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Volumn , Issue 24, 2007, Pages 3767-3780

Ultra-low catalyst loading as a concept in economical and sustainable modern chemistry: The contribution of ferrocenylpolyphosphane ligands

Author keywords

Cross coupling; Ferrocenylphosphanes; Homogeneous catalysis; Multi dentate ligands; P ligands; Sustainable chemistry

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; CATALYSTS; LIGANDS; ORGANOMETALLICS;

EID: 34548321029     PISSN: 14341948     EISSN: 10990682     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700405     Document Type: Short Survey
Times cited : (76)

References (60)
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    • For instance, in Europe the COST program 2003-2006 Sustainable Chemical Processes: Stereoselective Transition MetalCatalyzed Reaction, in the USA, the ACS-Green Chemistry Institute PRF programs, and since 2007, from the French Government, the ANR program Chemistry and Processes for Sustainable Development.
    • For instance, in Europe the COST program 2003-2006 "Sustainable Chemical Processes: Stereoselective Transition MetalCatalyzed Reaction", in the USA, the ACS-Green Chemistry Institute PRF programs, and since 2007, from the French Government, the ANR program "Chemistry and Processes for Sustainable Development".
  • 6
    • 85163227240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The palladium cost was stated at 350 USD/Oz (9500 €/kg) on the New York market SE, 03/19/2007.
    • The palladium cost was stated at 350 USD/Oz (9500 €/kg) on the New York market SE, 03/19/2007.
  • 7
    • 85163225911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TON defined herein as the ratio [substrate on catalyst] multiplied by the yield of conversion in the desired product (i.e. 1 for a 100% yield), that corresponds to the value (mol product per mol catalyst).
    • TON defined herein as the ratio [substrate on catalyst] multiplied by the yield of conversion in the desired product (i.e. 1 for a 100% yield), that corresponds to the value (mol product per mol catalyst).
  • 8
    • 12444340794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • this review provides an excellent overview of the challenges and advances related to the use of low loadings of catalyst
    • V. Farina, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2004, 346, 1553-1582, this review provides an excellent overview of the challenges and advances related to the use of low loadings of catalyst.
    • (2004) Adv. Synth. Catal , vol.346 , pp. 1553-1582
    • Farina, V.1
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    • For general reviews on high-efficiency catalysts in C-C and C-N cross-coupling reactions, see: a
    • For general reviews on high-efficiency catalysts in C-C and C-N cross-coupling reactions, see: a) A. Zapf, M. Beller, Chem. Commun. 2005, 431-440;
    • (2005) Chem. Commun , pp. 431-440
    • Zapf, A.1    Beller, M.2
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    • Chem. Int. Ed, on monodentate bulky electron-rich phosphanes and carbenes for cross-coupling reactions
    • U. Christmann, R. Vilar, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 366-374 on monodentate bulky electron-rich phosphanes and carbenes for cross-coupling reactions.
    • (2005) Angew , vol.44 , pp. 366-374
    • Christmann, U.1    Vilar, R.2
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    • on the nature of active species in Suzuki and Heck homogeneous catalysis
    • N. T. S. Phan, M. Van der Sluys, C. W. Jones, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2006, 348, 609-679 on the nature of active species in Suzuki and Heck homogeneous catalysis.
    • (2006) Adv. Synth. Catal , vol.348 , pp. 609-679
    • Phan, N.T.S.1    Van der Sluys, M.2    Jones, C.W.3
  • 36
    • 33846688751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • on palladium homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in Heck-Sonogashira alkynylations;
    • a) H. Doucet, J.-C. Hierso, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 834-871 on palladium homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in Heck-Sonogashira alkynylations;
    • (2007) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed , vol.46 , pp. 834-871
    • Doucet, H.1    Hierso, J.-C.2
  • 37
    • 33947727055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for a review of the applications of the Sonogashira reaction
    • b) R. Chinchilla, C. Nájera, Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 874-922 for a review of the applications of the Sonogashira reaction.
    • (2007) Chem. Rev , vol.107 , pp. 874-922
    • Chinchilla, R.1    Nájera, C.2
  • 38
    • 85163234768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • th December 2000.
    • th December 2000.
  • 45
    • 85163235735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First, the dilution factor 30 C (or 30 CH) commonly employed in medical homeopathy corresponds to a 10-60 dilution of the active substance. In addition, in the Heck reaction and C-C or C-N cross-couplings the highest catalyst dilutions reach 10-6 to 10-7 mol, cat. and were carried out with the assistance of phosphane ligands see for instance refs.[4,20] and references cited therein, Therefore, the expression homeopathic palladium has the advantage to strike the mind, but in our opinion should be avoided for catalyst loadings only down to 10-1 to 10-2 mol, low catalyst loadings being more acceptable; ultra-low loading catalysts should be reserved for loadings below 10-4 mol, corresponding to maximum TONs of 1000000
    • -4 mol-% (corresponding to maximum TONs of 1000000).
  • 50
    • 85163225420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4·18] complexes isolated, the signals for nonbonded phosphorus atoms are found around -25 ppm, and around 40 ppm for Pd-bonded ones.
    • 4·18] complexes isolated, the signals for nonbonded phosphorus atoms are found around -25 ppm, and around 40 ppm for Pd-bonded ones.
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    • See, and references cited therein
    • See A. Zapf, M. Beller, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1830-1833 and references cited therein.
    • (2000) Chem. Eur. J , vol.6 , pp. 1830-1833
    • Zapf, A.1    Beller, M.2


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