Substantive representation of women: The representation of women's interests and the impact of descriptive representation in the Belgian Parliament (1900-1979)

Journal of Women, Politics and Policy

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 85-114

  Celis, Karen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE GHENT   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Belgium; Descriptive representation; Parliament; Substantive representation; Women; Women's interests

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548279797     PISSN: 1554477X     EISSN: 15544788     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J501v28n02_04     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Bollen, Sophie. 2001. De sociaal-pedagogische toelage. Historiek en problematiek 1965-1981. Unpublished thesis. Brussels, Belgium: Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
2. Burrell, Barbara C. 1994. A Woman's Place Is in the House: Campaigning for Congress in the Feminist Era. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
3. Carroll, Susan. 1984. "Women Candidates and Support for Feminist Concerns: The Closet Feminist Syndrome." Western Political Quarterly 37(2): 307-323.
4. Celis, Karen. 2005a. "Les élues féminins et la représentation des femmes: R,flections méthodologiques." In Genre et science politique en Belgique et en Francophonie, eds. Petra. Meier and B. Marques-Pereira. Brussels: Academia Bruylant.
5. Celis, Karen. 2005b. "Reconciling Theory and Empirical Research: Methodological Reflections on 'Women MPs Representing Women's Interest')." Paper presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 1-September 4, 2005.
6. Childs, Sarah, and Mona Lena Krook. 2005. "The Substantive Representation of Women: Rethinking the Critical Mass Debate." Paper presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 1-September 4, 2005.
7. Childs, Sarah and Mona Lena Krook. 2006. "Gender and Politics: The State of the Art." Politics 26(1): 18-28.
8. Cramer Walsh, Katherine. 2002. "Female Legislators and the Women's Rights Agenda." In Women Transforming Congress, ed. Cindy Simon Rosenthal. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
9. Dahlerup, Drude. 1988. "From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics." Scandinavian Political Studies 11(4): 275-298.
10. De Weerdt, Denise. 1980. En de vrouwen? Vrouwé vrouwenbeweging en feminisme in België (1830-1960). Ghent, Belgium: Masereelfonds.
11. Diamond, Irene and Nancy Hartsock. 1981. "Beyond Interests in Politics: A Comment on Virginia Sapiro's 'When Are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women'." The American Political Science Review 75(3): 717-721.
12. Diaz, Mercedes Mateo. 2005. Representing Women? Female Legislators in West European Parliaments. European Consortium for Political Research monograph series. Oxford: University of Oxford Press.
13. Dodson, Debra L. 2001. "Acting for Women. Is What Legislators Say, What They Do?" In The Impact of Women in Public Office, ed. Susan Carroll. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
14. Dolan, Julie. 1997. "Support for Women's Interests in the 103th Congress: The Distinct Impact of Congressional Women." Women & Politics 18(4): 81-94.
15. Erickson, Lynda. 1997. "Might More Women Make a Difference? Gender, Party and Ideology among Canada's Parliamentary Candidates." Canadian Journal of Political Science 30(4): 663-688.
16. Gahan, Celia and Mike Hannibal. 1998. Doing Qualitative Research Using QSR NUD*IST. London: Sage Publications.
17. Grey, Sandra. 2002. "Does Size Matter? Critical Mass and New Zealand's Women MPs." Parliamentary Affairs 55(1): 19-29.
18. Gubin, Eliane. 1999. "Du politique au politique. Parcours du féminisme belge (1830-1914)." Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Filologie en Geschiedenis 77: 370-382.
19. Kanter, Rosabeth M. 1977. "Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women." American Journal of Sociology 82(5): 965-991.
20. Lambrechts, Emile. 1979. Vrouwenarbeid in België. Het tewerkstellingsbeleid inzake vrouwelijke arbeidskrachten: 1930-1972. Ghent, Belgium: Centrum, voor Bevolkings-en Gezinsstudiën.
21. Levy, Dena, Charles Tien, and Rachelle Aved. 2002. "Do Differences Matter? Women Members of Congress and the Hyde Amendment." Women & Politics 23(1/2): 105-128.
22. Lister, Ruth. 1997. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
23. Lovenduski, Joni. ed. 2005. State Feminism and Political Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Mackay, Fiona. 2004. "Gender and Political Representation in the UK: The State of the Discipline." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 6: 99-120.
25. Mansbridge, Jane. 1999. "Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent 'Yes'." The Journal of Politics 6.1(3): 628-657.
26. Mazur, Amy, ed. 2001. State Feminism, Women's Movements, and Job Training: Making Democracies Work in the Global Economy. New York, NY: Routledge.
27. Mazur, Amy and Dorothy McBride Stetson eds. 1995. Comparative State Feminism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Often, Karen. 2000. European Feminisms 1700-1950: A Political History. Stanford, CA: Stanford. University Press.
29. Outshoorn, Joyce, ed. 2004. The Politics of Prostitution: Women's Movements, Democratic States and the Globalisation of Sex Commerce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. O'Regan, Valerie. 2000. Gender Matters: Female Policymakers' Influence in Industrialized Nations. Westport-London: Praeger.
31. Phillips, Anne. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
32. Phillips, Anne. 1998. "Democracy and Representation: Or, Why Should it Matter Who Our Representatives Are?" In Feminism and Politics, ed. Anne Phillips. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
33. Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1972. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
34. Reingold, Beth. 2000. Representing Women: Sex, Gender and Legislative Behavior in Arizona and California. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
35. Sainsbury, Diane. 1996. Gender, Equality, and Welfare States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Saint-Germain, Michelle. 1989. "Does their Difference Make a Difference? The Impact of Women on Public Policy in the Arizona Legislature." Social. Science Quarterly 70(4): 956-958.
37. Sapiro, Virginia. 1981. "When are Interests Interesting? The Problem, of Political Representation of Women." The American Political Science Review 75(3): 701-716.
38. Sawer, Marianne. 2000. "Parliamentary Representation, of Women: From Discourses of Justice to Strategies of Accountability." International Political Science Review 2.1(4): 361-380.
39. Skjeie, Hege. 1998. "Credo on Difference: Women in Parliament in Norway." In Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, ed. Azza Karam. Stockholm, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
40. Stetson, Dorothy McBride, ed. 2001. Abortion Politics, Women's Movements, and the Democratic State: A Comparative Study of State Feminism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41. Swers, Michele L. 2002a. The Difference Women Make: The Policy Impact of Women in Congress. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
42. Swers, Michele L. 2002b. "Research on Women in Legislatures: What Have We Learned, Where Are We Going." Women & Politics 23(1/2): 167-185.
43. Swers, Michele L. 2002c. "Transforming the Agenda: Analyzing Gender Differences in. Women's Issue Bill Sponsorship." In Women Transforming Congress, ed. Cindy Simon Rosenthal. Oklahoma City, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
44. Tamerius, Karin. 1995. "Sex, Gender, and Leadership in the Representation of Women."In Gender Power and Leadership, and Governance, eds. Georgia DuerstLahti and Rita Mae Kelly. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
45. Thomas, Sue. 199.1. "The Impact of Women on. State Legislative Policies." Journal of Politics 53(4): 958-976.
46. Thomas, Sue and Susan Welch. 1991. "The Impact of Gender on Activities and Priorities of State Legislators." Western Political Quarterly 44: 445-456.
47. Thomas, Sue and Susan Welch. 2001. "The Impact of Women in State Legislatures. Numerical and Organizational Strength." In The Impact of Women in Public Office, ed. Susan Carroll. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
48. Tremblay, Manon. 1998. "Do Female MPs Substantively Represent Women? A Study of Legislative Behaviour in Canada's 35th Parliament." Canadian Journal of Political Science 31(3): 435-465.
49. Trimble, Linda. 1997. "Feminist Policies in the Alberta Legislature, 1972-1994." In In the Presence of Women: Representation and Canadian Governments, eds. Jane Arscott and Linda Trimble. Toronto, Canada: Harcourt Brace.
50. Trimble, Linda. 2000. "Who's Represented? Gender and Diversity in the Alberta Legislature." In Women and Political Representation in Canada, eds. Manon Tremblay and Caroline Andrew. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press.
51. Van Molle, Leen and Eliane Gubin. 1998. Vrouw en Politiek in België. Tielt, Belgium: Lannoo.
52. Wängnerud, Lena. 2000. "Testing the Politics of Presence: Women's Representation in the Swedish Riksdag." Scandinavian Political Studies 23(1): 67-91.
53. Whip, Rosemary. 1991. "Representing Women: Australian Female Parliamentarians on the Horns of a Dilemma." Women & Politics 11(3): 1-22.
54. Williams, Melissa. 1998. Voice, Trust, and Memory: The Failings of Liberal Representation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
55. Wolbrecht, Christina. 2002. "Female Legislators and the Women's Rights Agenda." In Women Transforming Congress, ed. Cindy Simon Rosenthal. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
56. Young, Iris Marion. 1997. "Deferring Group Representation." In Ethnicity and Group Rights. Nomos 39. Yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy, eds. Ian Shapiro and Will Kymlicka. New York, NY: New York University Press.
57. Young, Iris Marion. 2000. Inclusion and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.