Vaginal douching and development of bacterial vaginosis among women with normal and abnormal vaginal microflora

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Volumn 34, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 671-675

  Hutchinson, Katherine B ^a   Kip, Kevin E ^a   Ness, Roberta B ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE COURSE; EVALUATION; FEMALE; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GRAM STAINING; HAZARD RATIO; HUMAN; NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK; SELF REPORT; VAGINA FLORA; VAGINAL LAVAGE; VAGINITIS;

ADULT; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DNA, BACTERIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE; NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TECHNIQUES; PENNSYLVANIA; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; VAGINA; VAGINAL DOUCHING; VAGINAL SMEARS; VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL;

EID: 34548180406     PISSN: 01485717     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000258435.34879.da     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. Abma J, Chandra A, Mosher W, et al. Fertility, family planning, and women's health: New data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 1995; 23:1-114.
2. Martino J, Vermund S. Vaginal douching: Evidence for risks and benefits to women's health. Epidemiol Rev 2002; 24:109-124.
3. Zhang J, Thomas G, Leybovich E. Vaginal douching and adverse health effects: A meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 1997; 87:1207-1211.
4. Ness R, Hillier S, Richter H, et al. Douching in relation to bacterial vaginosis, lactobacilli, and facultative bacteria in the vagina. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100:765-772.
5. Rosenberg M, Phillips R, Holmes M. Vaginal douching: Who and why? J Reprod Med 1991; 36:753-758.
6. Schwebke J, Desmond R, Oh M. Predictors of bacterial vaginosis in adolescent women who douche. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31:433-436.
7. Chiaffarino F, Parazzini F, Besi P, et al. Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 117:222-226.
8. Fonck K, Kaul R, Keli F, et al. Sexually transmitted infections and vaginal douching in a population of female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transm Infect 2001; 77:271-275.
9. Holzman C, Leventhal J, Qiu H, et al. Factors linked to bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. Am J Public Health 2001; 91:1664-1670.
10. Newton E, Piper J, Shain R, et al. Predictors of vaginal microflora. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:845-855.
11. Rajamanoharan S, Low N, Jones S, et al. Bacterial vaginosis, ethnicity, and the use of genital cleaning agents: A case control study. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26:404-409.
12. Ness R, Kip K, Soper D, et al. Variability of bacterial vaginosis over 6-12 month intervals. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33:1-5.
13. Ness R, Hillier S, Kip K, et al. Bacterial vaginosis and risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104:761-769.
14. Stergachis A, Scholes D, Heidrich F. Selective screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a primary care population of women. Am J Epidemol 1993; 138:143-153.
15. Schwebke J, Hillier S, Sobel J, et al. Validity of the vaginal Gram stain for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88:573-576.
16. Nugent R, Krohn M, Hillier S. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:297-301.
17. Scholes D, Stergachis A, Ichikawa L, et al. Vaginal douching as a risk factor for cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91:993-997.
18. Hosmer D, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Wiley; 2000.
19. Allison P. Survival Analysis Using the SAS System: A Practical Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute; 1995.
20. Schwebke J, Desmond R. Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis in women at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32:654-658.
21. Hawes S, Hillier S, Benedietti J, et al. Hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli and acquisition of vaginal infections. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:1058-1063.