A comparison of email versus letter threat contacts toward members of the United States Congress

Journal of Forensic Sciences

Volumn 52, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 1142-1147

  Schoeneman Morris, Katherine A ^a   Scalora, Mario J ^a   Chang, Grace H ^a   Zimmerman, William J ^b   Garner, Yancey ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

^b United States Capitol Police   (United States)

Author keywords

Email; Forensic science; Government official; Problematic approach; Risk assessment; Targeted violence; Threat assessment; Threat management; Threats; Written communication

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; DISEASE SEVERITY; E-MAIL; FEMALE; GOVERNMENT; HUMAN; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; OFFENDER; ORGANIZATION; POSTAL MAIL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THREAT; UNITED STATES; WRITING;

AGE FACTORS; CORRESPONDENCE; DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR; ELECTRONIC MAIL; GOVERNMENT; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 34548304972     PISSN: 00221198     EISSN: 15564029     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00538.x     Document Type: Article

References (19)

1. Lyon DR, Hart SD, Webster CD. Violence and risk assessment. In : Schuller RA, Ogloff JRP, editors. Introduction to psychology and law: Canadian perspectives. Toronto, Canada : University of Toronto Press, 2001 314 50.
2. Monahan J, Steadman HJ, editors. Violence and mental disorder: developments in risk assessment. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press, 1994.
3. Quinsey VL, Harris GT, Rice ME, Cormier CA. Violent offenders: appraising and managing risk. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association, 1998.
4. Baumgartner JV, Scalora MJ, Plank GL. Case characteristics of threats toward state officials investigated by a midwestern state. J Threat Assess 2001 1 (3 41 60.
5. Borum R, Fein R, Vossekuil B, Berglund J. Threat assessment: defining an approach for evaluating risk of targeted violence. Behav Sci Law 1999 17 : 323 37.
6. Calhoun FS. Hunters and howlers: threats and violence against federal judicial officials in the United States, 1789-1993. Washington, DC : US Department of Justice, 1998. USMS Publication No. 80.
7. Dietz PE, Matthews DB, Martell DA, Stewart TM, Hrouda DR, Warren J. Threatening and otherwise inappropriate letters to members of the United States Congress. J Forensic Sci 1991 36 : 1445 68.
8. Dietz PE, Matthews DB, Van Duyne C, Martell DA, Parry CDH, Stewart TM et al. Threatening and otherwise inappropriate letters to Hollywood celebrities. J Forensic Sci 1991 36 : 185 209.
9. Fein RA, Vossekuil B. Assassination in the United States: an operational study of recent assassins, attackers, and near-lethal approachers. J Forensic Sci 1999 44 : 321 33.
10. Scalora MJ, Baumgartner JV, Zimmerman W, Callaway D, Hatch Maillette MA, Covell CN et al. An epidemiological assessment of problematic contacts to members of congress. J Forensic Sci 2002 47 : 1360 4.
11. Scalora MJ, Baumgartner JV, Zimmerman W, Callaway D, Hatch Maillette MA, Covell CN et al. Risk factors for approach behavior toward the U.S Congress. J Threat Assess 2003 2 (2 35 55.
12. Borum R, Fein R, Vossekuil B, Gelles M, Shumate S. The role of operational research in counterterrorism. Int J Intelligence CounterIntelligence 2004 17 : 420 34.
13. Fitch B, Goldschmidt K. Communicating with Congress: how Capitol Hill is coping with the surge in citizen advocacy. Washington, DC : Congressional Management Foundation, 2005.
14. Bachmann D, Elfrink J, Vazzana G. Tracking the progress of email vs. snail mail. Mark Res 1996 8 (2 30 6.
15. Mehta R, Sivadas E. Comparing response rates and response content in mail versus electronic mail surveys. J Mark Res Soc 1995 37 (4 429 39.
16. Schaefer DR, Dillman DA. Development of a standard email methodology: results of an experiment. Public Opin Q 1998 62 : 378 97.
17. Kiesler S, Siegel J, McGuire T. Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. Am Psychol 1984 39 : 1123 34.
18. Sproull LS. Using electronic mail for data collection in organizational research. Acad Manage J 1986 29 : 159 69.
19. Kiesler S, Sproull LS. Response effects in the electronic survey. Public Opin Q 1986 50 : 402 13.