Napoleon and the 'City of Smugglers', 1810-1814

Historical Journal

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 333-352

  Daly, Gavin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; NINETEENTH CENTURY; SMUGGLING; WAR;

EURASIA; EUROPE; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 34548621476     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X07006097     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Lieutenant Commander John Gedge to collector and controller of customs at Dover, at sea, 17 July 1811, The National Archives (TNA): CUST 54/25.
2. Quoted in Barry E. O'Meara, Napoleon in exile (7th edn, 2 vols., London, 1836), 1, p. 253.
3. An exception, written in the early twentieth century and reproducing official French decrees, instructions, and tables on the establishment of Gravelines, is Dr Delbecq, 'La ville des smogglers à Gravelines de 1811 à 1814', Mémoires de la Société Dunkerquoise, 56 (1911), pp. 261-365.
4. See for instance, R. Dufraisse, 'Contrebandiers normands sur les bords du Rhin à l'époque napoléonienne', Annales de Normandie, 11 (1961), pp. 212-6;
5. Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon's Continental Blockade: The case of Alsace (Oxford, 1981), pp. 143-62;
6. Gavin Daly, Inside Napoleonic France: State and society in Rouen, 1800-1815 (Aldershot, 2001), pp. 188-94.
7. See Hoh-cheung and Lorna M. Mui, 'Smuggling and the British tea trade before 1784', American Historical Review, 84 (1968), pp. 44-73,
8. and their 'William Pitt and the enforcement of the Commutation Act, 1784-1788', American Historical Review, 76 (1961), pp. 447-65;
9. W. A. Cole, 'Trends in eighteenth-century smuggling', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 10 (1958), pp. 395-410.
10. The international and entrepreneurial nature of much English smuggling in the eighteenth century has been emphasized in Hoh-cheung and Lorna M. Mui, 'Smuggling and the British tea trade', pp. 59-61;
11. P. Monod, 'Dangerous merchandise: Smuggling, jacobitism, and commercial culture in southeast England, 1690-1760', Journal of British Studies 30 (1991), pp. 150-82;
12. and P. Muskett, 'English smuggling in the eighteenth century' (PhD thesis, Open University, 1986).
13. The secretary of the Treasury to secretary of the Admiralty, London, 9 July 1807, TNA: ADM 1/4294.
14. 7 8360.
15. F. Crouzet, L'économie britannique et le Blocus continental, 1806-1813 (2 vols., Paris, 1958), 11, p. 673.
16. 7 8358.
17. Report to Napoleon from minister of marine, Paris, 27 Nov. 1811, AN AF IV 1199.
18. Ibid.
19. 7 8358.
20. P. Butel, 'Crise et mutation de l'activité économique à Bordeaux sous le Consulat et l'Empire', Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 17 (1970), pp. 540-58.
21. For the decrees of the Continental Blockade, see J. Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon (2nd edn, Paris, 1999), pp. 219-38.
22. For a summary of the licence system under Napoleon see ibid., pp. 229-31;
23. for more detail see F. E. Melvin, Napoleon's navigation system: A study of trade control during the Continental Blockade (New York, 1919),
24. and Eli F. Heckscher, The continental system: An economic interpretation (Oxford, 1922), pp. 205-20.
25. Ian R. Christie, Wars and revolutions: Britain, 1760-1815 (London, 1982), p. 313.
26. 7 8358.
27. Parliamentary Papers, 1810-11, vol. 10 (98) (103), 'Correspondence on illicit exportation of gold coin or bullion (customs)'.
28. The collector and controller of customs at Dover to commissioners of the customs board, Dover, 3 Dec. 1800, TNA: CUST 54/13.
29. See John M. Sherwig, Guineas and gunpowder: British foreign aid in the wars with France (Cambridge, MA, 1969), pp. 85-9,
30. and Herbert H. Kaplan, Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the creation of a dynasty: The critical years, 1806-1816 (Stanford, 2006), pp. 48-9.
31. See Kaplan, Nathan Mayer Rothschild, pp. 49-54,
32. and Crouzet, L'économie britannique, pp. 526-9.
33. For the problem of financing Wellington's army during 1809 and 1810 see Sherwig, Guineas and gunpowder, pp. 222-36.
34. Crouzet, L'économie britannique, p. 527.
35. Ibid., p. 528.
36. Quoted in Kaplan, Nathan Mayer Rothschild, p. 54.
37. Heckscher, The continental system, pp. 238-47.
38. Charles P. Kindleberger, A financial history of western Europe (London, 1984), p. 100.
39. Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, p. 231.
40. Heckscher, The continental system, p. 71.
41. Delbecq 'La ville des smogglers', p. 263.
42. Quoted in Geoffrey Morley, Smuggling in Hampshire and Dorset, 1700-1850 (Newbury, Berkshire, 1983), p. 36.
43. For Nathan Rothschild's gold smuggling and speculation, see Kaplan, Nathan Mayer Rothschild, pp. 55-65.
44. Quoted in Count Egon Corti, The rise of the house of Rothschild (New York, 1928), p. 114.
45. For Nathan Rothschild and Wellington see especially, Kaplan, Nathan Mayer Rothschild, pp. 73-89.
46. Corti, The rise of the house of Rothschild, pp. 115-28;
47. and Niall Ferguson, The world's banker: The history of the house of Rothschild (London, 1998), pp. 93-4.
48. Ferguson, The world's banker, p. 94.
49. Quoted in ibid., p. 93.
50. See Memoirs of Sir Thomas Buxton (2nd edn, London, 1849), p. 354.
51. Richard Davis, The English Rothschilds (Chapel Hill, 1983), pp. 29-30.
52. Corti, The rise of the house of Rothschild, pp. 119-21;
53. Delbecq, 'La ville des smogglers', pp. 306-11.
54. Quoted in Corti, The rise of the house of Rothschild, pp. 120-1;
55. see also the text of the original letter in Delbecq, 'La ville des smogglers', pp. 307-8.
56. R. Glover, Britain at bay: Defence against Bonaparte, 1803-1814 (London, 1973), pp. 77-124.
57. Monod, 'Dangerous merchandise', pp. 150-82.
58. Waugh, Smuggling in Kent and Sussex, 1700-1840 (Newbury, Berkshire, 1985) p. 65.
59. E. K. Chatterton, King's cutters and smugglers (London, 1972), p. 185.
60. 7 8358.
61. See for example, the tider at Folkestone to collector and controller of customs at Dover, Folkestone, 30 Apr. 1812; the collector and controller of customs at Dover to commissioners of the customs board, Dover, 1 May 1812; and the collector and controller of customs at Dover to commissioners of the customs board, Dover, 4 May 1812, TNA: CUST 54/26.
62. The secretary of the customs board to secretary of the Admiralty, 11 Dec. 1812, TNA: ADM 1/3689.
63. 7 8359-60.
64. The collector and controller of customs at Dover to commissioners of the customs board, Dover, 1 July 1811, TNA: CUST 54/25.
65. F. McLynn, Crime and punishment in eighteenth-century England (London, 1989), p. 195.
66. The collector and controller of customs at Dover to commissioners of the customs board, Dover, 1 July 1811, TNA: CUST 54/25;
67. Geoffrey Morley, The smuggling war: The government's fight against smuggling in the 18th and 19th centuries (Phoenix Hill, Gloucestershire, 1994), p. 68.
68. The collector and controller of customs at Dover to commissioners of the customs board, Dover, 1 July 1811, TNA: CUST 54/25.
69. Brian Lavery, Nelson's navy: The ships, men and organization (rev. edn, London, 1990), p. 274.
70. The commissioners of the customs board to controller and collector of customs at Dover, 16 June 1812, TNA: CUST 31/12.
71. The tide surveyors of Dover to collector and controller of customs at Dover, Dover, 5 Oct. 1811, TNA: CUST 54/25.
72. The secretary of the customs board to captains of the waterguard, London, 7 Mar. 1812, TNA: CUST 31/12.
73. Ibid.
74. The commissioners of excise to lords commissioners of the Treasury, London, 27 Oct. 1804, TNA: ADM 1/4293.
75. Arthur Young, General view of the agriculture of the county of Sussex (Newton Abbot, 1970), pp. 404-5.
76. The collector and controller of customs at Dover to commissioners of the customs board, Dover, 18 May 1800, TNA: CUST 54/25.
77. 7 3643/11.
78. Harvey to Bonverlett, ibid.
79. Delbecq, 'La ville des smogglers', pp. 358-9.
80. Ibid.
81. 7 8359-60.
82. Kaplan, Nathan Mayer Rothschild, pp. 61-5.
83. Ibid., p. 61.
84. For the following discussion see Gavin Daly, 'Napoleon's lost legions: French prisoners of war in Britain, 1803-1814', History, 89 (2004), pp. 361-80.
85. See also Philippe Masson, Les sépulcres flottants: Prisonniers français en Angleterre sous l'Empire (Rennes, 1987);
86. Francis Abell, Prisoners of war in Britain, 1756 to 1815 (London, 1914);
87. and Patrick Crowhurst, The French war on trade: Privateering, 1793-1815 (Aldershot, 1989), pp. 173-98.
88. Abell, Prisoners of war, p. 391.
89. Quoted in O'Meara, Napoleon in exile, 11, p. 253.
90. 2 50.
91. 7 8359.
92. 7 3643/11.
93. 7 8359.
94. 7 8359.
95. 7 3643/11.
96. Quoted in Morley, Smuggling in Hampshire and Dorset, p. 37.
97. Quoted in Heckscher, The continental system, p. 192.
98. 7 3643/12.
99. Ibid.
100. The minister of marine to Napoleon, Paris, 27 Nov. 1811, AN AF IV 1199.
101. Quoted in O'Meara, Napoleon in exile, 1, p. 252.
102. 7 8359.
103. 7 8359, and Delbecq, 'La ville des smogglers', pp. 275-83.
104. 7 8359.
105. Table - Etat nominatif des négociants qui ont demandé et obtenu des cartes pour commencer avec les smugglers à Gravelines, ibid.
106. For the examples of Rouen and Le Havre, see Daly, Inside Napoleonic France, pp. 134-56.
107. For French privateering, see Crowhurst, The French war on trade.
108. Daly, Inside Napoleonic France, p. 150.
109. 7 8358.
110. Petition of Pierre Hammelin and J. B. Bonnaire to the emperor, Caen, 20 Sept. 1813, ibid.
111. Report of the minister of manufactures and commerce on smuggling at Gravelines, Paris, 24 Mar. 1813, ibid.
112. Young, General view of the agriculture of the county of Sussex, pp. 404-5.
113. The collector and controller of customs at Dover to commissioners of customs, Dover, 13 July 1812, TNA: CUST 54/26.
114. Monod, 'Dangerous merchandise', pp. 169, 175-8.
115. Maxine Berg, Luxury and pleasure in eighteenth-century Britain (Oxford, 2005).
116. Ibid., espec. p. 91,
117. and Maxine Berg, 'Shopping for Britain', History Today, 55 (2005), pp. 28-35.