Field observations on spatial variability of surface hoar at the basin scale

Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface

Volumn 112, Issue 2, 2007, Pages

  Feick, Sebastian ^a,b   Kronholm, Kalle ^a,c   Schweizer, Jürg ^a  

^a WSL INSTITUTE FOR SNOW AND AVALANCHE RESEARCH SLF   (Switzerland)

^b GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c NORWEGIAN GEOTECHNICAL INSTITUTE   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AVALANCHE; BASIN; HOAR FROST; SNOW; SPATIAL VARIATION; WIND FORCING;

EID: 34548361886     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699011     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006JF000587     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Barry, R. G. (1992), Mountain Weather and Climate, 2nd ed., 402 pp., Routledge, Boca Raton, Fla.
2. Baunach, T., C. Fierz, P. K. Satyawali, and M. Schneebeli (2001), A model for kinetic grain growth, Ann. Glaciol., 32, 1-6.
3. Bažant, Z. P., G. Zi, and D. McClung (2003), Size effect law and fracture mechanics of the triggering of dry snow slab avalanches, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2119, doi:10.1029/2002JB001884.
4. Breiman, L., J. H. Friedman, R. A. Olshen, and C. J. Stone (1998), Classification and Regression Trees, 368 pp., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
5. Breyfogle, S. R. (1987), Growth characteristics of hoarfrost with respect to avalanche occurrence, in Proceedings of International Snow Science Workshop, Lake Tahoe, California, U.S.A., 22-25 October 1986, pp. 216-222, ISSW Workshop Comm., Homewood, Calif.
6. Brun, E., E. Martin, V. Simon, C. Gendre, and C. Coléou (1989), An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 35(121), 333-342.
7. Colbeck, S..C. (1988), On the micrometeorology of surface hoar growth on snow in mountain area, Boundary Layer Mateorol., 44(1-2), 1-12.
8. Colbeck, S. C., E. Akitaya, R. Armstrong, H. Gubler, J. Lafeuille, K. Lied, D. McClung, and E. Morris (1990), The international classification of seasonal snow on the ground, report, 23 pp., Int. Comm. on Snow and Ice, Int. Assoc. of Sci. Hydrol., Wallingford, U. K.
9. Feick, S. (2004), Räumliche Variabilität der Schneeoberfläche im Hinblick auf die Lawinenbildung-unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Oberflächenreifschichten, diploma thesis, 167 pp., Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Univ., Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
10. Föhn, P. M. B. (2001), Simulation of surface-hoar layers for snow-cover models, Ann. Glaciol., 32, 19-26.
11. Gauer, P. (1999), Blowing and drifting snow in Alpine terrain: A physically-based numerical model and related field measurements, report, 128 pp., Swiss Fed. Inst. for Snow and Avalanche Res., Davos.
12. Gauer, P. (2001), Numerical modeling of blowing and drifting snow in alpine terrain, J. Glaciol., 47(156), 97-110.
13. Gubler, H. (1998), A model to determine snow surface properties from remote measurements, in Proceedings International Snow Science Workshop, Sunriver. Oregon, U.S.A., 27 September-1 October 1998, edited by S. A. Ferguson and H. Conway, pp. 35-48, Wash. State Dep. of Transp., Olympia.
14. Hachikubo, A. (2001), Numerical modelling of sublimation on snow and comparison with field measurements, Ann. Glaciol., 32, 27-32.
15. Hachikubo, A., and E. Akitaya (1997a), Surface hoar growing for several days, in Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 6-10 October 1996, pp. 86-89, Can. Avalanche Assoc., Revelstoke, B. C.
16. Hachikubo, A., and E. Akitaya (1997b), Effect of wind on surface hoar growth on snow, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D4), 4367-4373.
17. Hachikubo, A., and E. Akitaya (1998), Daytime preservation of surface hoar crystals, Ann. Glaciol., 26, 22-26.
18. Hachikubo, A., T. Fukuzawa, and E. Akitaya (1995), Formation rate of surface hoar crystals under various wind velocities, in Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, Snowbird, Utah, U.S.A., 30 October-3 November 1994, pp. 132-137, ISSW 1994 Organiz. Comm., Snowbird, Utah.
19. Jamieson, J. B., and C. D. Johnston (1999), Snowpack factors associated with strength changes of buried surface hoar layers, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 30(1-3), 19-34.
20. Jamieson, J. B., and J. Schweizer (2000), Texture and strength changes of buried surface hoar layers with implications for dry snow-slab avalanche release, J. Glaciol., 46(152), 151-160.
21. Kronholm, K. (2004), Spatial variability of snow mechanical properties with regard to avalanche formation, Ph.D. thesis, 192 pp., Univ. of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
22. Kronholm, K., M. Schneebeli, and J. Schweizer (2004), Spatial variability of micropenetration resistance in snow layers on a small slope, Ann. Glaciol., 38, 202-208.
23. Lang, R. M., B. R. Leo, and R. L. Brown (1985), Observations on the growth process and strength characteristics of surface hoar, in Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, Aspen, Colorado, U.S.A., 24-27 October 1984, pp. 188-195, Mtn. Rescue-Aspen, Inc., Aspen, Colo.
24. Lehning, M., P. Bartelt R. L. Brown, T. Russi, U. Stöckli, and M. Zimmerli (1999), Snowpack model calculations for avalanche warning based upon a new network of weather and snow stations, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 30(1-3), 145-157.
25. Lehning, M., P. Bartelt, R. L. Brown, and C. Fierz (2002), A physical SNOWPACK model for the Swiss avalanche warning; part III: Meteorological forcing, thin layer formation and evaluation, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 35(3), 169-184.
26. McCoy, J., and K. Johnston (2001), Using ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, 240 pp., ESRI Press, Redlands, Calif.
27. Oke, T. R. (1987), Boundary Layer Climates, 435 pp., Routledge, Boca Raton, Fla.
28. Schweizer, J. (1999), Review of dry snow slab avalanche release, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 30(1-3), 43-57.
29. Schweizer, J., and J. B. Jamieson (2001), Snow cover properties for skier triggering of avalanches, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 33(2-3), 207-221.
30. Schweizer, J., J. B. Jamieson, and M. Schneebeli (2003), Snow avalanche formation, Rev. Geophys., 41(4), 1016, doi:10.1029/2002RG000123.
31. Schweizer, J., G. Michot, and H. O. K. Kirchner (2004), On the fracture toughness of snow, Ann. Glaciol., 38, 1-8.
32. Seligman, G. (1936). Snow Structure and Ski Fields, 555 pp., Int. Glaciol. Soc., Cambridge, U. K.
33. Spiegel, M. R., and L. J. Stephens (1999), Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Statistics, 538 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York.
34. Stull, R. B. (2000), Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, 502 pp., Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, Calif.