Open radical cystectomy with lymphadenectomy remains the treatment of choice for invasive bladder cancer

Current Opinion in Urology

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 369-375

  Huang, George J ^a   Stein, John P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Laparoscopy; Lymphadenectomy; Radical cystectomy; Transitional cell carcinoma; Urinary diversion; Urothelial tumor

Indexed keywords

BLADDER CANCER; CANCER CONTROL; CANCER INVASION; CANCER SURGERY; CYSTECTOMY; HUMAN; INTESTINE FUNCTION; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; LONG TERM CARE; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPHADENECTOMY; METASTASIS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ROBOTICS; TREATMENT INDICATION; URINARY DIVERSION;

CARCINOMA, TRANSITIONAL CELL; CYSTECTOMY; HUMANS; LAPAROSCOPY; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; PATIENT SELECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; ROBOTICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 34548301671     PISSN: 09630643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOU.0b013e3282dc95b5     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57:43-66.
2. Stein JP, Lieskovsky G, Cote R, et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:666-675.
3. Prout GR, Marshall VF. The prognosis with untreated bladder tumors. Cancer 1956; 9:551-558.
4. Stein JP. Indications for early cystectomy. Urology 2003; 62:591-595.
5. Stein JP, Skinner DG. Radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of a standard procedure. World J Urol 2006; 24:296-304.
6. Herr H, Lee C, Chang S, et al. Standardization of radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for bladder cancer: a collaborative group report. J Urol 2004; 171:1823-1828.
7. Stein JP, Quek ML, Skinner DG. Contemporary surgical techniques for continent urinary diversion: continence and potency preservation. In: Atlas of the urologic clinics of North America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: W.B. Saunders; 2001. pp. 147-173.
8. Gill IS, Matin SF, Desai MM, et al. Comparative analysis of laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy for renal tumors in 200 patients. J Urol 2003; 170:64-68.
9. Shea JA, Berlin JA, Bachwich DR, et al. Indications for and outcomes of cholecystectomy: a comparison of the pre and postlaparoscopic eras. Ann Surg 1998; 227:343-350.
10. Sanchez de Badajoz E, Gallego Perales JL, Reche Rosado A, et al. Laparoscopic cystectomy and ileal conduit: case report. J Endourol 1995; 9:59-62.
11. Cathelineau X, Arroyo C, Rozet F, et al. Laparoscopic assisted radical cystectomy: the montsouris experience after 84 cases. Eur Urol 2005; 47:780-784.
12. Gerullis H, Kuemmel C, Popken G. Laparoscopic cystectomy with extracorporeal-assisted urinary diversion: experience with 34 patients. Eur Urol 2007; 51:193-198. This second largest LRC series published to date demonstrates the technical feasibility of this procedure. More importantly, however, it highlights the potential limitations of utilizing this modality for treatment of locally advanced (non-organ confined) disease because of the risk for positive surgical margins.
13. Hrouda D, Adeyoju AA, Gill IS. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and urinary diversion: fad or future? BJU Int 2004; 94:501-505.
14. Madersbacher S, Hochreiter W, Burkhard F, et al. Radical cystectomy for bladder cancer today-a homogeneous series without neoadjuvant therapy. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:690-696.
15. Hautmann RE, Gschwend JE, de Petriconi RC, et al. Cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: results of a surgery only series in the neobladder era. J Urol 2006; 176:486-492. This series of 788 patients who were treated uniformly with surgery (cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy) alone without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy contributes significantly to our understanding of bladder cancer. It reinforces prior observations that a significant percentage of patients with lymph node positive disease are cured by surgery alone, that recurrence after surgery portends a poor prognosis, and that orthotopic urinary diversion does not compromise long-term cancer control.
16. Stroumbakis N, Herr HW, Cookson MS, et al. Radical cystectomy in the octogenarian. J Urol 1997; 158:2113-2117.
17. Figueroa AJ, Stein JP, Dickinson M, et al. Radical cystectomy for elderly patients with bladder carcinoma: an updated experience with 404 patients. Cancer 1998; 83:141-147.
18. Chang SS, Alberts G, Cookson MS, et al. Radical cystectomy is safe in elderly patients at high risk. J Urol 2001; 166:938-941.
19. Quek ML, Stein JP, Daneshmand S, et al. A critical analysis of perioperative mortality from radical cystectomy. J Urol 2006; 175:886-889. The perioperative mortality associated with radical cystectomy in the modern era is low. Investigations into causes of perioperative mortality are therefore difficult because of the large numbers of patients required. This study, examining a large single-institution series of 1359 patients, provides important insights into this issue.
20. Simonato A, Gregori A, Lissiani A, et al. Laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy: our experience in a consecutive series of 10 patients with a 3 years follow-up. Eur Urol 2005; 47:785-790.
21. Porpiglia F, Renard J, Billia M, et al. Open versus laparoscopy-assisted radical cystectomy: results of a prospective study. J Endourol 2007; 21:325-329.
22. Denewer A, Kotb S, Hussein O, et al. Laparoscopic assisted cystectomy and lymphadenectomy for bladder cancer: initial experience. World J Surg 1999; 23:608-611.
23. DeGer S, Peters R, Roigas J, et al. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with continent urinary diversion (rectosigmoid pouch) performed completely intracorporeally: an intermediate functional and oncologic analysis. Urology 2004; 64:935-939.
24. Basillote JB, Abdelshehid C, Ahlering TE, et al. Laparoscopic assisted radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder: a comparison with the open approach. J Urol 2004; 172:489-493.
25. Columbo JRJ, Haber G-P, Jelovsek JE, et al. Complications of laparoscopic surgery for urological cancer [abstract 1231]. In: American Urological Association Annual Meeting; Anaheim, California; 19-24 May 2007. Linthicum, Maryland: American Urological Association; 2007.
26. Stein JP, Quek ML, Skinner DG. Lymphadenectomy for invasive bladder cancer. II. technical aspects and prognostic factors. BJU Int 2006; 97:232-237.
27. Stein JP, Quek ML, Skinner DG. Lymphadenectomy for invasive bladder cancer: I. historical perspective and contemporary rationale. BJU Int 2006; 97:227-231.
28. Skinner EC, Stein JP, Skinner DG. Surgical benchmarks for the treatment of invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2007; 25:66-71.
29. Cheng L, Weaver AL, Leibovich BC, et al. Predicting the survival of bladder carcinoma patients treated with radical cystectomy. Cancer 2000; 88:2326-2332.
30. Stein JP, Penson DF, Cai J, et al. Radical cystectomy with extended lymphadenectomy: evaluating separate package versus en bloc submission for node positive bladder cancer. J Urol 2007; 177:876-881. This study defines the median lymph node yields from en-bloc versus separate nodal package submissions and confirms a prior observation that separate package submission significantly increases the lymph node yield.
31. Quek ML, Stein JP, Clark PE, et al. Microscopic and gross extravesical extension in pathological staging of bladder cancer. J Urol 2004; 171:640-645.
32. Leissner J, Hohenfellner R, Thuroff JW, et al. Lymphadenectomy in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder; significance for staging and prognosis. BJU Int 2000; 85:817-823.
33. Poulsen AL, Horn T, Steven K. Radical cystectomy: extending the limits of pelvic lymph node dissection improves survival for patients with bladder cancer confined to the bladder wall. J Urol 1998; 160:2015-2019.
34. Stein JP, Cai J, Groshen S, et al. Risk factors for patients with pelvic lymph node metastases following radical cystectomy with en bloc pelvic lymphadenectomy: concept of lymph node density. J Urol 2003; 170:35-41.
35. Vieweg J, Gschwend JE, Herr HW, et al. Pelvic lymph node dissection can be curative in patients with node positive bladder cancer. J Urol 1999; 161:449-454.
36. Mills RD, Fleischmann A, Studer UE. Radical cystectomy with an extended pelvic lymphadenectomy: rationale and results. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2007; 16:233-245.
37. Skinner DG. Management of invasive bladder cancer: a meticulous pelvic node dissection can make a difference. J Urol 1982; 128:34-36.
38. Abdel-Hakim AM, Bassiouny F, Abdel Azim MS, et al. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder. J Endourol 2002; 16:377-381.
39. Gill IS, Kaouk JH, Meraney AM, et al. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and continent orthotopic ileal neobladder performed completely intracorporeally: the initial experience. J Urol 2002; 168:13-18.
40. Gupta NP, Gill IS, Fergany A, et al. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with intracorporeal ileal conduit diversion: five cases with a 2-year follow-up. BJU Int 2002; 90:391-396.
41. Puppo P, Perachino M, Ricciotti G, et al. Laparoscopically assisted transvaginal radical cystectomy. Eur Urol 1995; 27:80-84.
42. Simonato A, Gregori A, Lissiani A. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and urinary diversion: fad or future? BJU Int 2004; 94:1399-1400.
43. Turk I, Deger S, Winkelmann B, et al. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with continent urinary diversion (rectal sigmoid pouch) performed completely intracorporeally: the initial 5 cases. J Urol 2001; 165:1863-1866.
44. Finelli A, Gill IS, Desai MM, et al. Laparoscopic extended pelvic lymphadenectomy for bladder cancer: technique and initial outcomes. J Urol 2004; 172:1809-1812.
45. Vazina A, Dugi D, Shariat SF, et al. Stage specific lymph node metastasis mapping in radical cystectomy specimens. J Urol 2004; 171:1830-1834.
46. Smith JA Jr, Whitmore WF Jr. Regional lymph node metastasis from bladder cancer. J Urol 1981; 126:591-593.
47. El-Tabey NA, Shoma AM. Port site metastases after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy. Urology 2005; 66:1110.
48. Stolla V, Rossi D, Bladou F, et al. Subcutaneous metastases after coelioscopic lymphadenectomy for vesical urothelial carcinoma. Eur Urol 1994; 26:342-343.
49. Tsivian A, Sidi AA. Port site metastases in urological laparoscopic surgery. J Urol 2003; 169:1213-1218.
50. Stein JP, Skinner DG. Orthotopic urinary diversion. In: Campbell MF, Walsh PC, editors. Campbell's urology. St. Louis, Missouri: MD Consult LLC; 2002.
51. Hautmann RE, Abol-Enein H, Hafez K, et al. Urinary diversion. Urology 2007; 69 (suppl):17-49.
52. Hautmann RE, Paiss T. Does the option of the ileal neobladder stimulate patient and physician decision toward earlier cystectomy? J Urol 1998; 159:1845-1850.
53. Freeman JA, Tarter TA, Esrig D, et al. Urethral recurrence in patients with orthotopic ileal neobladders. J Urol 1996; 156:1615-1619.
54. Hautmann RE, Schumacher M, Gschwend JE, et al. Long-term results of standard procedures in urology: the ileal neobladder. World J Urol 2006; 24:305-314.
55. Jensen JB, Lundbeck F, Jensen KM. Complications and neobladder function of the Hautmann orthotopic ileal neobladder. BJU Int 2006; 98:1289-1294.
56. Kulkarni JN, Pramesh CS, Rathi S, et al. Long-term results of orthotopic neobladder reconstruction after radical cystectomy. BJU Int 2003; 91:485-488.
57. Dunn MD, Portis AJ, Shalhav AL, et al. Laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy: a 9-year experience. J Urol 2000; 164:1153-1159.
58. Menon M, Hemal AK, Tewari A, et al. Nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical cystoprostatectomy and urinary diversion. BJU Int 2003; 92:232-236.
59. Guru KA, Kim HL, Piacente PM, et al. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection: initial experience at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Urology 2007; 69:469-474.
60. Balaji KC, Yohannes P, McBride CL, et al. Feasibility of robot-assisted totally intracorporeal laparoscopic ileal conduit urinary diversion: initial results of a single institutional pilot study. Urology 2004; 63:51-55.