Occurrence and fate of steroid hormones in wastewater treatment plants;Présence ed devenis des hormones stéroïdiennes dans les stations de traitement des eaux usées

Revue des Sciences de l'Eau

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 89-108

  Auriol, Muriel ^a,b   Filali Meknassi, Youssef ^b,c   Tyagi, Rajeshwar Dayal ^a  

^a CENTRE EAU TERRE ENVIRONNEMENT   (Canada)

^b University of Missouri Rolla   (United States)

^c U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals; Estrogens; Steroid hormones; Surface water; Wastewater

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; EFFLUENTS; ENZYMES; FULLERENES; IMPURITIES; SURFACE WATERS;

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; ESTROGENIC COMPOUNDS; STEROID HORMONES;

WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; EFFLUENTS; ENZYMES; FULLERENES; IMPURITIES; SURFACE WATERS; WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

EFFLUENT; ESTROGENIC COMPOUND; HORMONE; STEROID; WASTE FACILITY; WASTE TREATMENT; WASTEWATER; WATER TREATMENT;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 34548297295     PISSN: 09927158     EISSN: 17188598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7202/015739ar     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. AERNI H.R., B. KOBLER, B.V. RUTISHAUSER, F.E. WETTSTEIN, R. FISCHER, W. GIGER, A. HUNGERBUHLER, M.D. MARAZUELA, A. PETER, R., SCHONENBERGER, A.C. VOGELI, J.F. SUTER et R.I.L. EGGEN (2004). Combined biological and chemical assessment of estrogenic activities in wastewater treatment plant effluents. Analyt. Bioanalyt Chem., 378, 688-696.
2. ALLEN Y., P. MATTHIESEN, A.P. SCOTT, S. HAWORTH, S. FEIST et J.E. THAIN (1999). The extent of estrogenic contamination in the UK estuarine and marine environments - further survey of flounder. Sci. Total Environ., 233, 5-20.
3. ARCAND-HOY L.D., A.C. NIMROD et W.H. BENSON (1998). Endocrine modulating substances in the environment: estrogenic effects ofpharmaceutical products. Int. J Toxicol., 17, 139-158.
4. e Congrès du Canada sur la Qualité de l'Eau (ACQE), Québec, Canada, 4 novembre 2005.
5. BARONTIC.,R.CURINI,G.D'ASCENZO,A.DICORCIA. A. GENTILI et R. SAMPERI (2000). Monitoring natural and synthetic estrogens at activated sludge sewage treatment plants and in receiving river water. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 5059-5066.
6. BEHNISCH PA., K FUJII, K. SHIOZAKI, I. KAWAKAMI et S. SAKAI (2001). Estrogenic and dioxin-like potency in each step of a controlled landfill leachate treatment plant in Japan. Chemosphere, 43, 977-984.
7. BELFROID A.C., A. VAN DER HORST, A.D. VETHAAK, A.J. SCHAFER, G.B.J. RIJS, J. WEGENER et W.P. COFINO (1999). Analysis and occurrence of estrogenic hormones and their glucuronides; in surface water and wastewater in Netherlands. Sci. Total Environ., 225, 101-108.
8. BEVILAQUA J.V., M.C. CAMMAROTA, D.M.G. FREIRE et Jr.G.L. SANT'ANNA (2002). Phenol removal through combined biological and enzymatic treatment. Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 19,151-158.
9. BIRKETT J.W. et J.N. LESTER (2003). Endocrine disrupters in wastewater and sludge treatment processes, IWA Publishing, London, UK.
10. CARGOUËT M., D. PERDIZ, A. MOUATASSIM-SOUALI, S. TAMISIER-KAROLAK et Y. LEVI (2004). Assessment of river contamination by estrogenic compounds in Paris area (France). Sci. Total Environ., 324, 55-66.
11. e édition, FOSTER D.W., KRONENBERG H.M. et LARSEN PR. (Éditeurs), pp. 901-925.
12. CAZA N., J.K. BEWTRA, N. BISWAS et K.E. TAYLOR (1999). Removal of phenolic compounds from synthetic wastewater using soybean peroxidase. Water Res., 37, 3012-3018.
13. CHANG S., T.D. WAITE, A.I. SCHÄFER et A.G. FANE (2002). Adsorption of trace steroid estrogens to hollow fibre membranes hydrophobic. Desalinatn, 146, 381-386.
14. CICEK N. (2002). Membrane bioreactors in the treatment of wastewater generated from agricultural industries and activities. Compte rendu de U conférence AIC 2002, Programme CSAE/SCGR, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 14-17 Juillet 2002.
15. CICEK N., J.P. FRANCO, M.T. SUIDAN, V. URBAIN et J. MANEM (1999). Characterization and comparison of a membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated-sludge system in the treatment of wastewater containing high-molecular-weight compounds. Water Environ. Res., 71,64-70.
16. 2. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 24, L1-L5.
17. COOPER V.A. et J.A. NICELL (1996). Removal of phenols, from a foundry wastewater using horseradish peroxidase. Water Res., 30, 954-964.
18. D'ASCENZO G., A. DI CORCIA, A. GENTILI R. MANCINI, R. MASTROPASQUA. M. NAZZARI et R. SAMPERI (2003). Fate of natural estrogen conjugates in municipal sewage transport and treatment facilities. Sci. Total Environ., 302, 199-209.
19. DEPA (DANISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY) (2002). Feminisadion of fish - The effect of estrogenic compounds and their fate in sewage treatment plants and nature. Agence de la protection de l'environnement danoise, Ministère danois de l'environnement, Danemark, Projet environnemental No 729, 184 p.
20. DEPA (DANISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY) (2003). Evaluation of analytical chemical methods for detection of estrogens in the environment. Agence de la protection de l'environnement danoise, Ministère danois de l'environnement, Danemark, Rapport scientifique No 44, 69 p.
21. DEPA (DANISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY) (2004). Degradation of estrogens in sewage treatment processes. Agence de la protection de l'environnement danoise, Ministère danois de l'environnement, Danemark, Projet environnemental No 899,61 P.
22. DESBROW C., E.J. ROUTLEDGE, G.C. BRIGHTY, J.P. SUMPTER et M. WALDOCK (1998). Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluent. 1. Chemical fractionation and in vitro biological screening. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1549-1558.
23. EDWARDS W., R. BOWES, W.D. LEUKES, E.P. JACOBS, R. SANDERSON, P.D. ROSE et S.G. BURTON (1999). A capillarity membrane bioreactor using immobilized polyphenol oxidase for the removal of phenols from industrial effluents. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 24, 209-217.
24. ESPERANZA M., M.T. SUIDAN, F. NISHIMURA, Z.M. WANG, G.A. SORIAL, A. ZAFFIRO, P. MCCAULEY, R. BRENNER et G. SAYLES (2004). Determination of sex hormones and nonylphenol ethoxylates in the aqueous matrixes of two pilot-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 3028-3035.
25. FAWELL J.K., D. SHEAHAN, H.A. JAMES, M. HURST et S, SCOTT (200 1). Oestrogens and oestrogenic activity in raw and treated water in severn trent water. Water Res., 35, 1240-1244.
26. FILALI-MEKNASSI Y., RD. TYAGI, R.Y. SURAMPALLI, C. BARATA et M.C. RIVA (2004a). Endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater, sludge treatment processes and receiving waters: Overview. Pract. Periodical of Haz., Toxic and Radioactive Waste Management, 8, 39-56.
27. e Congrès du Canada sur la Qualité de l'Eau (ACQE). Ottawa, Canada, 29 octobre 2004, 15-16.
28. FLOCK C., A. BASSI et M. GIJZEN (1999). Removal of aqueous phenol and 2-chlorophenol with purified soybean peroxidase and raw soybean hulls. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 74, 303-309.
29. FUERHACKER M., A. BREITHOFER et A. JUNGBAUER. (1999). 17β-estradiol: behaviour during waste water treatment. Chemosphere, 39, 1903-1909.
30. FUKUDA T., H. UCHIDA, Y. TAKASHIMA, T. UWAJIMA, T. KAWABATA et M. SUZUKI (2001).,Degradation of bisphenol A by purified laccase from trametes villosa. Biochem. Biopbys. Res. Commun., 284, 764-706.
31. GUTENDORF B. et J. WESTENDORF (2001). Comparison of an array of in vitro assays for the asessment of the estrogenic potential of natural and synthetic estrogens, phytoestrogens, and xenoestrogens. Toxicol., 166, 79-89.
32. HANSELMAN T., D.A. GRAETZ et A.C. WILKIE (2003). Manure-Bome estrogens as potential environmental contaminants: A review. Environ. Sci. Tecbnol., 37, 5471-5478.
33. HANSEN P.-D., H. DIZER, B. HOCK, A. MARX, SHERRY, M. MCMASTER et Ch. BLAISE (1998) Vitellogenin - a biomarker for endocrine disruptors. Trends Analyt. Chem., 17,448-451.
34. HARRIES J.E., D.A. SHEAHAN, S. JOBLING, P. MATTHIESSEN, P. NEALL, J.P. SUMPTER, T. TYLOR et N. ZAMAN (1997). Estrogenic activity in five United Kingdom rivers detected by vitellogenesis in caged male trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 534-542.
35. HU J., S. CHENG, T. AIZAWA, Y. TERAO et S. KUNIKANE (2003). Products of aqueous chlorination of 17β-estradiol and their estrogenic activities. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 5665-5670.
36. HUANG C.-H. et D.L. SEDLAK (2001). Analysis of estrogenic hormones in municipal wastewater effluent and surface water using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 133-139.
37. HUBER M.M., S. CANONICA, G.Y. PARK et U. VON GUNTEN (2003). Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 1016-1024.
38. IKEHATA K., I.D. BUCHANAN et D.W. SMITH (2004 Recent developments in the production of extracellular fangal peroxidases and laccases for waste treatment. J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 3, 1-19.
39. IKEHATA K. et J.A. NICELL (2000). Characterization of tyrosinase for the treatment of aqueous phenols. Bioresour. Technol., 74, 191-199.
40. ISOBE T., H. SHIRAISHI, M. YASUDA, A. SHINODA, H. SUZUKI et M. MORITA (2003). Determination of estrogens and their conjugates in water using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chrontatogr. A, 984, 195-202.
41. JIANG J.Q., Q. YIN, J.L. ZHOU et P. PEARCE (2005). Occurrence and treatment trials of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in wastewaters. Chemosphere, 61, 544-550.
42. JOBLING S., M. NOLAN, C.R. TYLER, G. BRIGHTY et J.P. SUMPTER (1998). Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish. Envir. Sci. Technol., 32, 2498-2506.
43. JOHNSON A.C., A. BELFROID et A. DI CORCIA (2000). Estimating steroid estrogen inputs into activated sludge treatment works and observations on their removal from the effluent. Sci. Total Environ., 256, 163-173.
44. JOHNSON A.C. et J.P. SUMPTER (2001). Removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in activated sludge treatment works. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4697-4703.
45. JÜRGENS M.D., K.I.E. HOLTHAUS, A.C. JOHNSON et J.J.L. SMITH (2002). The potential for estradiol and ethynilestradiol degradation in English rivers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 480-488.
46. KARAM J. et J.A. NICELL (1997). Potential applications of enzymes in waste treatment. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 69,141-153.
47. KINSLEY C. et J.A. NICELL (2000). Treatment of aqueous phenol with soybean peroxidase in the presence of polyethylene glycol. Bioresour. Technol., 73, 139-146.
48. KOBUKE Y., H. TANAKA et Y. MAGARA (2002). Nationwide and regional river monitoring studies as well as bioassays and treatment of EDs in waterworks. Workshop: Endocrine Disruptors, IWA Specialist Group on Assessment and Control of Hazardous Substances in Water (ACHSW), Melbourne, Australia, 9 avril 2002.
49. KOLODZIEJ E.P., T. HARTER et D.L. SEDLAK (2004) Dairy wastewater, aquaculture, and spawning fish as sources of steroid hormones in the aquatic environment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6377-6384.
50. KÖRNER W., U. BOLZ U., W. SÜßMUTH, G. HILLER, W. SCHULLER, V. HANF et H. HAGENMAIER (2000). Input/output balance of estrogenic active compounds in a major municipal sewage plant in Germany. Chemosphere, 40, 1131-1142.
51. KOSAKA K.H. YAMADA, S. MATSUI et K. SHISHIDA (2000). The effects of the co-existing compounds on the decomposition of micropollutants using the ozonet hydrogen peroxide process. Water Sci. Technol., 42, 353-361.
52. KOZAK R.G., I. D'HAESE et W. VERSTRAETE (2001). Pharmaceuticals in the environment: focus on 17β-ethinyloestradiol. Dans: Pharmaceuticals in the environment. Sources, fate, effects and risk. KÜMMERER K. et S. VERLAG (Editeurs), pp. 49-65.
53. KUCH H.M. et K. BALLSCHMITER (2001). Determination of endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds and estrogens in surface and drinking water by HRGC-(NCI)-MS in the pictogram per liter range. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3201-3206.
54. LAGANÀ A., A. BACALONI, I. DE LEVA, A. FABERI, G. FAGO et A. MARINOB (2004). Analytical methodologies for determining the occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage treatment plants and natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta, 501, 79-88.
55. LAI K.M., K.K. JOHNSON, M.D. SCRIMSHAW et J.N. LESTER (2000). Binding of waterborne steroid estrogens to solid phases in river and estuarine systems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3890-3894.
56. LANGE I.G., A. DAXENBERGER, B. SCHIFFER, H. WITTERS, D. IBARRETA et H.H.D. MEYER (2002). Sex hormones originating from different livestock production systems: fate and p+ntial disrupting activity in the environment. Anal. Chim. Acta, 473, 27-37.
57. LARSSON D.G.J., M. ADOLFSSON-ERICI, J. PARKKONEN, M. PETTERSON, A.H. BERG, P.E. OLSSON et L. FÖRLIN (1999). Ethinyloestradiol - an undesired fish contraseptive? Aquat. Toxicol., 45, 91-97.
58. LAYTON A.C., B.W. GREGORY, J.R. SEWARD, T.W. SCHULTZ et G.S. SAYLER (2000). Mineralization of steroidal hormones by biosolids in wastewater treatment systems in Tennessee USA. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3925-3931.
59. LEE L.S., T.J. STROCK, A.K. SARMAH et P.S.C. RAO (2003). Sorption and dissipation of testosterone, estrogens, and their primary transformation products in soils and sediment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4098-4105.
60. LEE B.-C., M. KAMATA, Y. AKATSUKA, M. TAKEDA, K. OHNO, T. KAMEI et Y. MAGARA (2004). Effects of chlorine on the decrease of estrogenic chemicals. Water Res., 38, 733-739.
61. LEE H.B. et D. LIU (2002). Degradation of 17β-estradiol and its metabolites by sewage bacteria. Water Air Soil Pollut., 134, 353-368.
62. LEE H. et T. PEART (1998). Determination of 17β-estradiol and its metabolites in sewage effluent by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J. AOAC Int., 81, 1209-1216.
63. LEUSCH F.D.L., H.F. CHAPMAN, W. KÖRNER, S.R. GOONERATNE et L.A. TREMBLAY (2005). Efficacy of an advanced sewage treatment plant in Southeast Queensland, Australia, to remove estrogenic chemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5781-5786.
64. LIU B. et X. LIU (2004). Direct photolysis of estrogens in aqueous solutions. Sci. Total Environ., 320, 269-274.
65. MASTRUP M., R.L. JENSEN, A.I. SCHÄFER et S. KHAN (2001). Fate modeling - an important tool for water recycling. Dans: Recent Advances in Water Recycling Technologies, SCHÄFER A.I., P. SHERMAN et T.D. WAITE (Éditeurs), pp. 103-112.
66. MATSUI S., H. TAKIGAMI, T. MATSUDA, N. TANIGUCHI, J. ADACHI, H. KAWAMI et Y. SHIMIZU (2000). Estrogen and estrogen mimics contamination in water and the role of sewage treatment. Water Sci. Technol., 42, 173-179.
67. METCALFE C.D., T.L. METCALFE, Y. KIPARISSIS, B.G. KOENIG, C. KHAN, R.J. HUGHES, T.R. CROLEY, R.E. MARCH et T. POTTER (2001). Estrogenic potency of chemicals detected in sewage treatment plant effluents as determined by in vivo assays with japanese medaka (oryzias latipes). Environ. Toxicol Chem., 20, 297-308.
68. MORIYAMA K., H. MATSUFUJI, M. CHINO et M. TAKEDA (2004). Identification and behavior of reaction products formed by chlorination of ethynylestradiol. Chemosphere, 55, 839-847.
69. NAKAGAWA S., Y. KENMOCHI, K. TUTUMI, T. TANAKA et I. HIRASAWA (2002). A study on the degradation of endocrine disruptors and dioxins by ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 35, 840-847.
70. NASU M., M. GOTO, H. KATO, Y. OSHIMA et H. TANAKA (2001). Study on endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater treatment plants. Water Sci. Technol., 43, 101-108.
71. NGHIEM L.G., A.I. SCHÄREF et M. ELIMELECH (2004). Removal of natural hormones by nanofiltration membranes: measurement, modeling, and mechanisms. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1888-1896.
72. 2 photocatalysis as a means of reducing estrogenic activity. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4175-4181.
73. ONDA K., Y. NAKAMURA, A. MIYA et Y. KATSU (2003). The behavior of estrogenic substances in the biological treatment process of sewage. Water Sci. Technol., 47, 109-116.
74. ONG P.E.A., S. CHANG, T.D. WAITE, A.I. SCHÄFER et A.G. FANE (2001). Removal of trace contaminants using coagulation, PAC and microfilttation hybrid processes. Dans: Recent Advances in Water Recycling Technologieso, SCHÄFER A.I., P. SHERMAN et T.D. WAITE (Éditeurs), pp. 55-64.
75. PAWLOWSKI S., R. VAN AERLE, C.R. TYLER et T. BRAUNBECK (2004). Effects:: of 17a-ethinylestradiol in a fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) gonadal recrudescence assay. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe., 57, 330-345.
76. PETROVIC M., M. SOLÉ, L.M.J. DE ALDA et D. BARCELÓ (2002). Endocrine disruptors in sewage treatment plants, receiving river waters, and sediments: integration of chemical analysis and biological effects on feral carp. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 2146-2156.
77. POPULATION REPORTS (2000). Oral contraceptives - An update. Published by the Population Information Program, Center for Communication Programs, Ihe Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Vol. XXVIII (1), disponible à: http://www.infoforhealth.org/pr/ a9edsum.shtml#top.
78. PURDOM C.E., P.A. HARDIMAN, V.J. BYE, N.C. ENO, C.R. TYLER et J. SUMPTER (1994). Estrogenic effects of effluents from sewage treatmetit works. Chem. Ecol., 8, 275-285.
79. REFSDAL A.O. (2000). To treat ot not treat: a proper use of hormones and antibiotics. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 60-61, 109-119.
80. RODGERS-GRAY T.P., S. JOBLING, S. MORRIS, C. KELLY, S. KIRBY, A. JANBAKHSH, J.E. HARRIES, M.J. WALDOCK, J.P. SUMPTER et C.R. TYLER (2000). Long-term temporal changes in the estrogenic composition of treated sewage effluent and its biological effects on fish. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34,1521-1528.
81. ROUTLEDGE E.J., D. SHEAHAN, C. DESBROW, G.C. BRIGHTY, M. WALDOCK et J.P. SUMPTER (1998). Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluent. 2. In vivo responses in trout and roach. Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1559-1565.
82. SAKUYAMA H., Y. ENDO, K. FUJIMOTO et Y. HATANO (2003). Oxidative degradation of alkylphenols by horseradish peroxidase. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 96, 227-231.
83. SARMAH A.K., G.I. NORTHCOTT, F.D.L. LEUSCH et L.A. TREMBLAY (2005). A survey of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in municipal sewage and animal waste effluents in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Sci. Total Environ., 355, 135-144.
84. SAYLES G. (2001). Biological fate of estrogenic compounds associated with sewage treatment: a review. Comptes rendus sur Effective Risk Management of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Workshop. Cincinnati, OH, États-Unis,18-19 septembre 2001.
85. SCHÄFER A.I., M. MASTRUP et S. VENKATESH (2001) Estrogen removal using the MIEX and microfiltration hybrid process in water recycling. Dans: Recent Advances in Water Recycling Technologies, SCHÄFER A.I., P SHERMAN et T.D. WAITE (Éditeurs), pp. 41-45.
86. SCHÄFER A.I., M. MASTRUP et R.L. JENSEN (2002). Enhancing particle interactions and removal of trace contaminants from water and wastewaters. Desalinatn, 147, 243-250.
87. SCHÄFER A.I., D.L. NGHIEM et T.D. WAITE (2003) Removal of namral hormone estrone from water and wastewater using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 182-188.
88. SCHÄFER A.I. et T.D. WAITE (2002). Removal of endocrine disrupters in advanced treatment - the Australian approach. Compte rendu IWA World Water Congress, Workshop Endocrine Disruptors. Melbourne, Australie, 9 avril 2002, 37-51.
89. SEGMULLER B.E., B.L. ARMSTRONG, R. DUNPHY et A.R. OYLER (2000). Identification of autoxidation and photodcgradation products of ethynylestradiol by online HPLC-NMR and HPLC-MS. J. Pharm. B., 23, 927-937.
90. SERVOS M.R., D.T. BENNIE, B.K. BURNISON, A. JURKOVIC, R. MCINNIS, T. NEHELI, A. SCHNELL, P. SETO, S.A. SMYTH et A. TERNES (2005). Distribution of estrogens, 17β-estradiol and estrone, in Canadian municipal wastewater treatment plants. Sci. Total Environ., 336, 155-170.
91. SHI J., S. FUJISAWA, S. NAKAJ et M. HOSOMI (2004). Biodegradation of natural and synthetic estrogens by nitrifying activated sludge and ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea. Water Res., 38, 2323-2330.
92. SHORE. L.S., M. GUREVITZ et M. SHEMESH (1993). Estrogen as an environmental pollutant. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 51, 361-366.
93. SNYDER S.A. (2002). Endocrine disruptors and pharmaceutically active compounds U.S. regulations and research. Compte rendu IWA, World Water Congress, Workshop Endocrine Disruptors Melbourne, Australia, 9 avrit 2002, 1-10.
94. SPENGLER P., W KÖRNER et J.W. METZGER (2001). Substances with estrogenic activity in effluents of sewage treatment plants in southwestern Germany. 1. Chemical analysis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 2133-2141.
95. SUZUKI K., H. HIRAI, H. MURATA et T. NISHIDA (2003). Removal of estrogenic activities of 17β-estradiol and ethinylestradiol by ligninolytic enzymes from White rot fungi. Water Res., 37, 1972-1975.
96. SVENSON A., A.-S. ALLARD et M. EK (2003). Removal of estrogenicity in Swedish municipal sewage treatment plants. Water Res., 37, 4433-4443.
97. TERNES T.A., J. STUBER, N. HERRMANN, D. MCDOWELL, A. RIED, M. KAMPMANN et B. TEISER (2003). Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater? Water Res., 37, 1976-82.
98. TERNES T.A., H. ANDERSEN, D. GILBERG et M. BONERZ (2002). Determination of estrogens in sludge and sediments by liquid extraction and GC/MS/MS. Anal. Chem., 74, 3498-3504.
99. TERNES T.A., R KRECKEL et, J. MUELLER (1999b). Behaviour and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants - II. Aerobic batch experiments with activated sludge. Sci. Total Environ., 225, 91-99.
100. TERNES T.A., M. STUMPF, J. MOELLER, K. HABERER, R.D. WILKEN et M. SERVES (1999a). Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants - I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil. Sci. Total Environ., 225, 81-90.
101. TSUTSUMIY.,T. HANEDA et T. NISHIDA (2001). Removal of estrogenic activities of bisphenol A and nonylphenol by oxidative enzymes from lignin-degrading basidiomycetes Chemosphere, 42, 271-276.
102. TURAN A. (1995). Excretion of natural and synthetic estrogens and their metabolites: occurrence and behaviour. Dans Endocrinically Active Chemicals in the Environment, Agence fédérale allemande dc d'environnement, Berlin.
103. TYAGI R.D., V.S. FOKO, S. BARNABÉ, A.S. VIDYARTHI, J.R. VALÉRO et R.Y. SURAMPALLI (2002). Simultaneous production of biopesticide and alkaline proteases by Bacillus thuringiensus using sewage sludge as a raw material, Water Sci. Technol., 46, 247-254.
104. TYLER C.R. et ROUTLEDGE (1998). Oestrogen effects in fish in English rivers with evidence of their causation. Pure and Appl. Chem., 70, 1795-1804.
105. U.S. EPA. (1997). Special, report on environmental endocrine disruption: An effects assessment and analysis. Washington D.C., États-Unis, Rapport No EPA/630/R-96/012.
106. VADER J.S.,C.G. VAN-GINKEL, E.M.G.M. SPERLING, J. DE JONG, W. DE BOER, J.S. DE GRAAFS, M. VAN DER MOST et P.G.W. STOKMAN (2000). Degradation of ethinyl estradiol by nitrifying activated sludge. Chemosphere, 41, 1239-1243.
107. VETHAAK A.D., J. LAHR, S.M. SCHRAP, A.C. BELFROID, G.B.J. RIJS, A. GERRITSEN, J. DE BOER, A.S. BULDER, G.C.M. GRINWIS, R.V. KUIPER, J. LEGLER, T.A.J. MURK W. PEIJNENBURG, H.J.M. VERHAAR et P. DE VOOGT (2005). An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and biological effects in the aquatic environment of The Netherlands. Chemosphere, 59, 511-524.
108. WADA S., H. ICHIKAWA et K. TATSUMI (1995). Removal of phenols and aromatic amines from wastewaters by a combination treatment of tyrosinase and a coagulant. Biotecbnol. Bioeng., 45, 304-309.
109. WAGNER M. et J.A. NICELL (2002). Detoxification of phenolic solutions with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Water Res., 36, 4041-4052.
110. WHITE R., S. JOBLING, S.A. HOARE, J.P. SUMPTER et M.G. PARKER (1994). Environmentally persistent alkylphenolic compound are estrogenic. Endocrinol., 135, 175-182.
111. WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION) (2002). Global assessment of the state of the science of endocrine disruptors. Geneva, Switzerland, Document WHO/PCS/EDC/021.
112. XIAO X-Y., D.V. MCCALLEY et J. MCEVOY (2001). Analysis of estrogens in river water and effluents using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivates.J. Chromatogr. A, 923, 195-204.
113. YING G.-G., R.S. KOOKANA et Y.J. RU (2002). Occurrence and fate of hormone steroids in the environment. Environ. Int., 28, 545-551.
114. YOON Y., PWESTERHOFF, S.A. SNYDER et M. ESPARZA (2003). HPLC-fluorescence detection and adsorption of bisphenol A, 17-estradiol, and 17-ethynyl estradiol on powdered activated carbon. Water Res., 37, 3530-3537.
115. ZHANG Y. et J.L. ZHOU (2005). Removal of estrone and 17β-estradiol from water by adsorption. Water Res., 39, 3991-4003.