Determinants of infant and child mortality in Kenya: An analysis controlling for frailty effects

Population Research and Policy Review

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 299-321

  Omariba, D Walter Rasugu ^a   Beaujot, Roderic ^b   Rajulton, Fernando ^b  

^a STATISTICS CANADA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Determinants of infant and child mortality; Frailty; Kenya; Mortality differentials; Sub Saharan Africa; Unobserved heterogeneity

Indexed keywords

CHILD MORTALITY; DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY; HEALTH SURVEY; INFANT MORTALITY; SURVIVAL;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; KENYA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 34548229472     PISSN: 01675923     EISSN: 15737829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11113-007-9031-z     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Alam, N. (1995). Birth spacing and infant and early childhood mortality in a high fertility area of Bangladesh: Age-dependent and interactive effects. Journal of Biosocial Science, 27 (3), 393-404.
2. Alam, N. (2000). Teenage motherhood and infant mortality in Bangladesh: Maternal age-dependent effect of parity one. Journal of Biosocial Science, 32 (2), 229-236.
3. Blossfeld, H.-P., & Rowher, G. (2002). Techniques of event history modelling: New approaches to causal analysis. London, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
4. Brass, W. (1993). Child mortality improvement and the initiation of fertility falls in Kenya. In International Union for the Scientific Study of Population [IUSSP] (Eds.), International population conference, Montreal, 1993, Vol. I (pp. 73-80). Liège, Belgium: IUSSP.
5. Brockerhoff, M., & Hewitt, P. (2000). Inequality of child mortality among ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 (1), 30-41.
6. Caldwell, J. C. (1979). Education as a factor in mortality decline: An examination of Nigerian data. Population Studies, 3, 395-414.
7. Caldwell, J. C. (1986). Routes to low mortality in poor countries. Population and Development Review, 12 (2), 171-219.
8. Caldwell, J. C. (1994). How is greater maternal education translated into lower child mortality? Health Transition Review, 4, 224-229.
9. Central Bureau of Statistics [Kenya] Ministry of Health [Kenya] & ORC Macro. (2004). Kenya demographic and health survey 2003. Calverton MD: CBS, MOH & ORC Macro.
10. Cleves, M. A., Gould, W. W., & Gutierrez, R. G. (2004). An introduction to survival analysis using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
11. Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life tables (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 34, 187-220.
12. Curtis, S. L., Diamond, I., & McDonald, J. W. (1993). Birth interval and family effects on postneonatal and mortality in Brazil. Demography, 30 (1), 33-43.
13. Das Gupta, M. (1990). Death clustering, mothers' education and the determinants of child mortality in rural Punjab, India. Population Studies, 44, 489-505.
14. Das Gupta, M. (1997). Socioeconomic status and clustering of child deaths in rural Punjab. Population Studies, 51, 191-202.
15. Desai, S., & Alva, S. (1998). Maternal education and child health: Is there a strong causal relationship? Demography, 35 (1), 71-81.
16. Esrey, S. (1996). Water, waste and well-being: A multicountry study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143 (6), 608-623.
17. Gribble, J. N. (1993). Birth intervals, gestational age, and low birth weight: Are the relationships confounded? Population Studies, 47, 133-146.
18. Gubhaju, B. B., Streatfield, K., & Majumder, A. K. (1991). Socioeconomic, demographic and environmental determinants of infant mortality in Nepal. Journal of Biosocial Science, 23, 425-436.
19. Guo, G. (1993). Use of sibling data to estimate family mortality effects in Guatemala. Demography, 30 (1), 15-32.
20. Guo, G., & Zhao, H. (2000). Multilevel modelling for binary data. Annual Review Sociology, 26, 441-462.
21. Gyimah, S. O., & Rajulton, F. (2004). Intentional replacement of dead children in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghana and Kenya. Canadian Studies in Population, 31 (1), 33-53.
22. Hill, A. (1992). Trends in childhood mortality in sub-Saharan mainland Africa. In E. van de Walle, P. Gilles, & M. Sala-Diakanda (Eds.), Mortality and society in sub-Saharan Africa (pp. 10-31). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
23. Hill, K., Bicego, G., & Mahy, M. (2001). Childhood mortality in Kenya: An examination of trends and determinants in the late 1980s to mid 1990s. Working paper 01-01. John Hopkins University, Hopkins Population Center.
24. Kenya Ministry of Health. (2001). AIDS in Kenya: Background, projections, interventions and policy (6th ed.). Nairobi, Kenya: National AIDS and STD Control.
25. Kuate-Defo, B. (1996). Areal and socioeconomic differentials in infant and child mortality in Cameroon. Social Science and Medicine, 42 (3), 399-420.
26. Madise, N., & Diamond, I. (1995). Determinants of infant mortality in Malawi: An analysis to control for death clustering within families. Journal of Biosocial Science, 27 (1), 95-106.
27. Magadi, M. A., Diamond, I., & Rodrigues, R. N. (2001). The determinants of delivery care in Kenya. Social Biology, 47 (3-4), 164-188.
28. Manda, S. O. M. (1999). Birth intervals, breastfeeding and determinants of childhood mortality in Malawi. Social Science and Medicine, 48, 301-312.
29. Marckwardt, A. M., & Rutstein, S. O. (1996). Accuracy of DHS-II demographic data: Gains and losses in comparison with earlier surveys. DHS Working papers 19. Macro International Inc.
30. Miller, J. E. (1993). Birth outcomes by mother's age at first birth in the Philippines. International Family Planning Perspectives, 19, 98-102.
31. Mosley, W. H., & Chen, L. C. (1984). An analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries. Population and Development Review, 10 (Suppl.), 25-45.
32. National Council for Population & Development [NCPD], Central Bureau of Statistics [CBS], & Macro International [MI]. (1999). Kenya demographic and health survey 1998. Calverton MD: NCPD, CBS, and MI.
33. Nyambedha, E. O., Wandibba S., & Aagaard-Hansen, J. (2001). Policy implications of the inadequate support systems for orphans in Western Kenya. Health Policy, 58, 83-96.
34. Nyambedha, E. O., Wandibba, S., & Aagaard-Hansen, J. (2003). Changing patterns of orphan care due to the HIV epidemic in western Kenya. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 301-311.
35. Oakes, D. (1982). A model for association in bivariate survival data. Journal of Royal Statistical Society Series B, 44 (3), 414-422.
36. Ocholla-Ayayo, A. B. C. (1991). The spirit of a nation. Nairobi, Kenya: Shirikon Publishers.
37. Omariba, D. W. R. (2004). Levels, trends and correlates of child mortality in Kenya: An exploration into the phenomenon of death clustering. Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of Graduate Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
38. O'Toole, J. O., & Wright, R. E. (1991). Parental education and child mortality in Burundi. Journal of Biosocial Science, 23, 255-262.
39. Palloni, A., & Rafalimanana, H. (1999). The effects of infant mortality on fertility revisited: New evidence from Latin America. Demography, 36 (1), 41-58.
40. Pebley, A. R., Goldman, N., & Rodriguez, G. (1996). Prenatal and delivery care and childhood immunization in Guatemala: Do family and community matter? Demography 33 (2), 231-247.
41. Rutstein, S. O. (2000). Factors associated with trends in infant and child mortality in developing countries during the 1990s. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 1256-1270.
42. Sastry, N. (1996). Community characteristics, individual and household attributes, and child survival in Brazil. Demography, 33 (2), 211-229.
43. Sastry, N. (1997a). A nested frailty model for survival data, with an application of child survival in Northeast Brazil. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 92 (438), 426-435.
44. Sastry, N. (1997b). Family-level clustering of childhood mortality risk in northeast Brazil. Population Studies, 51, 245-261.
45. Sastry, N. (1997c). What explains rural-urban differentials in child mortality in Brazil? Social Science & Medicine, 44 (7), 899-1002.
46. Solis, P., Pullum, S. G., & Frisbie, W. P. (2000). Demographic models of birth outcomes and infant mortality: An alternative approach. Demography, 37 (4), 489-498.
47. Stata Corp. (2003). Stata statistical software: Release 8.0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
48. Steer, R. A., Scholl, T. O., Hediger, M. L., & Fischer, R. L. (1992). Self-reported depression and negative pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45 (10), 1093-1099.
49. Strassman, B. I. (1997). Polygyny as a risk factor for child mortality among the Dogon. Current Anthropology, 38 (4), 688-695.
50. Trussell, J., & Rodríguez, G. (1990). Heterogeneity in demographic research. In J. Adams, D. A. Lam, A. I. Hermalin, & P. E. Smouse (Eds.), Convergent issues in genetics and demography (pp. 112-132). London, England: Oxford University Press.
51. Vaupel, J. W. (1989). Kindred lifetimes: Frailty models in population genetics. In J. Adams, D. A. Lam, A. I. Hermalin, & P. E. Smouse (Eds.), Convergent issues in genetics and demography (pp. 155-170). New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Ware, H. (1984). Effects of maternal education, women's roles, and child care on child mortality. Population and Development Review, 10 (Suppl.), 191-214.
53. Yamano, T., & Jayne, T. S. (2004). Measuring the impacts of working-age adult mortality on small-scale farm households in Kenya. World Development, 32 (1), 91-119.
54. Zenger, E. (1993). Siblings' neonatal morality risks and birth spacing in Bangladesh. Demography, 30 (3), 477-488.