Measurements of fine and ultrafine particles formation in photocopy centers in Taiwan

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 41, Issue 31, 2007, Pages 6598-6609

  Lee, Chia Wei ^a   Hsu, Der Jen ^b  

^a NATIONAL KAOHSIUNG UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Taiwan)

^b CHANG JUNG CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Corona charging; Particulate matter (PM); Photocopy center; Ultrafine particle (UFP); Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Indexed keywords

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); OZONE LAYER; PARTICLES (PARTICULATE MATTER); VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

CORONA CHARGING; PARTICULATE MATTER (PM); PHOTOCOPY CENTER; ULTRAFINE PARTICLE (UFP);

PHOTOCOPYING;

BENZENE; ETHYLBENZENE; STYRENE; TOLUENE; XYLENE;

AEROSOL FORMATION; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); HEALTH IMPACT; HEALTH RISK; INDOOR AIR; MEASUREMENT METHOD; OZONE; PARTICLE SIZE; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR MONITORING; AIR QUALITY; ARTICLE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DIFFUSION; HEALTH CARE; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; OXIDATION; OZONE LAYER; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLYMERIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TAIWAN;

CONCENTRATION; OZONE; PARTICLES; REPROGRAPHY; VOC;

ASIA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; TAIWAN;

EID: 34548349078     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.016     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2006 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (2006), ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH
2. Armbruster C., Dekan G., and Hovorka A. Granulomatous pneumonitis and mediastinal lymphadenopathy due to photocopier toner dust. Lancet 348 (1996) 690
3. Brown S.K. Assessment of pollutant emissions from dry-process photocopiers. Indoor Air 9 (1999) 259-267
4. Chang J.S., and Masuda S. Mechanism of the ozone formations in a near liquid nitrogen temperature medium pressure glow discharge positive column. Pure and Applied Chemistry 60 (1988) 645-650
5. Council of Labor Affairs (CLA, Taiwan), 2003. Permissible Exposure Limits of Hazardous Substances in Work Environment. Taipei, Taiwan.
6. 4/air mixtures. Atmospheric Environment 34 (2000) 3907-3919
7. x/air mixtures. Aerosol Science and Technology 35 (2001) 998-1008
8. Fan Z.H., Lioy P., Weschler C.J., Fiedler N., Kipen H., and Zhang J.F. Ozone-initiated reactions with mixtures of volatile organic compounds under simulated indoor conditions. Environmental Science and Technology 37 (2003) 1811-1821
9. Fan Z.H., Weschler C.J., Han I.K., and Zhang J.F. Co-formation of hydroperoxides and ultra-fine particles during the reactions of ozone with a complex VOC mixture under simulated indoor conditions. Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005) 5171-5182
10. Forstner H.J.L., Flagan R.C., and Seinfeld J.H. Secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons: molecular composition. Environmental Science and Technology 31 (1997) 1345-1358
11. Furukawa Y., Aizawa Y., Okada M., Watanabe M., Niitsuya M., and Kotani M. Negative effect of photocopier toner on alveolar macrophages determined by in vitro magnetometric evaluation. Industrial Health 40 (2002) 214-221
12. Gallardo M., Romero P., Sanchez-Quevedo M.C., and Lopez-Caballero J.J. Siderosilicosis due to photocopier toner dust. Lancet 344 (1994) 412-413
13. Grabarczyk Z. Effectiveness of indoor air cleaning with corona ionizers. Journal of Electrostatics 51-52 (2001) 278-283
14. He F., and Hopke P.K. Experimental study of ion-induced nucleation by radon decay. The Journal of Chemical Physics 99 (1993) 9972-9978
15. Hsu D.J., Huang H.L., Chien C.H., and Lin T.S. Potential exposure to VOCs caused by dry process photocopiers: results from a chamber study. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75 (2005) 1150-1155
16. Hsu D.J., Huang H.L., Lin H.Y., and Lin T.S. Potential volatile organic compound exposure from dry process photocopiers in operation-idle mode. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 76 (2006) 922-929
17. Ichitsubo H., Alonso M., Ishii M., Endo Y., Kousaka Y., and Sato K. Behavior of ultrafine particles generated from organic vapors by corona ionizers. Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 13 (1996) 41-46
18. x and 1-propene. Environmental Science and Technology 35 (2001) 3626-3639
19. Kagi N., Fujii S., Horiba Y., Namiki N., Ohtani Y., Emi H., Tamura H., and Kim Y.S. Indoor air quality for chemical and ultrafine particle contaminants from printers. Building and Environment 42 (2007) 1949-1954
20. Krueger A.P., and Reed E.J. Biological impact of small air ions. Science 193 (1976) 1209-1213
21. Lee B.U., Yermakov M., and Grinshpun S.A. Removal of fine and ultrafine particles from indoor air environments by the unipolar ion emission. Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 4815-4823
22. Lee C.W., Dai Y.T., Chien C.H., and Hsu D.J. Characteristics and health impacts of volatile organic compounds in photocopy centers. Environmental Research 100 (2006) 139-149
23. 10 emissions from office equipment in an environmental chamber. Building and Environment 36 (2001) 837-842
24. Leovic K.W., Whitaker D.A., Northeim C., and Sheldon L.S. Measurement of indoor air emissions from dry-process photocopy machines. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 46 (1996) 821-829
25. Leovic K.W., Whitaker D.A., Northeim C., and Sheldon L.S. Evaluation of test method for measuring indoor air emissions from dry-process photocopiers. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 48 (1998) 915-923
26. Lin G.H.Y., and Mermelstein R. Acute toxicity studies of Xerox reprographic toners. Journal of the American College of Toxicology 13 (1994) 2-20
27. Liu B.Y.H., Pui D.Y.H., Kinstley W.O., and Fisher W.G. Aerosol charging and neutralization and electrostatic discharge in clean rooms. Journal of Environmental Science 30 (1987) 42-46
28. Loiseau J.F., Monge C., Peyrous R., Held B., and Coste C. Numerical simulation of ozone axial and radial distribution in a cylindrical oxygen-fed ozonizer. Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics 27 (1994) 63-73
29. McMurry P.H., and Rader D.J. Aerosol wall losses in electrically charged chambers. Aerosol Science and Technology 4 (1985) 249-268
30. Möller A., Wensing M., Pflaumbaum W., and Blome H. Untersuchung von Emissionen aus Bürogeräten. Gefahrstoffe-Reinhaltung der Luft 63 (2003) 71-77
31. Morawska L., He C., Hitchins J., Mengersen K., and Gilbert D. Characteristics of particle number and mass concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia. Atmospheric Environment 37 (2003) 4195-4203
32. 2.5 concentrations. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 50 (2000) 1157-1166
33. Ramamurthi M., Strydom R., Hopke P.K., and Holub R.F. Nanometer and ultrafine aerosols from radon radiolysis. Journal of Aerosol Science 24 (1993) 393-407
34. x production in spark and corona discharges. Journal of Electrostatics 51-52 (2001) 333-339
35. Richardson G., Eick S.A., Harwood D.J., Rosén K.G., and Dobbs F. Negative air ionisation and the production of hydrogen peroxide. Atmospheric Environment 37 3 (2003) 701-3706
36. Seinfeld J.H., and Pandis S.N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (1998), Wiley, New York (pp. 724-742)
37. Shimada M., Okuyama K., Kousaka Y., Okuyama Y., and Seinfeld J.H. Enhancement of Brownian and turbulent diffusive deposition of charged aerosol particles in the presence an electrical field. Journal of Colloid Interface Science 128 (1989) 157-168
38. Skov P., Valbjørn O., Pedersen B.V., and DISG. Influence of personal characteristics, job-related factors and psychosocial factors on the sick building syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 15 (1989) 286-295
39. Stefaniak A.B., Breysse P.N., Murray M.P.M., Rooney B.C., and Schaefer J. An evaluation of employee exposure to volatile organic compounds in three photocopy centers. Environmental Research 83 (2000) 162-173
40. Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), 2005. Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality. Taipei, Taiwan.
41. Taylor P.R., Dell'Acqua B.J., Babtiste B.S., Hwang H.L., and Sovik R.A. Illness in an office building with limited fresh air access. Journal of Environment Health 47 (1984) 24-27
42. US EPA, 1991. Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Managers. EPA/400/1-91/033, Washington, DC.
43. US EPA. Indoor Air Emissions from Office Equipment: Test Method Development and Pollution Prevention Opportunities (EPA/600/SR-98/080) (1998), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH
44. US EPA. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air using Active Sampling onto Sorbent Tubes (1999), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH
45. Wainman T., Zhang J., Weschler C.J., and Lioy P.J. Ozone and limonene in indoor air: a source of submicron particle exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 108 (2000) 1139-1145
46. Weschler C., and Shields H. Measurements of the hydroxyl radical in a manipulated but realistic indoor environment. Environmental Science and Technology 31 (1997) 3719-3722
47. Weschler C., and Shields H. Indoor ozone/terpene reactions as a source of indoor particles. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999) 2301-2312
48. Wolkoff P. Photocopiers and indoor air pollution. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999) 2129-2130
49. Wolkoff P., and Nielsen G.D. Organic compounds in indoor air- their relevance for perceived indoor air quality?. Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 4407-4417
50. Wolkoff P., Wilkins C.K., Clausen P.A., and Larse K. Comparison of volatile organic compounds from processed paper and toners from office copiers and printers: methods, emission rates, and modeled concentrations. Indoor Air 3 (1993) 113-123
51. Wolkoff P., Clausen P.A., Wilkins C.K., and Nielsen G.D. Formation of strong airway irritants in terpene/ozone mixtures. Indoor Air 10 (2000) 82-91
52. Wolkoff P., Wilkins C.K., Clausen P.A., and Nielsen G.D. Organic compounds in office environments-sensory irritation, odor, measurements and the role of reactive chemistry. Indoor Air 16 (2006) 7-19
53. Wolkoff P., Nøjgaard J.K., Franck C., and Skov P. The modern office environment desiccates the eyes?. Indoor Air 16 (2006) 258-265
54. Yagi S., and Tanaka M. Mechanism of ozone generation in air-fed ozonizers. Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics 12 (1979) 1509-1520
55. Yu F., and Turco R.P. From molecular clusters to nanoparticles: role of ambient ionization in tropospheric aerosol formation. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (2001) 4797-4814
56. Yu J., Jeffries H.E., and Sexton K.G. Atmospheric photooxidation of alkylbenzenes-I. Carbonyl product analyses. Atmospheric Environment 31 (1997) 2261-2280
57. Zhou J.F., Chen W.W., and Tong G..Z. Ozone emitted during copying process-a potential cause of pathological oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in the bodies of operators. Biomedical Environmental Science 16 (2003) 95-104