Lyme disease: basis for treatment strategy, primary preventive care and secondary preventive care;Maladie de Lyme : bases fondamentales à l'origine des mesures préventives, mesures de prévention primaire et secondaire

Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses

Volumn 37, Issue 7-8, 2007, Pages 381-393

  Guy, N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF CLERMONT FERRAND   (France)

Author keywords

Ixodes tick; Lyme disease; Prevention

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; DOXYCYCLINE; LYME DISEASE VACCINE; OUTER SURFACE PROTEIN A; PENICILLIN G; PLACEBO; TETRACYCLINE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE CARRIER; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; IXODES; LYME DISEASE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PRIMARY PREVENTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; TICK BITE; VEGETATION; ANIMAL; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FRANCE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; LARVA; MICROBIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TICK;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; FRANCE; HUMANS; IXODES; LARVA; LYME DISEASE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK FACTORS; TICKS;

EID: 34548461208     PISSN: 0399077X     EISSN: 17696690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2006.01.029     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Stanek G., and Strle F. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet 15 362 (2003) 1639-1647
2. Richter D., Schlee D.B., Allgöwer R., and Matuschka F.R. Relationships of a novel Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia spielmanii sp.nov., with its host in central Europe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 11 (2004) 6414-6419
3. Oehme R., Hartelt K., Backe H., Brockmann S., and Kimmig P. Foci of tick-borne diseases in southwest Germany. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 291 S33 (2002) 22-29
4. Derdakova M., and Lencakova D. Association of genetic variability within the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato with the ecology, epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis in Europe. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 12 2 (2005) 165-172
5. Lovrich S.D., Callister S.M., Lim L.C., DuChateau B.K., and Schell R.F. Seroprotective groups of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes from North America and Europe. J. Infect. Dis. 170 1 (1994) 115-121
6. Mathiesen D.A., Oliver Jr. J.H., Kolbert C.P., Tullson E.D., Johnson B.J., Campbell G.L., et al. Genetic heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 175 1 (1997) 98-107
7. Wilske B., Barbour A.G., Bergstrom S., Burman N., Restrepo B.I., Rosa P.A., et al. Antigenic variation and strain heterogeneity in Borrelia spp. Res. Microbiol. 143 6 (1992) 583-596
8. Ohnishi J., Piesman J., and de Silva A.M. Antigenic and genetic heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdorferi populations transmitted by ticks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 2 (2001) 670-675
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Lyme disease-United States, 2001-2002. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 53 17 (2004) 365-369
10. O'Connell S., Granstrom M., Gray J.S., and Stanek G. Epidemiology of European Lyme borreliosis. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 287 3 (1998) 229-240
11. World health organisation. The vector borne human infections of Europe-their distribution and burden on public health. 2004. Available from http://www.euro.who.int/malaria/publications/20020611_4.
12. Letrilliart L., Ragon B., Hanslik T., and Flahault A. Lyme disease in France: a primary care-based prospective study. Epidemiol. Infect. 133 5 (2005) 935-942
13. Stanek G., O'Connell S., Cimmino M., Aberer E., Kristoferitsch W., Granstrom M., et al. European Union Concerted Action on Risk Assessment in Lyme Borreliosis: clinical case definitions for Lyme borreliosis. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 108 23 (1996) 741-747
14. Trombert-Paolantoni S., Ferquel E., and Postic D. Retrospective study of Lyme borreliosis positive serologies in 2003. Pathol. Biol. 53 8-9 (2005) 522-526
15. Zhioua E., Rodhain F., Binet P., and Perez-Eid C. Prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in forestry workers of Île-de-France, France. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 13 8 (1997) 959-962
16. Christiann F., Rayet P., Patey O., and Lafaix C. Epidemiology of Lyme disease in France: Lyme borreliosis in the region of Berry sud: a six-year retrospective. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 12 5 (1996) 479-483
17. Pichot J., Gilot B., Soulier V., Rey-Coquais A., Degeilh B., and Doche B. Ecoepidemiology of Lyme borreliosis in the Rhone-Alps region. Distribution, ecological context, relationship to the distribution of Ixodes ricinus. Parasite 1 4 (1994) 335-342
18. Dhote R., Basse-Guerineau A.L., Beaumesnil V., Christoforov B., and Assous M.V. Full spectrum of clinical, serological, and epidemiological features of complicated forms of Lyme borreliosis in the Paris, France, area. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19 11 (2000) 809-815
19. Mitschler A., Grange F., Lipsker D., Jaulhac B., Piemont Y., Belanger P., et al. Knowledge and prevention of tick-bite borreliosis: survey of the population in Alsace, an endemic area. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 131 (2004) 547-553
20. Lipsker D., Hansmann Y., Limbach F., Clerc C., Tranchant C., Grunenberger F., et al., GEBLY Study Group, Study Group for Lyme Borreliosis. Disease expression of Lyme borreliosis in northeastern France. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20 4 (2001) 225-230
21. Christiann F., Rayet P., Patey O., Ngueodjibaye D.B., Theron-le Gargasson J.F., and Lafaix C. Lyme borreliosis in central France: a sero-epidemiologic examination involving hunters. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 13 7 (1997) 855
22. Christiann F., Rayet P., Ngueodjibaye D.B., Patey O., Godefroy A., Klein J., et al. Endemic level of Lyme borreliosis in a region of central France: a sero-epidemiologic examination involving blood donors. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 13 3 (1997) 361-362
23. Hubalek Z., and Halouzka J. Distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genomic groups in Europe, a review. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 13 8 (1997) 951-957
24. Saint Girons I., Gern L., Gray J.S., Guy E.C., Korenberg E., Nuttall P.A., et al. Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in Europe. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 287 3 (1998) 190-195
25. Steere A.C., Coburn J., and Glickstein L. The emergence of Lyme disease. J. Clin. Invest. 113 8 (2004) 1093-1101
26. Steere A.C. Lyme disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 345 2 (2001) 115-125
27. Hu L.T., and Klempner M.S. Update on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Lyme disease. Adv. Intern. Med. 46 (2001) 247-275
28. Hayes E.B., and Piesman J. How can we prevent Lyme disease?. N. Engl. J. Med. 348 24 (2003) 2424-2430
29. Wilson M.E. Prevention of tick-borne diseases. Med. Clin. North Am. 86 2 (2002) 219-238
30. Parola P., and Raoult D. Tick-borne bacterial diseases emerging in Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 7 2 (2001) 80-83
31. Needham G.R. Evaluation of five popular methods for tick removal. Pediatrics 75 6 (1985) 997-1002
32. Barbour A.G., and Hayes S.F. Biology of Borrelia species. Microbiol. Rev. 50 4 (1986) 381-400
33. Fraser C.M., Casjens S., Huang W.M., Sutton G.G., Clayton R., Lathigra R., et al. Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Nature 390 6660 (1997) 580-586
34. Pal U., Li X., Wang T., Montgomery R.R., Ramamoorthi N., Desilva A.M., et al. TROSPA, an Ixodes scapularis receptor for Borrelia burgdorferi. Cell 119 4 (2004) 457-468
35. De Silva A.M., and Fikrig E. Growth and migration of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ticks during blood feeding. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53 4 (1995) 397-404
36. De Silva A.M., Zeidner N.S., Zhang Y., Dolan M.C., Piesman J., and Fikrig E. Influence of outer surface protein A antibody on Borrelia burgdorferi within feeding ticks. Infect. Immun. 67 1 (1999) 30-35
37. Schwan T.G., Piesman J., Golde W.T., Dolan M.C., and Rosa P.A. Induction of an outer surface protein on Borrelia burgdorferi during tick feeding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 7 (1995) 2909-2913
38. Stevenson B., Schwan T.G., and Rosa P.A. Temperature-related differential expression of antigens in the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect. Immun. 63 11 (1995) 4535-4539
39. Schwan T.G., and Piesman J. Temporal changes in outer surface proteins A and C of the lyme disease-associated spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, during the chain of infection in ticks and mice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 1 (2000) 382-388
40. Grimm D., Tilly K., Byram R., Stewart P.E., Krum J.G., Bueschel D.M., et al. Outer-surface protein C of the Lyme disease spirochete: a protein induced in ticks for infection of mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 9 (2004) 3142-3147
41. Pal U., Yang X., Chen M., Bockenstedt L.K., Anderson J.F., Flavell R.A., et al. OspC facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi invasion of Ixodes scapularis salivary glands. J. Clin. Invest. 113 2 (2004) 220-230
42. Perez-Eid C., Pichon B., Zhioua E., Tremel N., Villeret R., Deruaz D., et al. Lyme borreliosis, emergent disease linked with the environment. Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 182 2 (1998) 267-280
43. Pichon B., Gilot B., and Perez-Eid C. Detection of spirochaetes of Borrelia burgdorferi complexe in the skin of cervids by PCR and culture. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 16 9 (2000) 869-873
44. Pichon B., Mousson L., Figureau C., Rodhain F., and Perez-Eid C. Density of deer in relation to the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in Ixodes ricinus nymphs in Rambouillet forest, France. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 23 3 (1999) 267-275
45. Gern L., Estrada-Pena A., Frandsen F., Gray J.S., Jaenson T.G., Jongejan F., et al. European reservoir hosts of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 287 3 (1998) 196-204
46. Guerra M., Walker E., Jones C., Paskewitz S., Cortinas M.R., Stancil A., et al. Predicting the risk of Lyme disease: habitat suitability for Ixodes scapularis in the north central United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8 3 (2002) 289-297
47. Randolph S.E., and Storey K. Impact of microclimate on immature tick-rodent host interactions (Acari: Ixodidae): implications for parasite transmission. J. Med. Entomol. 36 6 (1999) 741-748
48. Stafford III K.C. Survival of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) at different relative humidities. J. Med. Entomol. 31 2 (1994) 310-314
49. Rauter C., and Hartung T. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe: a metaanalysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 11 (2005) 7203-7216
50. Gray J.S., Kahl O., Robertson J.N., Daniel M., Estrada-Pena A., Gettinby G., et al. Lyme borreliosis habitat assessment. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 287 3 (1998) 211-228
51. Gilot B., Degeilh B., Pichot J., Doche B., and Guiguen C. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) in Ixodes ricinus (L.) populations in France, according to a phytoecological zoning of the territory. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 12 4 (1996) 395-401
52. Halos L., Jamal T., Maillard R., Beugnet F., Le Menach A., Boulouis H.J., et al. Evidence of Bartonella sp. in questing adult and nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks from France and co-infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Babesia sp. Vet. Res. 36 1 (2005) 79-87
53. Quessada T., Martial-Convert F., Arnaud S., Leudet De La Vallee H., Gilot B., and Pichot J. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi species and identification of Borrelia valaisiana in questing Ixodes ricinus in the Lyon region of France as determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 22 3 (2003) 165-173
54. Hubalek Z., Halouzka J., and Juricova Z. Borreliae in Ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on humans. Med. Vet. Entomol. 18 3 (2004) 228-231
55. Hubalek Z., Halouzka J., and Juricova Z. Longitudinal surveillance of the tick Ixodes ricinus for borreliae. Med. Vet. Entomol. 17 1 (2003) 46-51
56. Costello C.M., Steere A.C., Pinkerton R.E., and Feder Jr. H.M. A prospective study of tick bites in an endemic area for Lyme disease. J. Infect. Dis. 159 1 (1989) 136-139
57. Des Vignes F., Piesman J., Heffernan R., Schulze T.L., Stafford III K.C., and Fish D. Effect of tick removal on transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia phagocytophila by Ixodes scapularis nymphs. J. Infect. Dis. 183 5 (2001) 773-778
58. Sood S.K., Salzman M.B., Johnson B.J., Happ C.M., Feig K., Carmody L., et al. Duration of tick attachment as a predictor of the risk of Lyme disease in an area in which Lyme disease is endemic. J. Infect. Dis. 175 4 (1997) 996-999
59. Stafford III K.C., Cartter M.L., Magnarelli L.A., Ertel S.H., and Mshar P.A. Temporal correlations between tick abundance and prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and increasing incidence of Lyme disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 5 (1998) 1240-1244
60. Falco R.C., McKenna D.F., Daniels T.J., Nadelman R.B., Nowakowski J., Fish D., et al. Temporal relation between Ixodes scapularis abundance and risk for Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149 8 (1999) 771-776
61. Piesman J., Mather T.N., Sinsky R.J., and Spielman A. Duration of tick attachment and Borrelia burgdorferi transmission. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25 3 (1987) 557-558
62. Piesman J., Maupin G.O., Campos E.G., and Happ C.M. Duration of adult female Ixodes dammini attachment and transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, with description of a needle aspiration isolation method. J. Infect. Dis. 163 4 (1991) 895-897
63. Piesman J. Dynamics of Borrelia burgdorferi transmission by nymphal Ixodes dammini ticks. J. Infect. Dis. 167 5 (1993) 1082-1085
64. Kahl O., Janetzki-Mittmann C., Gray J.S., Jonas R., Stein J., and de Boer R. Risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato for a host in relation to the duration of nymphal Ixodes ricinus feeding and the method of tick removal. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 287 1-2 (1998) 41-52
65. Crippa M., Rais O., and Gern L. Investigations on the mode and dynamics of transmission and infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia afzelii in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2 1 (2002) 3-9
66. Ginsberg H.S. Transmission risk of Lyme disease and implications for tick management. Am. J. Epidemiol. 138 1 (1993) 65-73
67. Weisshaar E., Schaefer A., Scheidt R.R., Bruckner T., Apfelbacher C.J., and Diepgen T.L. Epidemiology of tick bites and borreliosis in children attending kindergarten or so-called "forest kindergarten" in southwest Germany. J. Invest. Dermatol. 126 3 (2006) 584-590
68. Smith G., Wileyto E.P., Hopkins R.B., Cherry B.R., and Maher J.P. Risk factors for lyme disease in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Public Health Rep. 116 Suppl 1 (2001) 146-156
69. Cromley E.K., Cartter M.L., Mrozinski R.D., and Ertel S.H. Residential setting as a risk factor for Lyme disease in a hyperendemic region. Am. J. Epidemiol. 147 5 (1998) 472-477
70. Klein J.D., Eppes S.C., and Hunt P. Environmental and life-style risk factors for Lyme disease in children. Clin. Pediatr. 35 7 (1996) 359-363
71. Moll van Charante A.W., Groen J., Mulder P.G., Rijpkema S.G., and Osterhaus A.D. Occupational risks of zoonotic infections in Dutch forestry workers and muskrat catchers. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 14 2 (1998) 109-116
72. Lane R.S., Steinlein D.B., and Mun J. Human behaviors elevating exposure to Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphsand their associated bacterial zoonotic agents in a hardwood forest. J. Med. Entomol. 41 2 (2004) 239-248
73. Lane R.S., Manweiler S.A., Stubbs H.A., Lennette E.T., Madigan J.E., and Lavoie P.E. Risk factors for Lyme disease in a small rural community in northern California. Am. J. Epidemiol. 136 11 (1992) 1358-1368
74. Herrington J.E. Risk perceptions regarding ticks and Lyme disease: a national survey. Am. J. Prev. Med. 26 2 (2004) 135-140
75. de Vries H., and van Dillen S. Prevention of Lyme disease in Dutch children: analysis of determinants of tick inspection by parents. Prev. Med. 35 2 (2002) 160-165
76. Phillips C.B., Liang M.H., Sangha O., Wright E.A., Fossel A.H., Lew R.A., et al. Lyme disease and preventive behaviors in residents of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. Am. J. Prev. Med. 20 3 (2001) 219-224
77. Stjernberg L., and Berglund J. Tick prevention in a population living in a highly endemic area. Scand. J. Public Health 33 6 (2005) 432-438
78. Piesman J. Strategies for reducing the risk of Lyme borreliosis in North America. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296 Suppl. 1 (2006) 17-22
79. Wormser G.P. Prevention of Lyme borreliosis. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 117 11-12 (2005) 385-391
80. Wilson M.L. Reduced abundance of adult Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) following destruction of vegetation. J. Econ. Entomol. 79 3 (1986) 693-696
81. Schulze T.L., Jordan R.A., and Hung R.W. Suppression of subadult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) following removal of leaf litter. J. Med. Entomol. 32 5 (1995) 730-733
82. Mather T.N., Duffy D.C., and Campbell S.R. An unexpected result from burning vegetation to reduce Lyme disease transmission risks. J. Med. Entomol. 30 3 (1993) 642-645
83. Stafford III K.C., Ward J.S., and Magnarelli L.A. Impact of controlled burns on the abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 35 4 (1998) 510-513
84. Schulze T.L., Taylor G.C., Vasvary L.M., Simmons W., and Jordan R.A. Effectiveness of an aerial application of carbaryl in controlling Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) adults in a high-use recreational area in New Jersey. J. Med. Entomol. 29 3 (1992) 544-547
85. Schulze T.L., Jordan R.A., and Krivenko A.J. Effects of barrier application of granular deltamethrin on subadult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and non-target forest floor arthropods. J. Econ. Entomol. 98 3 (2005) 976-981
86. Schulze T.L., Taylor G.C., Jordan R.A., Bosler E.M., and Shisler J.K. Effectiveness of selected granular acaricide formulations in suppressing populations of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae): short-term control of nymphs and larvae. J. Med. Entomol. 28 5 (1991) 624-629
87. Curran K.L., Fish D., and Piesman J. Reduction of nymphal Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in a residential suburban landscape by area application of insecticides. J. Med. Entomol. 30 1 (1993) 107-113
88. Stafford III K.C. Effectiveness of carbaryl applications for the control of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in an endemic residential area. J. Med. Entomol. 28 1 (1991) 32-36
89. Uspensky I., and Ioffe-Uspensky I. Potential risk of pathogen transmission by acaricide-poisoned ticks. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296 Suppl. 1 (2006) 217-224
90. Panella N.A., Karchesy J., Maupin G.O., Malan J.C., and Piesman J. Susceptibility of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to plant-derived acaricides. J. Med. Entomol. 34 3 (1997) 340-345
91. Panella N.A., Dolan M.C., Karchesy J.J., Xiong Y., Peralta-Cruz J., Khasawneh M., et al. Use of novel compounds for pest control: insecticidal and acaricidal activity of essential oil components from heartwood of Alaska yellow cedar. J. Med. Entomol. 42 3 (2005) 352-358
92. Stafford III K.C., Denicola A.J., and Magnarelli L.A. Presence of Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in two Connecticut populations of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 33 1 (1996) 183-188
93. Zhioua E., Lebrun R.A., Ginsberg H.S., and Aeschlimann A. Pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae and S. glaseri (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 32 6 (1995) 900-905
94. Hornbostel V.L., Ostfeld R.S., Zhioua E., and Benjamin M.A. Sublethal effects of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) on engorged larval, nymphal, and adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 41 5 (2004) 922-929
95. Knipling E.F., and Steelman C.D. Feasibility of controlling Ixodes scapularis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), the vector of Lyme disease, by parasitoid augmentation. J. Med. Entomol. 37 5 (2000) 645-652
96. Daniels T.J., Fish D., and Schwartz I. Reduced abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Lyme disease risk by deer exclusion. J. Med. Entomol. 30 6 (1993) 1043-1049
97. Daniels T.J., and Fish D. Effect of deer exclusion on the abundance of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing small and medium-sized mammals. J. Med. Entomol. 32 1 (1995) 5-11
98. Deblinger R.D., Wilson M.L., Rimmer D.W., and Spielman A. Reduced abundance of immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) following incremental removal of deer. J. Med. Entomol. 30 1 (1993) 144-150
99. Stafford III K.C. Reduced abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with exclusion of deer by electric fencing. J. Med. Entomol. 30 6 (1993) 986-996
100. Wilson M.L., Telford III S.R., Piesman J., and Spielman A. Reduced abundance of immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) following elimination of deer. J. Med. Entomol. 25 4 (1988) 224-228
101. Rand P.W., Lubelczyk C., Holman M.S., Lacombe E.H., and Smith Jr. R.P. Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) after the complete removal of deer from an isolated offshore island, endemic for Lyme Disease. J. Med. Entomol. 41 4 (2004) 779-784
102. Stafford III K.C. Third-year evaluation of host-targeted permethrin for the control of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeastern Connecticut. J. Med. Entomol. 29 4 (1992) 717-720
103. Mejlon H.A., Jaenson T.G., and Mather T.N. Evaluation of host-targeted applications of permethrin for control of Borrelia-infected Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae). Med. Vet. Entomol. 9 2 (1995) 207-210
104. Rand P.W., Lacombe E.H., Holman M.S., Lubelczyk C., and Smith Jr. R.P. Attempt to control ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on deer on an isolated island using ivermectin-treated corn. J. Med. Entomol. 37 1 (2000) 126-133
105. Deblinger R.D., and Rimmer D.W. Efficacy of a permethrin-based acaricide to reduce the abundance of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 28 5 (1991) 708-711
106. Stafford III K.C. Effectiveness of host-targeted permethrin in the control of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 28 5 (1991) 611-617
107. Daniels T.J., Fish D., and Falco R.C. Evaluation of host-targeted acaricide for reducing risk of Lyme disease in southern New York state. J. Med. Entomol. 28 4 (1991) 537-543
108. Leprince D.J., and Lane R.S. Evaluation of permethrin-impregnated cotton balls as potential nesting material to control ectoparasites of woodrats in California. J. Med. Entomol. 33 3 (1996) 355-360
109. Solberg V.B., Miller J.A., Hadfield T., Burge R., Schech J.M., and Pound J.M. Control of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with topical self-application of permethrin by white-tailed deer inhabiting NASA, Beltsville, Maryland. J. Vector Ecol. 28 1 (2003) 117-134
110. Tsao J.I., Wootton J.T., Bunikis J., Luna M.G., Fish D., and Barbour A.G. An ecological approach to preventing human infection: vaccinating wild mouse reservoirs intervenes in the Lyme disease cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 52 (2004) 18159-18164
111. Poland G.A. Prevention of Lyme disease: a review of the evidence. Mayo Clin. Proc. 76 7 (2001) 713-724
112. Advisory Committee Statement. Statement on immunization for Lyme disease. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 26 (2000) 1-11
113. Wormser G.P., Nadelman R.B., Dattwyler R.J., Dennis D.T., Shapiro E.D., Steere A.C., et al. Practice guidelines for the treatment of Lyme disease. The Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31 Suppl. 1 (2000) 1-14
114. Orloski K.A., Campbell G.L., Genese C.A., Beckley J.W., Schriefer M.E., Spitalny K.C., and Dennis D.T. Emergence of Lyme disease in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, 1993: a case-control study of risk factors and evaluation of reporting patterns. Am. J. Epidemiol. 147 4 (1998) 391-397
115. Malouin R., Winch P., Leontsini E., Glass G., Simon D., Hayes E.B., et al. Longitudinal evaluation of an educational intervention for preventing tick bites in an area with endemic Lyme disease in Baltimore County, Maryland. Am. J. Epidemiol. 157 11 (2003) 1039-1051
116. Faulde M., and Uedelhoven W. A new clothing impregnation method for personal protection against ticks and biting insects. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296 Suppl. 1 (2006) 225-229
117. Staub D., Debrunner M., Amsler L., and Steffen R. Effectiveness of a repellent containing DEET and EBAAP for preventing tick bites. Wilderness Environ. Med. 13 1 (2002) 12-20
118. Schreck C.E., Fish D., and McGovern T.P. Activity of repellents applied to skin for protection against Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes scapularis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 11 1 (1995) 136-140
119. McMahon C., Krober T., and Guerin P.M. In vitro assays for repellents and deterrents for ticks: differing effects of products when tested with attractant or arrestment stimuli. Med. Vet. Entomol. 17 4 (2003) 370-378
120. Fradin M.S. Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide. Ann. Intern. Med. 128 11 (1998) 931-940
121. Salafsky B., He Y.X., Li J., Shibuya T., and Ramaswamy K. Short report: study on the efficacy of a new long-acting formulation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) for the prevention of tick attachment. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62 2 (2000) 169-172
122. Fradin M.S., and Day J.F. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. N. Engl. J. Med. 347 1 (2002) 13-18
123. Brown M., and Hebert A.A. Insect repellents: an overview. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 36 2 Pt 1 (1997) 243-249
124. Briassoulis G., Narlioglou M., and Hatzis T. Toxic encephalopathy associated with use of DEET insect repellents: a case analysis of its toxicity in children. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 20 1 (2001) 8-14
125. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Seizures temporally associated with use of DEET insect repellent--New York and Connecticut. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 38 39 (1989) 678-680
126. Garrettson L. Commentary--DEET: caution for children still needed. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 35 5 (1997) 443-445
127. Coleman C.I., Gillespie E.L., and White C.M. Probable topical permethrin-induced neck dystonia. Pharmacotherapy 25 3 (2005) 448-450
128. Thorsell W., Mikiver A., and Tunon H. Repelling properties of some plant materials on the tick Ixodes ricinus L. Phytomedicine 13 1-2 (2006) 132-134
129. Jaenson T.G., Palsson K., and Borg-Karlson A.K. Evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from Sweden. Med. Vet. Entomol. 19 4 (2005) 345-352
130. Gardulf A., Wohlfart I., and Gustafson R. A prospective cross-over field trial shows protection of lemon eucalyptus extract against tick bites. J. Med. Entomol. 41 6 (2004) 1064-1067
131. de Silva A.M., Telford III S.R., Brunet L.R., Barthold S.W., and Fikrig E. Borrelia burgdorferi OspA is an arthropod-specific transmission-blocking Lyme disease vaccine. J. Exp. Med. 183 1 (1996) 271-275
132. Golde W.T., Piesman J., Dolan M.C., Kramer M., Hauser P., Lobet Y., et al. Reactivity with a specific epitope of outer surface protein A predicts protection from infection with the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect. Immun. 65 3 (1997) 882-889
133. Fikrig E., Telford III S.R., Barthold S.W., Kantor F.S., Spielman A., and Flavell R.A. Elimination of Borrelia burgdorferi from vector ticks feeding on OspA-immunized mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 12 (1992) 5418-5421
134. Sigal L.H., Zahradnik J.M., Lavin P., Patella S.J., Bryant G., Haselby R., et al. A vaccine consisting of recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface protein A to prevent Lyme disease. Recombinant Outer-Surface Protein A Lyme Disease Vaccine Study Consortium. N. Engl. J. Med. 339 4 (1998) 216-222
135. Steere A.C., Sikand V.K., Meurice F., Parenti D.L., Fikrig E., Schoen R.T., et al. Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface lipoprotein A with adjuvant. Lyme Disease Vaccine Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 339 4 (1998) 209-215
136. Gomes-Solecki M.J., Wormser G.P., Schriefer M., Neuman G., Hannafey L., Glass J.D., et al. Recombinant assay for serodiagnosis of Lyme disease regardless of OspA vaccination status. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 1 (2002) 193-197
137. Fawcett P.T., Rose C.D., Budd S.M., and Gibney K.M. Effect of immunization with recombinant OspA on serologic tests for Lyme borreliosis. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8 1 (2001) 79-84
138. Feder Jr. H.M. Lyme disease vaccine: good for dogs, adults, and children?. Pediatrics 105 6 (2000) 1333-1334
139. Hayes E.B., and Dennis D.T. Immunization against Lyme disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 339 22 (1998) 1637
140. Luger S. Immunization against Lyme disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 339 22 (1998) 1637-1638
141. Anderson J.R. Immunization against Lyme disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 339 22 (1998) 1638-1639
142. Sigal L.H. Lyme disease and the Lyme disease vaccines. Bull. Rheum. Dis. 48 4 (1999) 1-4
143. Sigal L.H. Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A vaccine: importance, role, and value. J. Pediatr. 135 5 (1999) 539-541
144. Rahn D.W. Lyme vaccine: issues and controversies. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 15 1 (2001) 171-187
145. Hanson M.S., and Edelman R. Progress and controversy surrounding vaccines against Lyme disease. Expert Rev. Vaccines 2 5 (2003) 683-703
146. Onrust S.V., and Goa K.L. Adjuvanted Lyme disease vaccine: a review of its use in the management of Lyme disease. Drugs 59 2 (2000) 281-299
147. Hsia E.C., Chung J.B., Schwartz J.S., and Albert D.A. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the Lyme disease vaccine. Arthritis Rheum. 46 6 (2002) 1651-1660
148. Shadick N.A., Liang M.H., Phillips C.B., Fossel K., and Kuntz K.M. The cost-effectiveness of vaccination against Lyme disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 161 4 (2001) 554-561
149. Maes E., Lecomte P., and Ray N. A cost-of-illness study of Lyme disease in the United States. Clin. Ther. 20 5 (1998) 993-1008
150. Meltzer M.I., Dennis D.T., and Orloski K.A. The cost effectiveness of vaccinating against Lyme disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5 3 (1999) 321-328
151. Wormser G.P. Vaccination as a modality to prevent Lyme disease. A status report. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 13 1 (1999) 135-148
152. Ferquel E., Garnier M., Marie J., Bernede-Bauduin C., Baranton G., Perez-Eid C., et al. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasmataceae members in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Alsace, a focus of Lyme borreliosis endemicity in France. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 4 (2006) 3074-3078
153. Cimperman J., Maraspin V., Lotric-Furlan S., Ruzic-Sabljic E., Avsic-Zupanc T., and Strle F. Double infection with tick borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 114 13-14 (2002) 620-622
154. Gross D.M., Forsthuber T., Tary-Lehmann M., Etling C., Ito K., Nagy Z.A., et al. Identification of LFA-1 as a candidate autoantigen in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis. Science 281 5377 (1998) 703-706
155. Lathrop S.L., Ball R., Haber P., Mootrey G.T., Braun M.M., Shadomy S.V., et al. Adverse event reports following vaccination for Lyme disease: December 1998-July 2000. Vaccine 20 11-12 (2002) 1603-1608
156. Brown E.L., Kim J.H., Reisenbichler E.S., and Hook M. Multicomponent Lyme vaccine: three is not a crowd. Vaccine 23 28 (2005) 3687-3696
157. Stewart R.L., Burgdorfer W., and Needham G.R. Evaluation of three commercial tick removal tools. Wilderness Environ. Med. 9 3 (1998) 137-142
158. De Boer R., and van den Bogaard A.E. Removal of attached nymphs and adults of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 30 4 (1993) 748-752
159. Lee M.D., Sonenshine D.E., and Counselman F.L. Evaluation of subcutaneous injection of local anesthetic agents as a method of tick removal. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 13 1 (1995) 14-16
160. Falco R.C., Fish D., and Piesman J. Duration of tick bites in a Lyme disease-endemic area. Am. J. Epidemiol. 143 (1996) 187-192
161. Stanek G., and Kahl O. Chemoprophylaxis for Lyme borreliosis?. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 289 5-7 (1999) 655-665
162. Schwartz B.S., and Goldstein M.D. Lyme disease in outdoor workers: risk factors, preventive measures, and tick removal methods. Am. J. Epidemiol. 131 5 (1990) 877-885
163. Nadelman R.B., Nowakowski J., Fish D., Falco R.C., Freeman K., McKenna D., et al., Tick Bite Study Group. Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N. Engl. J. Med. 345 2 (2001) 79-84
164. Costello C.M., Steere A.C., Pinkerton R.E., and Feder Jr. H.M. A prospective study of tick bites in an endemic area for Lyme disease. J. Infect. Dis. 159 1 (1989) 136-139
165. Shapiro E.D., Gerber M.A., Holabird N.B., Berg A.T., Feder Jr. H.M., Bell G.L., et al. A controlled trial of antimicrobial prophylaxis for Lyme disease after deer-tick bites. N. Engl. J. Med. 327 25 (1992) 1769-1773
166. Agre F., and Schwartz R. The value of early treatment of deer-tick bites for the prevention of Lyme disease. Am. J. Dis. Child. 147 9 (1993) 945-947
167. Warshafsky S., Nowakowski J., Nadelman R.B., Kamer R.S., Peterson S.J., and Wormser G.P. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of Lyme disease. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 11 6 (1996) 329-333
168. Magid D., Schwartz B., Craft J., and Schwartz J.S. Prevention of Lyme disease after tick bites. A cost-effectiveness analysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 327 8 (1992) 534-541
169. Maiwald M., Oehme R., March O., Petney T.N., Kimmig P., Naser K., et al. Transmission risk of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from Ixodes ricinus ticks to humans in southwest Germany. Epidemiol. Infect. 121 1 (1998) 103-108
170. Fix A.D., Strickland G.T., and Grant J. Tick bites and Lyme disease in an endemic setting: problematic use of serologic testing and prophylactic antibiotic therapy. JAMA 279 3 (1998) 206-210