Integrated nutrient cycles in boreal forest ecosystems-the role of mycorrhizal fungi

Fungi in Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 28-50

  Finlay, Roger D ^a   Rosling, Anna ^b  

^a SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548163290     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511550522.003     Document Type: Chapter

References (120)

1. Abu, A. R., Murphy, R. J. & Dickinson, D. J. (1999). Investigation of the extracellular mucilaginous materials produced by some wood decay fungi. Mycological Research, 103, 1453-61.
2. Abuzinadah, R. A., Finlay, R. D. & Read, D. J. (1986). The role of proteins in the nitrogen nutrition of ectomycorrhizal plants. II. Utilisation of protein by mycorrhizal plants of Pinus contorta. New Phytologist, 103, 495-506.
3. Ahonen-Jonnarth, U, van Hees, P. A. W., Lundström, U. & Finlay, R. D. (2000). Production of organic acids by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings exposed to elevated concentrations of aluminium and heavy metals. New Phytologist, 146, 557-67.
4. Ahonen-Jonnarth, U, Göransson, A. & Finlay, R. D. (2003). Growth and nutrient uptake of ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings treated with elevated Al concentrations. Tree Physiology, 23, 157-67.
5. Arocena, J. M., Glowa, K. R. & Massicotte, H. B. (2001). Calcium-rich hypha encrustations on Piloderma. Mycorrhiza, 10, 209-15.
6. Arvieu, J-C., Leprince, F. & Plassard, C. (2003). Release of oxalate and protons by ectomycorrhizal fungi in response to P-deficiency and calcium carbonate in nutrient solution. Annals of Forest Science, 60, 815-21.
7. Banfield, J. F., Barker, W. W., Welch, S. A. & Taunton, A. (1999). Biological impact on mineral dissolution: application of the lichen model to understanding mineral weathering in the rhizosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 3404-11.
8. Barker, W. W., Welch, S. A. & Banfield, J. F. (1997). Biogeochemical weathering of silicate minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy, 35, 391-428.
9. Barker, W. W., Welch, S. A., Chu, S. & Banfield, J. F. (1998). Experimental observations of the effects of bacteria on aluminosilicate weathering. American Mineralogist, 83, 1551-63.
10. Bending, G. D. & Read, D. J. (1995a). The structure and function of the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants: V. Foraging behaviour and translocation of nutrients from exploited litter. New Phytologist, 130, 401-9.
11. Bending, G. D. & Read, D. J. (1995b). The structure and function of the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants. VI. Activities of nutrient mobilizing enzymes in birch litter colonized by Paxillus involutus (Fr.) Fr. New Phytologist, 130, 411-17.
12. Bertaux, J., Schmid, M., Chemidlin Prevost-Boure, N. et al. (2003). In situ identification of intracellular bacteria related to Paenibacillus spp. in the mycelium of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 4243-8.
13. Bianciotto, V., Lumini, E., Lanfranco, L. et al. (2000). Detection and identification of bacterial endosymbionts in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to Gigasporaceae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 4503-9.
14. Blum, J. D., Klaue, A., Nezat, C. A. et al. (2002). Mycorrhizal weathering of apatite as an important calcium source in base-poor forest ecosystems. Nature, 417, 729-31.
15. Bonkowski, M. (2004). Protozoa and plant growth: the microbial loop revisited. New Phytologist, 162, 617-31.
16. Callot, G., Maurette, M., Pottier, L. & Dubois, A. (1987). Biogenic etching of microfeatures in amorphous and crystalline silicates. Nature, 328, 147-9.
17. Casarin, V., Plassard, C., Souche, G. & Arvieu, J.-C. (2003). Quantification of oxalate ions and protons released by ectomycorrhizal fungi in rhizosphere soil. Agronomie, 23, 461-9.
18. Chaubal, R., Wilmot, V. A. & Wynn, W. K. (1991). Visualization, adhesiveness, and cytochemistry of the extracellular matrix produced by urediniospore germ tubes of Puccinia sorghi. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69, 2044-54.
19. Clausen, C. A., Green, F. III, Woodward, B. M., Evans, J. W. & DeGroot, R. C. (2000). Correlation between oxalic acid production and copper tolerance in Wolfiporia cocos. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 46, 69-76.
20. Connolly, J. H. & Jellison, J. (1995). Calcium translocation, calcium oxalate accumulation, and hyphal sheath morphology in the white-rot fungus Resinicium bicolor. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73, 927-36.
21. Connolly, J. H., Shortle, W. C. & Jellison J. (1999). Translocation and incorporation of strontium carbonate derived strontium into calcium oxalate crystals by the wood decay fungus Resinicium bicolor. Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, 179-97.
22. Cooper, L. L.D., Oliver, J. E., De Vilbiss, E. D. & Doss, R. P. (2000). Lipid composition of the extracellular matrix of Botrytis cinerea germlings. Phytochemistry, 53, 293-8.
23. Cromack, K., Sollins, P., Graustein, W. et al. (1979). Calcium oxalate accumulation and soil weathering in mats of the hypogeous fungus Hysterangium crassum. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 11, 463-8.
24. Dickie, I. A., Xu, B. & Koide, R. T. (2002). Vertical niche differentiation of ectomycorrhizal hyphae in soil as shown by T-RFLP analysis. New Phytologist, 156, 527-35.
25. Drever, J. I. & Stillings, L. L. (1997). The role of organic acids in mineral weathering. Colloids and Surfaces, 120, 167-81.
26. Duff, R. B., Webley, D. M. & Scott, R. O. (1963). Solubilization of minerals and related materials by 2-ketoglutonic acid-producing bacteria. Soil Science, 95, 105-14.
27. Dutton, M. V. & Evans, C. S. (1996). Oxalate production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the soil environment. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 42, 881-95.
28. Ehrlich, H. L. (1998). Geomicrobiology: its significance for geology. Earth-Science Reviews, 45, 45-60.
29. Entry, J. A., Donnelly, P. K. & Cromack, K. (1991). Influence of ectomycorrhizal mat soils on lignin and cellulose degradation. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 11, 75-8.
30. Erland, S. E., Finlay, R. D. & Söderström, B. (1991). The influence of substrate pH on carbon translocation in ectomycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal pine seedlings. New Phytologist, 119, 235-42.
31. Finlay, R. D. (1992). Uptake and mycelial translocation of nutrients by ectomycorrhizal fungi. In Mycorrhiza in Ecosystems, ed. D. J. Read, D. H. Lewis, A. H. Fitter & I. J. Alexander. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 91-97.
32. Finlay, R. D. (1995). Interactions betweeen soil acidification, plant growth and nutrient uptake in ectomycorrhizal associations of forest trees: problems and progress. In Ecological Bulletin, Vol. 44, Effects of Acid Deposition and Ozone on the Terrestrial Environment in Sweden, ed. H. Staaf & G. Tyler. Copenhagen: Blackwell, pp. 197-214.
33. Finlay, R. D. & Söderström, B. (1992).Mycorrhiza and carbon flow to the soil. In Mycorrhizal Functioning, ed. M. F. Allen. New York: Chapman and Hall, pp. 134-60.
34. Finlay, R. D., Chalot, M., Brun, A. & Söderström, B. (1996). Interactions in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism of ectomycorrhizal associations. In Mycorrhizas in Integrated Systems-From Genes to Plant Development, ed. J. M. Barea, C. Azcón-Aguilar, R. Azcón & J. A. Ocampo. Brussels: European Commission Report EUR 16728 EN, pp. 279-84.
35. Frey-Klett, P, Chavatte, M., Clausse, M.-L. et al. (2005). Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis affects functional diversity of rhizosphere fluorescent pseudomonads. New Phytologist, 165, 317-28.
36. Gadd, G. M. (1993). Interactions of fungi with toxic metals. New Phytologist, 124, 25-60.
37. Gadd, G. M. (1999). Fungal production of citric and oxalic acid: importance in metal speciation, physiology and biogeochemical processes. Advances in Microbial Physiology, 41, 48-91.
38. Genet, P., Prevost, A. & Pargney, J. C. (2000). Seasonal variations of symbiotic ultrastructure and relationships of two natural ectomycorrhizae of beech (Fagus sylvatica/Lactarius blennius var. viridis and Fagus sylvatica/Lactarius subdulcis). Trees, 14, 465-74.
39. Gharieb, M. M., Sayer, J. A. & Gadd, G. M. (1998). Solubilization of natural gypsum (CaSO4*2H2O) and the formation of calcium oxalate by Aspergillus niger and Serpula himantioides. Mycological Research, 102, 825-30.
40. Graustein, W. C., Cromack, K. Jr. & Sollins, P. (1977). Calcium oxalate: occurrence in soils and effect on nutrient and geochemical cycles. Science, 198, 1252-4.
41. Griffiths, R. P., Baham, J. E. & Caldwell, B. A. (1994). Soil solution chemistry of ectomycorrhizal mats in forest soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26, 331-7.
42. Hagerberg, D., Thelin, G. & Wallander, H. (2003). The production of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in forests: relation between forest nutrient status and local mineral sources. Plant and Soil, 252, 279-90.
43. Hamel, R., Levasseur, R. & Appanna, V. D. (1999). Oxalic acid production and aluminium tolerance in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 76, 99-104.
44. Haselwandter, K. & Winkelmann, G. (2002). Ferricrocin-an ectomycorrhizal siderophore of Cenococcum geophilum. BioMetals, 15, 73-7.
45. Heinonsalo, J., Jorgensen, K. S. & Sen, R. (2001). Microcosm-based analyses of Scots pine seedling growth, ectomycorrhizal fungal community growth and bacterial carbon utilisation profiles in boreal forest humus and underlying illuvial mineral horizons. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 36, 73-84.
46. Henderson, M. E. K. & Duff, R. B. (1963). The release of metallic and silicate ions from minerals, rock, and soils by fungal activity. Journal of Soil Science, 14, 236-46.
47. Hibbett, D. S., Gilbert, L.-B. & Donaghue, M. J. (2000). Evolutionary instability of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in basidiomycetes. Nature, 407, 506-8.
48. Hirsch, P., Eckhardt, F. E. W. & Palmer, J. R. J. (1995). Fungi active in weathering of rock and stone monuments. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73 (Suppl. 1), S1384-90.
49. Hodge, A., Campbell, C. D. & Fitter, A. H. (2001). An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature, 413, 297-9.
50. Högberg, P., Nordgren, A., Buchmann, N. et al. (2001). Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration. Nature, 411, 789-92.
51. Holmström, S. J. M., Lundström, U. S., Finlay, R. D. & van Hees, P. A. W. (2004). Siderophores in forest soil solution. Biogeochemistry, 71, 247-58.
52. Horton, T. R. & Bruns, T. D. (2001). The molecular revolution in ectomycorrhizal ecology: Peeking into the black-box. Molecular Ecology, 10, 1855-71.
53. Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J., Ehleringer, J. R. et al. (1996). A global analysis of root distribution for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia, 108, 389-411.
54. Jacobs, H., Boswell, G. P., Ritz, K., Davidson, F. A. & Gadd, G. M. (2002). Solubilization of calcium phosphate as a consequence of carbon translocation by Rhizoctonia solani. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 40, 65-71.
55. Jentschke, G., Brandes, B., Kuhn, A. J. et al. (2000). The mycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus transports magnesium to Norway spruce seedlings. Evidence from stable isotope labeling. Plant and Soil, 220, 243-6.
56. Jentschke, G., Brandes, B., Kuhn, A. J., Schröder, W. H. & Godbold, D. L. (2001). Interdependence of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and magnesium translocation by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. New Phytologist, 149, 327-37.
57. Johnson, D., Leake, J. R., Ostle, N., Ineson, P. & Read, D. J. (2002). In situ (CO2)-13C pulse-labeling of upland grassland demonstrates a rapid pathway of carbon flux from arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelia to the soil. New Phytologist, 153, 327-34.
58. Jones, D. L., Dennis, P. G., Owen, A. G. & van Hees, P. A. W. (2003). Organic acid behaviour in soils-misconceptions and knowledge gaps. Plant and Soil, 248, 31-41.
59. Jones, E. B. G. (1994). Fungal adhesion. Mycological Research, 98, 961-81.
60. Jongmans, A. G., van Breemen, N., Lundström, U. et al. (1997). Rock eating fungi. Nature, 389, 682-3.
61. Klironomos, J. N. & Hart, M. M. (2001). Food-web dynamics. Animal nitrogen swap for plant carbon. Nature, 410, 651-2.
62. Landeweert, R., Hoffland, E., Finlay, R. D. & van Breemen, N. (2000). Linking plants to rocks: ectomycorrhizal fungi mobilize nutrients from minerals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16, 248-54.
63. Landeweert, R., Leeflang, P., Kuyper, T. W. et al. (2003). Molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in soil horizons. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 327-53.
64. Leake, J. R., Donnelly, D. P., Saunders, E. M., Boddy, L. & Read, D. J. (2001). Rates and quantities of carbon flux to ectomycorrhizal mycelium following 14C pulse labeling of Pinus sylvestris seedlings: effects of litter patches and interaction with a wood-decomposer fungus. Tree Physiology, 21, 71-82.
65. Leake, J. R., McKendrick, S. L., Bidartondo, M. & Read, D. J. (2004). Symbiotic germination and development of the myco-heterotroph Monotropa hypopitys in nature and its requirement for locally distributed Tricholoma spp. New Phytologist, 163, 405-23.
66. Leyval, C. & Berthelin, J. (1989). Interactions between Laccaria laccata-Agrobacterium radiobacter and beech roots influence on phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and iron mobilisation from minerals and plant growth. Plant and Soil, 117, 103-10.
67. Lindahl, B., Stenlid, J., Olsson, S. & Finlay, R. D. (1999). Translocation of 32P between interacting mycelia of a wood decomposing fungus and ectomycorrhizal fungi in microcosm systems. New Phytologist, 144, 183-93.
68. Lindahl, B., Stenlid, J. & Finlay, R. D. (2001). Effects of resource availability on mycelial interactions and 32P transfer between a saprotrophic and an ectomycorrhizal fungus in soil microcosms. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 38, 43-52.
69. Lindahl, B., Taylor, A. F. S. & Finlay, R. D. (2002). Defining nutritional constraints on carbon cycling-towards a less ‘phytocentric’ perspective. Plant and Soil, 242, 123-35.
70. Lindahl, B. D., Finlay, R. D. & Cairney, J. W. G. (2005). Enzymatic activities of mycelia in mycorrhizal fungal communities. In The Fungal Community: its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem. ed. J. Dighton, P. Oudemans & J. White. New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 331-48.
71. Little, B. J. & Wagner, P. A. (1997). Spatial relationships between bacteria and mineral surfaces. Reviews in Mineralogy, 35, 123-60.
72. Lussenhop, J. & Fogel, R. (1999). Seasonal change in phosphorus content of Pinus strobus-Cenococcum geophilum mycorrhizae. Mycology, 91, 742-6.
73. Ma, J. F., Zheng, S. J., Matsumoto, H. & Hiradate, S. (1997). Detoxifying aluminium with buckwheat. Nature, 390, 569-70.
74. Mahmood, S., Finlay, R. D., Erland, S. & Wallander, H. (2001). Solubilization and colonisation of wood ash by ectomycorrhizal fungi isolated from a wood ash fertilised spruce forest. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 35, 151-61.
75. Marschner, H. (1998). Soil-root interface: biological and biochemical processes. In Soil Chemistry and Ecosystem Health, Special Publication no. 52. Madison: Soil Science Society of America, pp. 191-231.
76. Näsholm, T., Ekblad, A., Nordin, A. et al. (1998). Boreal forest plants take up organic nitrogen. Nature, 392, 914-16.
77. Nurmiaho-Lassila, E L., Timonen, S., Haahtela, K. & Sen, R. (1997). Bacterial colonisation patterns of intact Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizospheres in dry pine forest soil: an electron microscopy study. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 43, 1017-35.
78. Olsson, P. A., Chalot, M., Bååth, E., Finlay, R. D. & Söderström, B. (1996). Reduced bacterial activity in a sandy soil with ectomycorrhizal mycelia growing with Pinus contorta seedlings. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 21, 77-86.
79. Palfreyman, J.W., Phillips, E.M. & Staines, H. J. (1996).The effect of calciumion concentration on the growth and decay capacity of Serpula lacrymans (Schumacher ex Fr.) Gray and Coniophora puteana (Schumacher ex Fr.) Karst. Holzdorschung, 50, 3-8.
80. Paris, F., Bonnaud, P., Ranger, J. & Lapeyrie, F. (1995). In vitro weathering of phlogopite by ectomycorrhizal fungi. I. Effect of Kþ and Mg2þ deficiency on phyllosilicate evolution. Plant and Soil, 177, 191-205.
81. Paris, F., Botton, B. & Lapeyrie, F. (1996). In vitro weathering of phlogopite by ectomycorrhizal fungi II. Effect of Kþ and Mg2þ deficiency and N source on accumulation of oxalate and Hþ. Plant and Soil, 179, 141-50.
82. Perez-Moreno, J & Read, D. J. (2000). Mobilisation and transfer of nutrients from litter to tree seedlings via vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants. New Phytologist, 145, 301-9.
83. Perez-Moreno, J & Read, D. J. (2001a). Nutrient transfer from soil nematodes to plants: a direct pathway provided by the mycorrhizal mycelial network. Plant Cell and Environment, 24, 1219-26.
84. Perez-Moreno, J & Read, D. J. (2001b). Exploitation of pollen by mycorrhizal mycelial systems with special reference to nutrient cycling in boreal forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 268, 1329-35.
85. Piotrowski, J. S., Denich, T., Klironomos, J. N., Graham, J. M. & Rillig, M. C. (2004). The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizas on soil aggregation depend on the interaction between plant and fungal species. New Phytologist, 164, 365-73.
86. Querejeta, J. I., Egerton-Warburton, L. M. & Allen, M. F. (2003). Direct nocturnal water transfer from oaks to their mycorrhizal symbionts during severe soil drying. Oecologia, 134, 55-64.
87. Rambelli, A. (1973). The rhizosphere of mycorrhizae. In Ectomycorrhizae, ed. G. L. Marks & T. T. Koslowski, New York: Academic Press, pp. 299-343.
88. Read, D. J. (1991). Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. Experientia, 47, 376-91.
89. Read, D. J. & Perez-Moreno, J. (2003). Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems-a journey towards relevance? New Phytologist, 157, 475-92.
90. Richards, B. N. (1987). The Microbiology of Terrestrial Ecosystems. New York: Longman, Harlow.
91. Robinson, D. & Fitter, A. H. (1999). The magnitude and control of carbon transfer between plants linked by a common mycorrhizal network. Journal of Experimental Botany, 50, 9-13.
92. Rosling, A., Landeweert, R., Lindahl, B. D. et al. (2003). Vertical distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa in a podzol profile determined by morphotyping and genetic verification. New Phytologist, 159, 775-83.
93. Rosling, A., Lindahl, B. D. & Finlay, R. D. (2004a). Carbon allocation to ectomycorrhizal roots and mycelium colonizing different mineral substrates. New Phytologist, 162, 795-802.
94. Rosling, A., Lindahl, B. D., Taylor, A. F. S. & Finlay, R. D. (2004b). Mycelial growth and substrate acidification of ectomycorrhizal fungi in response to different minerals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 47, 31-7.
95. Ruijter, G. J. G., van de Vondervoort, P. J. I. & Visser, J. (1999). Oxalic acid production by Aspergillus niger: an oxalate-non-producing mutant produces citric acid at pH 5 and the presence of manganese. Microbiology, 145, 2563-76.
96. Ryan, P. R., Delhaize, E. & Jones, D. L. (2001). Function and mechanism of organic anion exudation from plant roots. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 52, 527-60.
97. Sandnes, A., Eldhuset, T. D. & Wollebæk, G. (2005). Organic acids in root exudates and soil solution of Norway spruce and silver birch. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 259-69.
98. Schimel, J. P. & Bennett, J. (2004). Nitrogen mineralisation: challenges of a changing paradigm. Ecology, 85, 591-602.
99. Sen, R. (2000). Budgeting for the wood-wide web. New Phytologist, 145, 161-5.
100. Shenker, M., Ghirlando, R., Oliver, I. et al. (1995). Chemical structure and biological activity of a siderophore produced by Rhizopus arrhizus. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59, 837-43.
101. Smith, S. E. & Read, D. J. (1997). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. San Diego: Academic Press.
102. Smits, M. M., Hoffland, E., Jongmans, A. G. & van Breemen, N. (2005). Contribution of feldspar tunneling by fungi in weathering. Geoderma, 125, 59-69.
103. Sterflinger, K. (2000). Fungi as geologic agents. Geomicrobiology Journal, 17, 97-124.
104. Sun, Y.-P., Unestam, T., Lucas, S. D. et al. (1999). Exudation-reabsorption in mycorrhizal fungi, the dynamic interface for interaction with soil and other microorganisms. Mycorrhiza, 9, 137-44.
105. Sverdrup, H. & Warfvinge, P. (1995). Estimated field weathering rates using laboratory kinetics. Reviews in Mineralogy, 31, 485-541.
106. Taylor, A. F. S. (2002). Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities: sampling effort and species detection. Plant and Soil, 244, 19-28.
107. Timonen, S. & Sen, R. (1998). Heterogeneity of fungal and plant enzyme expression in intact Scots pine-Suillus bovinus and-Paxillus involutus mycorrhizospheres developed in natural forest humus. New Phytologist, 138, 355-66.
108. Timonen, S., Jørgensen, K., Haahtela, K. & Sen, R. (1998). Bacterial community structure at defined locations of the Pinus sylvestris-Suillus bovinus and-Paxillus involutus mycorrhizospheres in dry forest humus and nursery peat. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 44, 499-513.
109. Tisdall, J. M. & Oades, J. M. (1979). Stabilisation of soil aggregates by the root systems of ryegrass. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 17, 429-41.
110. Treseder, K. K. & Allen, M. F. (2000). Mycorrhizal fungi have a potential role in soil carbon storage under elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition. New Phytologist, 147, 189-200.
111. Ullman, W. J., Kirchman, D. L., Welch, S. A. & Vandervivere, P. (1996). Laboratory evidence for microbially mediated silicate mineral dissolution in nature. Chemical Geology, 132, 11-17.
112. Unestam, T. & Sun, Y.-P. (1995). Extramatrical structures of hydrophobic and hydrophilic ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 5, 301-11.
113. van Breemen, N., Finlay, R. D., Lundström, U. et al. (2000a). Mycorrhizal weathering: a true case of mineral nutrition? Biogeochemistry, 49, 53-67.
114. van Breemen, N., Lundström, U. S. & Jongmans, A. G. (2000b). Do plants drive podzolization via rock-eating mycorrhizal fungi? Geoderma, 94, 163-71.
115. van Hees, P. A. W., Lundström, U. & Giesler, R. (2000). Low molecular weight organic acids and their Al-complexes in soil solution-composition, distribution and seasonal variation in three podzolized soils. Geoderma, 94, 173-200.
116. van Hees, P. A. W., Jones, D. L., Jentschke, G. & Godbold, D. L. (2003). Mobilization of aluminium, iron and silicon by Picea abies and ectomycorrhizas in a forest soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 55, 101-11.
117. van Hees, P. A. W., Godbold, D. L., Jentschke, G., & Jones, D. L. (2005a). Impact of ectomycorrhizas on the concentration and biodegradation of simple organic acids in a forest soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 54, 697-706.
118. van Hees, P. A. W., Jones, D. L., Finlay, R. D., Godbold, D. L. & Lundström, U. S. (2005b). The carbon we do not see: do low molecular weight compounds have a significant impact on carbon dynamics and respiration in forest soils? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 1-13.
119. Villarréal-Ruiz, L., Anderson, I. C. & Alexander, I. J. (2004). Interaction between an isolate from the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate and roots of Pinus and Vaccinium. New Phytologist, 164, 183-92.
120. Watmough, S. A. & Dillon, P. J. (2003). Mycorrhizal weathering in base-poor forests. Nature, 423, 823-4.