Justification of ACI 446 code provisions for shear design of reinforced concrete beams

ACI Structural Journal

Volumn 104, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 601-610

  Bažant, Zdenek P ^a   Yu, Qiang ^a   Gerstle, Walter ^b   Hanson, James ^c   Ju, J Woody ^d  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MSC01 1070   (United States)

^c Rose Hulman Institute   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Reinforced concrete; Shear failure; Size effect

Indexed keywords

CODES (STANDARDS); EXTRAPOLATION; REINFORCED CONCRETE; STRUCTURAL DESIGN;

CODE PROVISIONS; SHEAR DESIGN; SHEAR FAILURE; SIZE EFFECT;

CONCRETE BEAMS AND GIRDERS;

EID: 34548415332     PISSN: 08893241     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 326, "Shear and Diagonal Tension," ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 59, No. 1-3, Jan.-Mar. 1962, pp. 1-30, 277-344, 352-396.
2. Bažant, Z. P., and Kim, J.-K., "Size Effect in Shear Failure of Longitudinally Reinforced Beams:" ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 81, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1984, pp. 456-468; discussion and closure, V. 82, No. 4, July-Aug. 1985, pp. 579-583.
3. Bažant, Z. P., and Sun, H.-H., "Size Effect in Diagonal Shear Failure: Influence of Aggregate Size and Stirrups:" ACI Materials Journal, V. 84, No. 4, July-Aug. 1987, pp. 259-272.
4. Bažant, Z. P., and Kazemi, M. T., "Size Effect on Diagonal Shear Failure of Beams without Stirrups:" ACI Structural Journal, V. 88, No. 3, May-June 1991, pp. 268-276.
5. Iguro, M.; Shioya, T.; Nojiri, Y.; and Akiyama, H., "Experimental Studies on Shear Strength of Large Reinforced Concrete Beams under Uniformly Distributed Load," Concrete Library International of JSCE, No. 5, 1985, pp. 137-146.
6. Shioya, T.; Iguro, M.; Nojiri, Y.; Akiyama, H.; and Okada, T., "Shear Strength of Large Reinforced Concrete Beams," Fracture Mechanics: Application to Concrete, SP-118, V. C. Li and Z. P. Bažant, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1989, pp. 259-279.
7. Shioya, T., and Akiyama, H., "Application to Design of Size Effect in Reinforced Concrete Structures," Size Effect in Concrete Structures, Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute International Workshop, H. Mihashi, H. Okamura, and Z. P. Bažant, eds., E&FN Spon, London, UK, 1994, pp. 409-416.
8. Kani, G. N. J., "How Safe are Our Large Reinforced Concrete Beams?" ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 64, No. 3, Mar. 1967, pp. 128-141.
9. Podgorniak-Stanik, B. A., "The Influence of Concrete Strength, Distribution of Longitudinal Reinforcement, Amount of Transverse Reinforcement and Member Size on Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members," MASc thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University oi Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1998, 771 pp.
10. Angelakos, D.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., "Effect of Concrete Strength and Minimum Stirrups on Shear Strength of Large Members," ACI Structural Journal, V. 98, No. 3, May-June 2001, pp. 290-300.
11. Lubell, A.; Sherwood, T.; Bentz, E.; and Collins, M. P., "Safe Shear Design of Large, Wide Beams," Concrete International, V. 26, No. 1, Jan. 2004, pp. 67-78; and Letter to the Editor by Bažant and Yu.
12. ACI Committee 446, "Proposal for ACI 318 Code Update for Size Effect of Beam Depth in Shear Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement," Structural Engineering, Report 0508/A210a, Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 5 pp.
13. Bažant, Z. P., and Yu, Q., "Designing Against Size Effect on Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups: I - Formulation," Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 131, No. 12, 2005, pp. 1877-1885.
14. Bažant, Z. P., and Yu, Q., "Designing Against Size Effect on Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups: II - Verification and Calibration," Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 131, No. 12, 2005, pp. 1886-1897.
15. Duckett, W., "Risk Analysis and the Acceptable Probability of Failure," The Structural Engineer, Aug. 2005, pp. 25-26.
16. Nordic Committee for Building Structures, "Recommendation for Loading and Safety Regulations for Structural Design," NKB Report, No. 36, 1978.
17. Melchers, R. E., Structural Reliability Analysis and Prediction, Wiley, New York, 1987, 456 pp.
18. Reineck, K.-H.; Kuchma, D. A.; Kim, K. S.; and Marx, S., "Shear Database for Reinforced Concrete Members without Shear Reinforcement," ACI Structural Journal, V. 100, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2003, pp. 240-249.
19. Bažant, Z. P., and Yu, Q., Letter to the Editor on "Safe Design of Large Wide Beams," by A. Lubell, T. Sherwood, E. Bentz, and M. Collins, Concrete International, V. 28, No. 8, Aug. 2004, pp. 14-16, and rebuttal, pp. 16-17.
20. Yu, Q., discussion of "Shear Database for Reinforced Concrete Members without Shear Reinforcement," by K.-H. Reineck, D. A. Kuchma, K. S. Kim, and S. Marx, ACI Structural Journal, V. 101, No. 2, Jan.-Feb. 2004, pp. 141-143.
21. Bažant, Z. P., and Kazemi, M. T., discussion of "Repeating a Classic Set of Experiments on Size Effect in Shear of Members without Stirrups," by E. C. Bentz and S. Buckley, ACI Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2006, pp. 754-756.
22. Yu, Q., and Bažant, Z. P., discussion of "Repeating a Classic Set of Experiments on Size Effect in Shear of Members without Stirrups," by E. C. Bentz and S. Buckley, ACI Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2006, pp. 756-757.
23. Kazemi, M. T., and Broujerdian, V., discussion of "Repeating a Classic Test of Experiments on Size Effect in Shear of Members without Stirrups," by E. C. Bentz and S. Buckley, ACI Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2006, pp. 757-758.
24. Bažant, Z. P., and Planas, J., Fracture and Size Effect in Concrete and Other Quasibrittle Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1998, 22 pp.
25. Bažant, Z. P., "Size Effect in Blunt Fracture: Concrete, Rock, Metal," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 110, 1984, pp. 518-535.
26. Leonhardt, F., and Walther, R., "Beiträge zur Behandlung der Schubprobleme in Stahlbetonbau," Beton-und Stahlbetonbau, Berlin, Germany, Mar. 1962, pp. 141-149.
27. Bhal, N. S., "Über den Einfluss der Balkenhöhe auf Schubtragfähighkeit von Einfeldrigen Stalbetonbalken mit und ohne Schubbewehrung," dissertation, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 1968.
28. Okamura, H.; and Higai, T., "Proposed Design Equation for Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams without Web Reinforcement," Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Civil Engineers, V. 300, 1980, pp. 131-141.
29. Bažant, Z. P., "Scaling Theory for Quasibrittle Structural Failure," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, V. 101, No. 37, 2004, pp. 13,397-13,399.
30. Bažant, Z. P., and Pang, S.-D., "Mechanics Based Statistics of Failure Risk of Quasibrittle Structures and Size Effect on Safety Factors," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, V. 103, No. 25, 2006, pp. 9434-9439.
31. Bažant, Z. P., Scaling of Structural Strength, Hermes Penton Science, London, UK, 2004, 280 pp.
32. RILEM Committee QFS, Quasibrittle Fracture Scaling, "State-of-the-Art Report on Quasibrittle Fracture Scaling and Size Effect," Materials and Structures, V. 37, 2004, pp. 547-568.
33. Bažant, Z. P., and Novák, D., 2000, "Probabilistic Nonlocal Theory for Quasibrittle Fracture Initiation and Size Effect: II - Application," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 126, No. 2, pp. 75-185.
34. Collins, M. P., and Mitchell, D., Prestressed Concrete Structures, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1991, 720 pp.
35. Bažant, Z. P., and Cedolin, L., Stability of Structures: Elastic, Inelastic, Fracture and Damage Theories, 2nd Edition, Dover Publications, New York, 2003, 1056 pp.
36. Ang, A. H.-S., and Tang, W. H., Probability Concepts in Engineering Planning and Design, V. 1, Chapter 7, Wiley, New York, 1976, 424 pp.
37. Bažant, Z. P., and Yu, Q., "Minimizing Statistical Bias in Evaluating Database for Size Effect in Beam Shear," Infrastructure Technology Institute Report No. 06-07-C605u, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 2006.
38. Bažant, Z. P., and Yu, Q., "Does Strength Test Exceeding Code Prediction of Nominal Strength Justify Ignoring Size Effect in Shear?" Infrastructure Technology Institute Report No. 06-07-C605v, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 2006.
39. Madsen, H. O.; Krenk, S.; and Lind, N. C., Methods of Structural Safety, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1986, 416 pp.
40. Haldar, A., and Mahadevan, S., Probability, Reliability and Statistical Methods in Engineering Design, Wiley, New York, 1999, 320 pp.
41. Bažant, Z. P., and Yu, Q., "Reliability, Brittleness, Covert Understrength Factors, and Fringe Formulas in Concrete Design Codes," Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 132, No. 1, 2006, pp. 3-12.
42. Bažant, Z. P., "Fracturing Truss Model: Size Effect in Shear Failure of Reinforced Concrete," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 123, No. 12, 1997, pp. 1276-1288.
43. Caner, F. C., and Bažant, Z. P., "Lateral Confinement Needed to Suppress Softening of Concrete in Compression," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 128, No. 12, 2002, pp. 1304-1313.
44. Bažant, Z. P., and Becq-Giraudon, E., "Statistical Prediction of Fracture Parameters of Concrete and Implications for Choice of Testing Standard," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 4, 2002, pp. 529-556.