The components of the female athlete triad do not identify all physically active females at risk

Journal of Sports Sciences

Volumn 25, Issue 12, 2007, Pages 1289-1297

  Burrows, Melonie ^a   Shepherd, Helen ^a   Bird, Stephen ^b   Macleod, Kenneth ^c   Ward, Bob ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^b SUNSHINE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c ROYAL DEVON AND EXETER HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Amenorrhoea; Disordered eating; Oligomenorrhoea; Osteopaenia; Osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AMENORRHEA; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BONE DENSITY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; EATING DISORDER; EXERCISE; FEMALE; FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD; FEMUR NECK; HUMAN; LUMBAR SPINE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENSTRUATION; OLIGOMENORRHEA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AMENORRHEA; BODY MASS INDEX; BONE DENSITY; BONE DISEASES, METABOLIC; EATING DISORDERS; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NUTRITION SURVEYS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 34548460775     PISSN: 02640414     EISSN: 1466447X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02640410601129714     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. American College of Sports Medicine (1997) The female athlete triad. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, pp. i-ix.
2. American Psychological Association (1994) American Psychological Association. diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
3. Beals, K. A. (2002) Eating behaviours, nutritional status, and menstrual function in elite female adolescent volleyball players. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, pp. 1293-1296.
4. Beals, K. A. and Manore, M. M. (1998) Nutritional status of female athletes with subclinical eating disorders. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 98, pp. 419-425.
5. Beals, K. A. and Manore, M. M. (2002) Disorders of the female athlete triad among collegiate athletes. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 12, pp. 281-293.
6. Binkley, N., Kiebzak, G. M., Lewiecki, E. M., Krueger, D., Gangnon, R. E. and Miller, P. D. (2005) Recalculation of the NHANES database SD improves T score agreement and reduces osteoporosis prevalence. Journal of Bone Mineral Research, 20, pp. 195-204.
7. Birch, K. (2000) Female athlete triad. British Medical Journal, 330, pp. 244-246.
8. Cobb, K. L., Bachrach, L. K., Greedale, G., Marcus, R., Neers, R. M. and Nieves, J. (2003) Disordered eating, menstrual irregularity, and bone mineral density in female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, pp. 711-719.
9. Cummings, D. (1996) Exercise-associated amenorrhoea, low bone density and oestradiol replacement therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine, 156, pp. 2193-2195.
10. Dale, E., Gerlach, D. H. and Wilhite, A. L. (1979) Menstrual dysfunction in distance runners. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 54, pp. 47-53.
11. De Cree, C. (1998) Sex steroid metabolism and menstrual irregularities in the exercising female: A review. Sports Medicine, 25, pp. 369-406.
12. De Souza, M. J. (2003) Menstrual disturbances in athletes: A focus on luteal phase defects. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, pp. 1553-1563.
13. Dugowson, C. E., Drinkwater, B. L. and Clark, J. M. (1991) Nontraumatic femur fracture in an oligomenorrheic athlete. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23, pp. 1323-1325.
14. Fichter, M. M. and Quadflieg, N. (2000) Comparing self and expert rating: A self report-screening version (SIAB-S) of the structured interview for anorexic and bulimic syndromes for DSM-IV and ICD-10 (SIAB-EX). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurology, 250, pp. 175-185.
15. Gibson, J. H., Harries, M., Mitchell, A., Godfrey, R., Lunt, M. and Reeve, J. (2000) Determinants of bone density and prevalence of osteopenia among female runners in their second to seventh decades of age. Bone, 26, pp. 591-598.
16. Inger, F. and Sundgot-Borgen, J. (1991) Influence of body weight reduction on maximal oxygen uptake in female elite athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 1, pp. 141-146.
17. Jonnavithula, S., Warren, S. M., Fox, R. P. and Lazaro, M. I. (1993) Bone density is compromised in amenorrheic women despite returning menses: A 2 year study. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 81, pp. 669-674.
18. Karlsson, K. A., Black, C. B. and Amanda, M. (2001) Prevalence of eating disordered behaviour in collegiate lightweight women rowers and distance runners. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, pp. 32-37.
19. Khan, K. M., Liu-Ambrose, T., Sran, M. M., Ashe, M. C., Donaldson, M. G. and Wark, J. D. (2000) New criteria for female athlete triad syndrome. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36, pp. 10-13.
20. Lauder, T. D., Williams, M. V., Campbell, C. S., Davis, G., Sherman, R. and Pulos, E. (1999) The female athlete triad: Prevalence in military women. Military Medicine, 164, pp. 630-635.
21. Loucks, A. B. (1990) Effects of exercise training on the menstrual cycle: Existence and mechanisms. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22, pp. 275-280.
22. Loucks, A. B., Vaitukaitis, J. and Cameron, J. L. (1992) The reproductive system and exercise in women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, pp. S288-S293.
23. Micklesfield, L. K., Lambert, E. V. and Fataar, A. B. (1995) Bone mineral density in mature, pre-menopausal ultra-marathon runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27, pp. 688-696.
24. Myburgh, K. H., Bachrach, L. K., Lewis, B., Kent, K. and Marcus, R. (1993) Low bone mineral density at axial and appendicular sites in amenorrheic athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, pp. 1197-1202.
25. Nevill, A. M., Holder, R. L., Maffulli, N. and Cheng, J. C. Y. (2002) Adjusting bone mass for differences in projected bone area and other confounding variables: An allometric perspective. Journal of Bone Mineral Research, 17, pp. 703-708.
26. Otis, C. L. (1992) Exercise associated amenorrhea. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 11, pp. 351-362.
27. Prentice, A., Parsons, T. J. and Cole, T. J. (1994) Uncritical use of bone mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artefacts in the identification of bone mineral determinants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, pp. 837-842.
28. Redman, L. M. and Loucks, A. B. (2005) Menstrual disorders in athletes. Sports Medicine, 35, pp. 747-755.
29. Rencken, M. L., Chesnut III, C. H. and Drinkwater, B. L. (1996) Bone density at multiple skeletal sites in amenorrheic athletes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 17, pp. 238-240.
30. Shangold, M. M., Rebar, R. W., Wentz, A. C. and Schiff, I. (1990) Evaluation and management of menstrual dysfunction in athletes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, pp. 1669-1690.
31. Silverstein, B. and Perdup, L. (1988) The relationship between role concern, preferences for slimness, and symptoms of eating problems among college women. Sex Roles, 18, pp. 101-106.
32. Sudi, K., Ott, K., Paverl, D., Baurngartl, P., Tauschmann, K. and Muller, W. (2004) Anorexia athletica. Nutrition, 20, pp. 657-663.
33. Sundgot-Borgen, J. (1994) Risk and trigger factors for development of eating disorders in female elite athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, pp. 414-419.
34. Torstveit, M. K. and Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2005) The female athlete triad: Are elite athletes at increased risk. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, pp. 184-193.
35. Warren, M. P. and Shantha, S. (2000) The female athlete. Baillières Best Practice and Research in Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 14, pp. 37-53.
36. Wilmore, J. H., Wambsqans, K. C., Brenner, M., Broeder, C. E., Paijmans, I. and Volpe, J. A. (1992) Is there energy conservation in amenorrheic compared with eumenorrheic distance runner?. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, pp. 15-22.
37. Wolff, I., Croonenborg, J. J., Kemper, C. G., Kostense, P. J. and Twisk, J. W. R. (1999) The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: A meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre- and postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International, 9, pp. 1-12.
38. World Health Organization Study Group (2003) Prevention and management of osteoporosis, WHO, Geneva
39. Young, N., Formica, C., Szmukler, G. and Seeman, E. (1994) Bone density at weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing sites in ballet dancers: The effects of exercise, hypogonadism, and body weight. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 78, pp. 449-454.