Recasting the global political economy: Counting women's unpaid work

New Political Economy

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 297-317

  Hoskyns, Catherine ^a   Rai, Shirin M ^b  

^a Department of Economics Finance and Accounting   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; POLITICAL ECONOMY; WOMENS EMPLOYMENT; WOMENS STATUS;

EID: 34548432677     PISSN: 13563467     EISSN: 14699923     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13563460701485268     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Levy Economics Institute and UNDP global conference, Unpaid Work and the Economy: Gender, Poverty and the Millennium Development Goals, Blithewood, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, 1-3 October 2005. A full report of the proceedings, and the texts of most papers, are available on the Levy Institute website, http://www.levy.org (accessed 1 March 2007).
2. Diane Elson, 'Introductory Remarks', Levy Economics Institute and UNDP global conference, Unpaid Work and the Economy, p. 50.
3. Hege Skjeie, '"Gender Equality" On Travel Metaphors and Duties to Yield', in Sirkku K. Hellsten, Anne Maria Holli & Krassimira Daskalova (eds), Women's Citizenship and Political Rights (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
4. We are grateful to V. Spike Peterson for pointing this out.
5. William J. Drake & Kalypso Nicolaidis, 'Ideas, Interests and Institutionalization: "Trade in Services" and the Uruguay Round', International Organisation, Vol. 46, No. 1 (1992), pp. 37-100.
6. Ester Boserup, Women's Role in Development (Allen and Unwin, 1970); Isabella Bakker (ed.), The Strategic Silence: Gender and Economic Policy (Zed Books, 1994)
7. Nancy Folbre, Barbar Bergmann, Bina Agarwal & Maria Floro (eds), Women's Work in the World Economy, Issues in Contemporary Economics, Vol. 4 (Macmillan, 1992).
8. Georgina Waylen, 'Gendered Political Economy and Feminist Analysis, in Joanne Cook, Jennifer Roberts & Georgina Waylen (eds), Towards a Gendered Political Economy (Macmillan, 2000), pp. 14-38.
9. See, in particular, Antonella Picchio, Social Reproduction: The Political Economy of the Labour Market (Zed Books, 1992) and 'Life's Work: An Introduction, Review and Critique',
10. in Katharyne Mitchell, Sallie A. Marston & Cindi Katz (eds), Life's Work, Geographies of Social Reproduction (Blackwell, 2004), pp. 1-26.
11. Gender mainstreaming is a formal policy now adopted by many institutions and some governments. It implies incorporating gender awareness into all levels and aspects of policy making, not only those directly concerning the position of women. It has generally proved hard to implement effectively for some of the reasons elaborated in this article.
12. See Maria Stratigaki, 'Gender Mainstreaming versus Positive Action: An Ongoing Conflict in the EU Gender Equality Policy', European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2005), pp. 165-86.
13. UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, http://hdr.undp.org/ statistics/data/ (accessed 1 March 2007). Follow link for 'data by indicator' for details of different statistical tools.
14. World Bank, 'Gender Equality as Smart Economics - a World Bank Gender Action Plan', 2006, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/ Resources/GAPNov2.pdf (accessed 1 March 2007).
15. The Doha Development Round is the name given to the latest round of international trade negotiations being carried out through the WTO. Initiated in 2001, the round was intended to be completed by the end of 2005; at the time of the final draft of this article (March 2007), it is still deadlocked.
16. Mariana Williams, Gender Mainstreaming in the Multilateral Trading System (Commonwealth Secretariat, 2005)
17. Catherine Hoskyns, Linking Gender and International Trade Policy - Is Interaction Possible?, Working Paper 217/07, Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation (CSGR), University of Warwick, 2007.
18. Transformative outcomes are defined differently by different feminist scholars.
19. See Nancy Fraser, Redistribution and Recognition (Verso, 2003)
20. Teresa Rees, Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union: Education Training and Labour Market Policies (Routledge, 1998)
21. and Jill Rubery, 'Reflections on Gender Mainstreaming: An Example of Feminist Economics in Action', Feminist Economics, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2005), p. 2.
22. In the words of the UN Statistics Division: 'The 1993 System of National Accounts is a conceptual framework that sets the international statistical standard for the measurement of the market economy... The System of National Accounts consists of an integrated set of macroeconomic accounts, balance sheets and tables based on internationally agreed concepts, definitions, classifications and accounting rules.' http://unstats.un.org/unsd/sna1993/introduction (accessed 1 March 2007).
23. We would like to thank Mr Robin Lynch, Head of National Accounts Group, Office of National Accounts UK, and two of his colleagues for taking the time to clarify some of these issues for us. They are not responsible for our interpretations and comments. Authors' interview, London, 13 May 2006.
24. United Nations Statistics Division, 1993 System of National Accounts para. 6.22, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/sna1993/ toclev8.asp?L1=6&L2=2 (accessed 8 March 2007).
25. Iulie Aslaksen & Charlotte Koren, 'Unpaid Household Work and the Distribution of Extended Income: The Norwegian Experience', Feminist Economics, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1996), pp. 65-80.
26. Evelyn Dresher, 'Valuing Unpaid Work', summary of keynote address for UN Platform for Action Committee, Counting Women's Work Symposium, Brandon, May 1999, http://www.unpac.ca/economy/valuingunpaidwork.html (accessed 2 March 2007).
27. See the useful pocket book How Europeans Spend Their Time - Everyday Life of Women and Men (European Communities, 2004).
28. Alfred Latigo, 'A New Round of Time-Use Studies for Africa: Measuring Unpaid Work for Pro-poor Development Policies' and Valeria Esquival 'Time Use Surveys in Latin America: Approaches and Methods', both papers presented at Levy Economics Institute and UNDP global conference, Unpaid Work and the Economy.
29. Condensed from points made by Dresher, 'Valuing Unpaid Work' and papers presented at the Levy Economics Institute and UNDP Global Conference, Unpaid Work and the Economy.
30. See in particular, Rebecca Grynspan, 'Unpaid Domestic Work: Its Relevance to Economic and Social Policies' and Indira Hirway, 'Integrating Unpaid Work into Development Policy'.
31. http://www.iaffe.org (accessed 19 February 2007).
32. 'Radical Statistics'', http://www.radstats.org.uk/about.htm (accessed 19 February 2007).
33. INSTRAW, Valuation of Household Production and the Satellite Accounts (United Nations, 1996).
34. For a general discussion of the feasibility of HSAs, see Johanna Varjonen & Iiris Niema, 'A Proposal for a European Satellite Account of Household Production', in UN Statistics Division, Household Accounting: Experience in Concepts and Compilation (United Nations, 2000), pp. 89-109.
35. For the UK see Amanda Rowlatt, 'Satellite Accounts in the UK - New Developments', 1999, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/1/2681013.pdf (accessed 14 October 2006).
36. Rowlatts, 'Satellite Accounts in the UK'; see also Shahra Razavi, 'The Relevance of Women's Unpaid Work to Social Policy in Developing Countries', paper presented at Levy Economics Institute and UNDP global conference, Unpaid Work and the Economy.
37. Information from Robin Lynch and colleagues, ONS, London, 13 May 2006.
38. Authors' interview, European Commission DG Employment, Brussels, 14 February 2007.
39. In 2005 the UN Committee of Experts on Environmental-Economic Accounting (UNCEEA) was established. The aim of the committee is to mainstream the concern with environmental statistics and to develop and get support for standards already being established by the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA). http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ envaccounting/ceea/ (accessed 2 March 2007).
40. E. E. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of American Democracy (Holt, Rinehardt and Winston, 1960) ch. 2;
41. Joyce Gelb & Marian Lief Palley, Women and Public Policies (Princeton University Press, 1987), ch. 1.
42. Donald A. Schon, Frame Reflection. Towards the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies (Basic Books, 1994)
43. Sonia Mazey, 'Introduction: Integrating Gender - Intellectual and Real World' Mainstreaming', Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2000), pp. 333-45
44. Stratigaki, 'Gender Mainstreaming versus Positive Action', pp. 165-6.
45. Robin Broad, 'Research, Knowledge and the Art of "Paradigm Maintenance": The World Bank's Development Economics Vice-Presidency (DEC)'', Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2006), pp. 287-419.
46. Mazey, 'Introduction: Integrating Gender', p. 335.
47. The destabilising effects of changes in the status and identity of women (and the global implications) are dealt with well by the feminist philosopher Ofelia Schutte. For an overview of her work, see Ann Ferguson, 'Comments on Ofelia Schutte's Work in Feminist Philosophy', Hypatia, Vol. 19, No. 3 (2004), pp. 169-81.
48. Drake & Nicolaidis, 'Ideas, Interests and Institutionalization', pp. 37-100.
49. Ibid., pp. 39-41. A fourth assertion is given, which is that the influence of the epistemic community will decline once real bargaining and negotiation takes place.
50. Peter M. Haas, 'Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination', International Organization, Vol. 46, No.1 (1992), pp. 1-35.
51. Stratigaki, 'Gender Mainstreaming versus Positive Action', pp. 165-86.
52. 'Women and Economic Decision Making: Numbers Speak for Themselves', http://www.wedo.org/files/numbersspeak_factsh1.pdf; 'Women in National Parliaments', http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm (accessed 2 March 2007).
53. Sandra Hopkins, 'Women in Economics Departments in Australian Universities: Is there a Gender Imbalance?', http://www.ecosoc.org.au/ women/docs/Gender%20Balance.pdf (accessed 18 February 2007).
54. See in particular, UNIFEM, Progress of the World's Women 2000 (United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2000), pp. 26, 30. We should like to thank Diane Elson for her support and encouragement, and are also grateful to Geoff Renshaw of Warwick University for helping us with the drawing of the diagram.
55. http://www.unifem-eseasia.org/resources/factsheets/UNIFEMSheet1.doc (accessed 16 Oct 2006).
56. The US Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, advises that 'depletion is the using up of natural resources by mining, quarrying, drilling, or felling. The depletion deduction allows an owner or operator to account for the reduction of a product's reserves.' http://www.irs.gov/publications/p535/ch09.html (accessed 7 March 2007).
57. Personal communication from Lucy Ferguson, doctoral student at Manchester University, UK.
58. 'Gender and Budgets', In Brief, No. 12 (2004), http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/dgb12.html (accessed 16 October 2006).
59. Dresher, 'Valuing Unpaid Work'.
60. UNCTAD, World Investment Report: Transnational Corporations and Internationalization of R&D (United Nations, 2005), http://www.iked.org/pdf/WIR05overview%20full.pdf (accessed 16 October 2006).
61. Sol Picciotto, 'Rights, Responsibilities and Regulation of International Business', Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 42, No. 1 (2004), pp. 131-52.
62. Isabella Bakker & Stephen Gill (eds), Power, Production and Social Reproduction (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
63. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Little, Brown and Company, 2000).