayton, Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 436.
74. James Hathaway, The Law of Refugee Status (Butterworths, 1991), p. 112.
75. [2005] 4 All ER 580, Baroness Hale at para. 35.
76. [1996] Imm AR 97, 114.
77. [2005] EWCA Civ 1600.
78. [2000] FCA 110 at para. 79.
79. [2001] 1 AC 489.
80. Kristen Walker, "Sexuality and Refugee Status in Australia", International Journal of Refugee Law 12 (2000), p. 175.
81. Islam v Secretary of State for the Home Department;
82. R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal ex parte Shah [1999] 2 AC 629.
83. Secretary of State for the Home Department v K;
84. Fornah v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] 3 WLR 733.
85. For analysis see J Bhabba, "Legal Problems of Women Refugees", Women: A Cultural Review 4/3 (1993), pp. 240-249;
86. L Cipriani, "Gender and Persecution: Protecting Women under International Refugee Law", Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 7 (1993), p. 511.
87. Ward v Attorney-General of Canada [1993] 2 SCR 689.
88. Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, The Refugee in International Law (Clarendon Press, 1996), p. 360.
89. UNHCR Guidelines on International Protection issued 7 May 2002.
90. The Immigration Appellate Authority was replaced by the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal on 4 April 2005 under the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc) Act 2004; see Department for Constitutional Affairs Departmental Report 2004/05, "Delivering Justice, Rights and Democracy" available from the Department for Constitutional Affairs web site.
91. Immigration Appellate Authority "Asylum Gender Guidelines" (Immigration Appellate Authority, 2000).
92. Immigration Appellate Authority "Asylum Gender Guidelines" (Immigration Appellate Authority, 2000) para. 3.34.
93. Gina Clayton, Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 464.
94. Lord Hoffmann in Shah and Islam;
95. see also Gina Clayton, Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp 459-460.
96. Refugee Qualification Directive 2004/83, see Gina Clayton, Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 468.
97. Fornah v Secretary of the State for the Home Department [2004] EWCA Civ 680. Also other cases are discussed by Gina Clayton in Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 466-467.
98. See, for example, Fornah and K at [76].
99. For case commentary see M. Chaudhry, "Case comment: Secretary of State for the Home Department v K; Fornah v Secretary of State for the Home Department", Journal of Immigration Asylum and Nationality Law 20/4 (2006), p. 300.
100. Fornah and K at [83].
101. Ibid. at [13].
102. Ibid.
103. Ibid. at [15].
104. Ibid. at [31].
105. Ibid. at [41], [55], [66] and [75].
106. Guy S. Goodwin-Gill and Jane McAdam, The Refugee in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 74.
107. Ibid., p. 75.
108. US Board of Immigration Appeals, (1985) 19 I and N 211.
109. Supreme Court of Canada (1993) 2 SCR 689.
110. [1999] 2 AC 629.
111. Ibid.
112. Kristin Walker, "Sexuality and Refugee Status in Australia", International Journal of Refugee Law 12 (2000), p. 175.
113. [2000] FCA 110 para. 78.
114. Guy S. Goodwin-Gill and Jane McAdam, The Refugee in International Law (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 70.
115. Ibid., p. 75.
116. (1995) 134 ALR 73, Federal Court of Australia.
117. Taken from the 2004 US Department of State Human Rights report on Jamaica that was included in the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal decision of DW (Homosexual Men - Persecution - Sufficiency of Protection) Jamaica CG [2005] UKAIT 00168 para. 59.
118. DW (Homosexual Men - Persecution - Sufficiency of Protection) Jamaica CG [2005] UKAIT 00168 para. 60.
119. Ibid.
120. US Department of State 2006 Human Rights Report on Jamaica http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78897.htm
121. R. Baggaley, N.F. Ferguson and G.P. Garnett, "The Epidemiological Impact of Antiretroviral Use Predicted by Mathematical Models: A Review, Imperial College, in Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, BioMed Central, 2005, Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2005, 2:9 (10 September 2005);
122. M. O'Rourke, A Single Case of Multidrug-Resistant HIV and Rapid Disease Progression, AIDS Clinical Care (2005) http://aids-clinical-care.jwatch.org/cgi/ content/full/2005/0301/1;
123. S.M. Smith New York City HIV superbug: fear or fear not? Retrovirology 2/14 (2005). http://www.retrovirology.com/content/2/1/14;
124. M.A. Wainberg, "The Emergence of HIV Resistance and New Antiretrovirals: Are We Winning? Drug Resistance Updates 7 (2004), pp. 163-167;
125. S.J. Little, et al., "Antiretroviral-Drug Resistance among Patients Recently Infected with HIV", New England Journal Medicine 347 (2002), pp. 385-394;
126. UK Group on Transmitted HIV Drug Resistance, "Time Trends in Primary Resistance to HIV Drugs in the United Kingdom: Multicentre Observational Study, British Medical Journal (2005), pp. 1-6.