메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 796-822

Eating socioeconomic rights: The usefulness of rights talk in alleviating social hardship revisited

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN RIGHTS; LEGAL SYSTEM; SOCIAL MOVEMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS;

EID: 34548152382     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.2007.0032     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (81)

References (171)
  • 1
    • 85039175717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peter Gabel, Symposium: A Critique of Rights: The Phenomenology of Rights-Consciousness and the Pact of the Withdrawn Selves, 62 TEX. L. Rev. 1563, 1588 (1984).
    • Peter Gabel, Symposium: A Critique of Rights: The Phenomenology of Rights-Consciousness and the Pact of the Withdrawn Selves, 62 TEX. L. Rev. 1563, 1588 (1984).
  • 3
    • 85039187355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See esp. Patricia J. Williams, Alchemical Notes: Reconstructing Ideals from Deconstructed Rights, 22 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 401, 411-13 (1987).
    • See esp. Patricia J. Williams, Alchemical Notes: Reconstructing Ideals from Deconstructed Rights, 22 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 401, 411-13 (1987).
  • 4
    • 34547953856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social and Economic Rights? Lessons from South Africa, 11 CONST
    • See e.g
    • See e.g., Cass R. Sunstein, Social and Economic Rights? Lessons from South Africa, 11 CONST. FORUM 123 (2001);
    • (2001) FORUM , vol.123
    • Sunstein, C.R.1
  • 5
    • 85039203906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frank I. Michelman, The Constitution, Social Rights, and Liberal Political Justification, 1 INT'L J. CONST. L. 13 (2003).
    • Frank I. Michelman, The Constitution, Social Rights, and Liberal Political Justification, 1 INT'L J. CONST. L. 13 (2003).
  • 6
    • 34548158852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a Reasonable Approach to the Minimum Core: Laying the Foundations for Future Socioeconomic Rights Jurisprudence, 19 S. AFR
    • See, e.g
    • See, e.g., David Bilchitz, Towards a Reasonable Approach to the Minimum Core: Laying the Foundations for Future Socioeconomic Rights Jurisprudence, 19 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 1 (2003);
    • (2003) J. HUM. RTS , vol.1
    • Bilchitz, D.1
  • 7
    • 85039235381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Danie Brand, The Proceduralisation of South African Socioeconomic Rights Jurisprudence, or What are Socioeconomic Rights For?, in RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN A TRANSFORMATIVE CONSTITUTION 33 (Henk Botha et. al. eds., 2003);
    • Danie Brand, The Proceduralisation of South African Socioeconomic Rights Jurisprudence, or "What are Socioeconomic Rights For?," in RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN A TRANSFORMATIVE CONSTITUTION 33 (Henk Botha et. al. eds., 2003);
  • 8
    • 30444435401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • South Africa's Evolving Jurisprudence on Socio-economic Rights: An Effective Tool in Challenging Poverty?
    • Sandra Liebenberg, South Africa's Evolving Jurisprudence on Socio-economic Rights: An Effective Tool in Challenging Poverty?, 6 LAW, DEMOCRACY & DEV. 159 (2002);
    • (2002) LAW, DEMOCRACY & DEV , vol.6 , pp. 159
    • Liebenberg, S.1
  • 9
    • 10244247789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possibilities and Pitfalls in the Domestic Enforcement of Social Rights: Contemplating the South African Experience, 26
    • Marius Pieterse, Possibilities and Pitfalls in the Domestic Enforcement of Social Rights: Contemplating the South African Experience, 26 HUM. RTS. Q. 882 (2004).
    • (2004) HUM. RTS. Q , vol.882
    • Pieterse, M.1
  • 10
    • 34548177149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R if C > B + P: A Paradigm for Judicial Remedies of Socioeconomic Rights Violations, 18 S. AFR
    • See
    • See Thomas J. Bollyky, R if C > B + P: A Paradigm for Judicial Remedies of Socioeconomic Rights Violations, 18 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 161, 182 (2002);
    • (2002) J. HUM. RTS , vol.161 , pp. 182
    • Bollyky, T.J.1
  • 11
    • 85039211542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pieterse, Possibilities and Pitfalls, supra note 5, at 902-05 and, in a different but related context, Theunis Roux, Pro-poor Court, Anti-poor Outcomes: Explaining the Performance of the South African Land Clairns Court, 20 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 511 (2004). On the challenges posed by the formalism and executive-mindedness of South African legal culture for transformative adjudication,
    • Pieterse, Possibilities and Pitfalls, supra note 5, at 902-05 and, in a different but related context, Theunis Roux, Pro-poor Court, Anti-poor Outcomes: Explaining the Performance of the South African Land Clairns Court, 20 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 511 (2004). On the challenges posed by the formalism and executive-mindedness of South African legal culture for transformative adjudication,
  • 12
    • 29244484603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal Culture and Transformative Constitutionalism, 14 S. AFR
    • see
    • see Karl E. Klare, Legal Culture and Transformative Constitutionalism, 14 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 146 (1998);
    • (1998) J. HUM. RTS , vol.146
    • Klare, K.E.1
  • 13
    • 34548145703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Fourth Bram Fischer Memorial Lecture: Transformative Adjudication, 18 S. AFR
    • Dikgang Moseneke, The Fourth Bram Fischer Memorial Lecture: Transformative Adjudication, 18 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 309 (2002).
    • (2002) J. HUM. RTS , vol.309
    • Moseneke, D.1
  • 14
    • 85039223868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabel, supra note 1
    • Gabel, supra note 1.
  • 15
    • 34547939397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coming to Terms with Judicial Enforcement of Socioeconomic Rights, 20 S. AFR
    • See
    • See Marius Pieterse, Coming to Terms with Judicial Enforcement of Socioeconomic Rights, 20 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 383 (2004).
    • (2004) J. HUM. RTS , vol.383
    • Pieterse, M.1
  • 16
    • 34447536569 scopus 로고
    • An Essay on Rights, 62
    • Mark Tushnet, An Essay on Rights, 62 TEXAS L. REV. 1363, 1363 (1984).
    • (1984) TEXAS L. REV , vol.1363 , pp. 1363
    • Tushnet, M.1
  • 17
    • 34548089753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, at
    • Id. at 1364. See also id. at 1370-75, 1379-80, 1382-83;
    • See also id
  • 18
    • 85039188475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 182-83, 189-90, 194-96; Peter Gabel & Duncan Kennedy, Roll Over Beethoven, 36 STANFORD L. REV. 1, 33-37 (1984).
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 182-83, 189-90, 194-96; Peter Gabel & Duncan Kennedy, Roll Over Beethoven, 36 STANFORD L. REV. 1, 33-37 (1984).
  • 19
    • 85039197952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1386-92; Morton J. Horwitz, Rights, 23 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 393, 395, 398, 405-06 (1988);
    • See Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1386-92; Morton J. Horwitz, Rights, 23 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 393, 395, 398, 405-06 (1988);
  • 20
    • 33846639149 scopus 로고
    • Rights and Redistribution in the Welfare System, 38
    • William H. Simon, Rights and Redistribution in the Welfare System, 38 STANFORD L. REV. 1431, 1432-35 (1986);
    • (1986) STANFORD L. REV , vol.1431 , pp. 1432-1435
    • Simon, W.H.1
  • 21
    • 0035629436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robin West, Rights, Capabilities and the Good Society, 69 FORDHAM L. REV. 1901, 1904-07, 1914-15 (2001) (a more recent formulation of the same argument).
    • Robin West, Rights, Capabilities and the Good Society, 69 FORDHAM L. REV. 1901, 1904-07, 1914-15 (2001) (a more recent formulation of the same argument).
  • 22
    • 0006500960 scopus 로고
    • The Supreme Court 1968 Term: Foreword: On Protecting the Poor Through the Fourteenth Amendment, 83
    • Frank I. Michelman, The Supreme Court 1968 Term: Foreword: On Protecting the Poor Through the Fourteenth Amendment, 83 HARV. L. REV. 7, 7-8, 13-14, 33-39 (1969).
    • (1969) HARV. L. REV , vol.7 , Issue.7-8
    • Michelman, F.I.1
  • 23
    • 85039181771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1394. See also id. at 1383.
    • Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1394. See also id. at 1383.
  • 24
    • 0011362340 scopus 로고
    • The Ethereal Scholar: Does Critical Legal Studies have what Minorities Want?, 22
    • See
    • See Richard Delgado, The Ethereal Scholar: Does Critical Legal Studies have what Minorities Want?, 22 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 301, 304-05 (1987);
    • (1987) HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV , vol.301 , pp. 304-305
    • Delgado, R.1
  • 25
    • 85039206281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simon, supra note 11, at 1431;
    • Simon, supra note 11, at 1431;
  • 26
    • 85039184449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams, supra note 3, at 412-13;
    • Williams, supra note 3, at 412-13;
  • 27
    • 85039201007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jeanne M. Woods, Emerging Paradigms of Protection for Second-Generation Human Rights, 6 LOY. J. PUB. INT. L. 103, 128 (2005).
    • Jeanne M. Woods, Emerging Paradigms of Protection for "Second-Generation" Human Rights, 6 LOY. J. PUB. INT. L. 103, 128 (2005).
  • 28
    • 85039189222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bruce Ackerman conceives of rights as political tools with which to express justified and legitimate claims to social goods within societal dialogues and power struggles. BRUCE A. ACKERMAN, SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE LIBERAL STATE 5 1980
    • Bruce Ackerman conceives of rights as political tools with which to express justified and legitimate claims to social goods within societal dialogues and power struggles. BRUCE A. ACKERMAN, SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE LIBERAL STATE 5 (1980).
  • 29
    • 34548171540 scopus 로고
    • In its Dworkinian formulation, rights are accordingly depicted as "trumps" over competing social claims. RONALD DWORKIN
    • In its Dworkinian formulation, rights are accordingly depicted as "trumps" over competing social claims. RONALD DWORKIN, TAKING RIGHTS SERIOUSLY 199 (1977).
    • (1977) TAKING RIGHTS SERIOUSLY , vol.199
  • 30
    • 85039195253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See further Horwitz, supra note 11, at 395
    • See further Horwitz, supra note 11, at 395.
  • 31
    • 85039211438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DWORKIN, supra note 15, at 200, 204, 269
    • DWORKIN, supra note 15, at 200, 204, 269.
  • 32
    • 85039234909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams, supra note 3, at 411-12, 416
    • Williams, supra note 3, at 411-12, 416.
  • 33
    • 85039175691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also ANDRE VAN DER WALT, A South African Reading of Frank Michelman's Theory of Social Justice, in RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN A TRANSFORMATIVE CONSTITUTION 163, 197 (Henk Botha et. al. eds., 2003).
    • See also ANDRE VAN DER WALT, A South African Reading of Frank Michelman's Theory of Social Justice, in RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN A TRANSFORMATIVE CONSTITUTION 163, 197 (Henk Botha et. al. eds., 2003).
  • 34
    • 85039211646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • West, supra note 11, at 1918-20
    • West, supra note 11, at 1918-20.
  • 35
    • 85039195360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Horwitz, supra note 11, at 404, 406
    • See also Horwitz, supra note 11, at 404, 406.
  • 36
    • 85039210172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • West, supra note 11, at 1902
    • West, supra note 11, at 1902.
  • 37
    • 85039203312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This accords with the earlier argument of Michelman, supra note 12, at 13-15. One scholar situates the constitutional rights in South Africa within a similar conception of the good society
    • This accords with the earlier argument of Michelman, supra note 12, at 13-15. One scholar situates the constitutional rights in South Africa within a similar conception of the "good society."
  • 38
    • 33845445713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Value of Human Dignity in Interpreting Socioeconomic Rights, 21 S. AFR
    • Sandra Liebenberg, The Value of Human Dignity in Interpreting Socioeconomic Rights, 21 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 1, 2-3, 7 (2005).
    • (2005) J. HUM. RTS , vol.1 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 7
    • Liebenberg, S.1
  • 40
    • 85039238514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sandra Liebenberg, Socioeconomic Rights, in CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF SOUTH AFRICA 41-1 (Matthew Chaskalson et. al. eds., 1996, 5 R.S. 1998).
    • Sandra Liebenberg, Socioeconomic Rights, in CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF SOUTH AFRICA 41-1 (Matthew Chaskalson et. al. eds., 1996, 5 R.S. 1998).
  • 41
    • 85039223443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Craig Scott, The Inter-dependence and Permeability of Human Rights Norms: Towards a Partial Fusion of the International Covenants on Human Rights, 27 OSGOODE HALL L. J. 769 (1989);
    • See also Craig Scott, The Inter-dependence and Permeability of Human Rights Norms: Towards a Partial Fusion of the International Covenants on Human Rights, 27 OSGOODE HALL L. J. 769 (1989);
  • 42
    • 85039196909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Martin Scheinin, Economic and Social Rights as Legal Rights, in ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS: A TEXTBOOK 41, 44 (Asbjørn Eide et. al. eds., 1995);
    • Martin Scheinin, Economic and Social Rights as Legal Rights, in ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS: A TEXTBOOK 41, 44 (Asbjørn Eide et. al. eds., 1995);
  • 43
    • 85039204279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HENRY J. STEINER & PHILIP ALSTON, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT: LAW, POLITICS, MORALS 247 (2nd ed. 2000).
    • HENRY J. STEINER & PHILIP ALSTON, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT: LAW, POLITICS, MORALS 247 (2nd ed. 2000).
  • 44
    • 85039218931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For instance, Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1392-94 indicates that the CLS critique of liberal rights should not be seen as attempting to weaken my comracles' efforts to build a society that guarantees positive as well as negative rights. Id. at 1394.
    • For instance, Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1392-94 indicates that the CLS critique of liberal rights should not be seen as attempting to "weaken my comracles' efforts to build a society that guarantees positive as well as negative rights." Id. at 1394.
  • 45
    • 85039228036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This has also been argued in the South African context. Mark Heywood, Debunking Conglomo-talk: A Case Study of the Amicus Curiae as an Instrument for Advocacy, Investigation and Mobilisation, 5 LAW, DEMOCRACY & DEV. 133, 147 (2001);
    • This has also been argued in the South African context. Mark Heywood, Debunking "Conglomo-talk": A Case Study of the Amicus Curiae as an Instrument for Advocacy, Investigation and Mobilisation, 5 LAW, DEMOCRACY & DEV. 133, 147 (2001);
  • 47
    • 85039225403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moseneke, supra note 6, at 318
    • Moseneke, supra note 6, at 318.
  • 48
    • 85039240772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brand, Proceduralisation of Rights Jurisprudence, supra note 5, at 35-36 (drawing from the arguments of Michelman, supra note 12).
    • Brand, Proceduralisation of Rights Jurisprudence, supra note 5, at 35-36 (drawing from the arguments of Michelman, supra note 12).
  • 49
    • 34548186054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Right to Social Assistance: The Implications of Grootboom for Policy Reform in South Africa, 17 S. AFR
    • See also
    • See also Sandra Liebenberg, The Right to Social Assistance: The Implications of Grootboom for Policy Reform in South Africa, 17 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 232, 235 (2001).
    • (2001) J. HUM. RTS , vol.232 , pp. 235
    • Liebenberg, S.1
  • 51
    • 85039188476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Bollyky, supra note 6, at 164;
    • See also Bollyky, supra note 6, at 164;
  • 52
    • 85039217659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dennis Davis, Socioeconomic Rights in South Africa: The Record of the Constitutional Court After Ten Years, 5(5) E. S. R. REV. 3, 5 (2004);
    • Dennis Davis, Socioeconomic Rights in South Africa: The Record of the Constitutional Court After Ten Years, 5(5) E. S. R. REV. 3, 5 (2004);
  • 54
    • 34548168183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing Mother-to-child HIV Transmission in South Africa: Background, Strategies and Outcomes of the Treatment Action Campaign Case Against the Minister of Health, 19 S. AFR
    • Mark Heywood, Preventing Mother-to-child HIV Transmission in South Africa: Background, Strategies and Outcomes of the Treatment Action Campaign Case Against the Minister of Health, 19 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 278, 300 (2003);
    • (2003) J. HUM. RTS , vol.278 , pp. 300
    • Heywood, M.1
  • 56
    • 34547939984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjudicating Constitutional Priorities in a Transnational Context: A Comment on Soobramoney's Legacy and Grootboom's Promise, 16 S. AFR
    • Craig Scott & Philip Alston, Adjudicating Constitutional Priorities in a Transnational Context: A Comment on Soobramoney's Legacy and Grootboom's Promise, 16 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 206, 254-55 (2000).
    • (2000) J. HUM. RTS , vol.206 , pp. 254-255
    • Scott, C.1    Alston, P.2
  • 58
    • 0006016417 scopus 로고
    • Constitutionalism, Majoritarian Democracy and Socioeconomic Rights, 8 S. AFR
    • See
    • See Nicholas Haysom, Constitutionalism, Majoritarian Democracy and Socioeconomic Rights, 8 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 451, 454 (1992);
    • (1992) J. HUM. RTS , vol.451 , pp. 454
    • Haysom, N.1
  • 59
    • 34548166396 scopus 로고
    • Beyond a Charter of Luxuries: Economic Rights in the Constitution, 8 S. AFR
    • Etienne Mureinik, Beyond a Charter of Luxuries: Economic Rights in the Constitution, 8 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 464, 465 (1992);
    • (1992) J. HUM. RTS , vol.464 , pp. 465
    • Mureinik, E.1
  • 60
    • 84923512560 scopus 로고
    • Constitutional Ropes of Sand or Justiciable Guarantees? Social Rights in a New South African Constitution, 141
    • Craig Scott & Patrick Macklem, Constitutional Ropes of Sand or Justiciable Guarantees? Social Rights in a New South African Constitution, 141 U. PA. L. REV. 1, 85 (1992).
    • (1992) U. PA. L. REV , vol.1 , pp. 85
    • Scott, C.1    Macklem, P.2
  • 61
    • 34548183426 scopus 로고
    • The Case Against the Inclusion of Socioeconomic Demands in a Bill of Rights Except as Directive Principles, 8 S. AFR
    • See
    • See D.M. Davis, The Case Against the Inclusion of Socioeconomic Demands in a Bill of Rights Except as Directive Principles, 8 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 475, 480-81, 484-85 (1992);
    • (1992) J. HUM. RTS , vol.475
    • Davis, D.M.1
  • 62
    • 85039182218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION, INTERIM REPORT ON GROUP AND HUMAN RIGHTS (Aug. 1991). I have discussed the terms of the pre-constitutional debates over the justiciability of socioeconomic rights in more detail in Pieterse, Possibilities and Pitfalls, coming to terms with Judicial Enforcement of Socioeconomic Rights, supra note 5, at 885-86;
    • SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION, INTERIM REPORT ON GROUP AND HUMAN RIGHTS (Aug. 1991). I have discussed the terms of the pre-constitutional debates over the justiciability of socioeconomic rights in more detail in Pieterse, Possibilities and Pitfalls, coming to terms with Judicial Enforcement of Socioeconomic Rights, supra note 5, at 885-86;
  • 63
    • 85039184442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pieterse, supra note 8, at 399-401
    • Pieterse, supra note 8, at 399-401.
  • 65
    • 85039210351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 78
    • Id. ¶ 78.
  • 66
    • 85039177834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See IAIN CURRIE & JOHAN DE WAAL, THE BILL OF RIGHTS HANDBOOK 570-71 (5th ed. 2005).
    • See IAIN CURRIE & JOHAN DE WAAL, THE BILL OF RIGHTS HANDBOOK 570-71 (5th ed. 2005).
  • 67
    • 85039202451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. AFR. CONST., supra note 2, § 26(3), 27(3), 28(1)(c), 29(1)(a), 35(2)(e), respectively.
    • S. AFR. CONST., supra note 2, § 26(3), 27(3), 28(1)(c), 29(1)(a), 35(2)(e), respectively.
  • 68
    • 85039216958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I will not separately consider the enforcement of these unlimited socioeconomic rights in this article, since the Constitutional Court's approach to these rights does not differ from its approach to the limited rights in §§ 26 and 27 of the Constitution. I have discussed and criticized this anomalous feature of its jurisprudence in Pieterse, Possibilities and Pitfalls, supra note 5, at 901-02.
    • I will not separately consider the enforcement of these "unlimited" socioeconomic rights in this article, since the Constitutional Court's approach to these rights does not differ from its approach to the "limited" rights in §§ 26 and 27 of the Constitution. I have discussed and criticized this anomalous feature of its jurisprudence in Pieterse, Possibilities and Pitfalls, supra note 5, at 901-02.
  • 69
    • 85039223059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soobramoney v. Minister of Health, KwaZulu Natal 1998 (1) SA 745 (CC) § 25, 29-30,
    • Soobramoney v. Minister of Health, KwaZulu Natal 1998 (1) SA 745 (CC) § 25, 29-30,
  • 70
    • 85039194506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. Afr
    • (S. Afr.).
  • 71
    • 85039206133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 31
    • Id. ¶ 31.
  • 72
    • 85039183527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 42
    • Id. ¶ 42.
  • 73
    • 85039206947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • South Africa v. Grootboom 2001 (1) SA 46 (CC) ¶ 95 (S. Afr.).
    • South Africa v. Grootboom 2001 (1) SA 46 (CC) ¶ 95 (S. Afr.).
  • 74
    • 85039225304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 32
    • Id. ¶ 32.
  • 75
    • 85039183116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 33
    • Id. ¶ 33.
  • 76
    • 85039196740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ¶¶ 39-44, 46
    • Id. ¶¶ 39-44, 46, 66, 68, 82.
    • , vol.66 , Issue.68 , pp. 82
  • 77
    • 85039191399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 69
    • Id. ¶ 69.
  • 78
    • 85039195053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 97
    • Id. ¶ 97.
  • 79
    • 20044390518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of Grootboom: Implications for the Enforcement of Socioeconomic Rights
    • See
    • See Kameshni Pillay, Implementation of Grootboom: Implications for the Enforcement of Socioeconomic Rights, 6 LAw, DEMOCRACY & DEV. 255 (2002).
    • (2002) LAw, DEMOCRACY & DEV , vol.6 , pp. 255
    • Pillay, K.1
  • 80
    • 85039197272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minister of Health and Others v. Treatment Action Campaign and Others (No 2) 2002 (5) SA 721 (CC) ¶ ¶ 80, 95 (S. Afr.).
    • Minister of Health and Others v. Treatment Action Campaign and Others (No 2) 2002 (5) SA 721 (CC) ¶ ¶ 80, 95 (S. Afr.).
  • 81
    • 85039206737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ¶ ¶
    • Id. ¶ ¶ 49, 72-73, 120.
    • , vol.49 , Issue.72-73 , pp. 120
    • Pillay, K.1
  • 82
    • 85039215703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 135. See also id. ¶¶ 64, 69, 71, 95.
    • Id. ¶ 135. See also id. ¶¶ 64, 69, 71, 95.
  • 83
    • 85039204084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 125
    • Id. ¶ 125.
  • 84
    • 85039206473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ ¶ 34 ([T]he socio-economic rights of the Constitution should not be construed as entitling everyone to demand that the minimum core be provided to them.) Id. ¶ 35. (It is impossible to give everyone access even to a 'core' service immediately. All that is possible, and all that can be expected of the state, is that it act reasonably to provide access to the socio-economic rights identified in Sections 26 and 27 on a progressive basis.).
    • Id. ¶ ¶ 34 ("[T]he socio-economic rights of the Constitution should not be construed as entitling everyone to demand that the minimum core be provided to them.") Id. ¶ 35. ("It is impossible to give everyone access even to a 'core' service immediately. All that is possible, and all that can be expected of the state, is that it act reasonably to provide access to the socio-economic rights identified in Sections 26 and 27 on a progressive basis.").
  • 85
    • 85039238936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ¶ ¶
    • Id. ¶ ¶ 29-32, 36, 38-39.
    • , vol.29-32 , Issue.36 , pp. 38-39
  • 86
    • 85039239362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Mark Heywood, Contempt or Compliance? The TAC Case After the Constitutional Court Judgment, 4(1) E. S. R. REV. 7 (2003).
    • See Mark Heywood, Contempt or Compliance? The TAC Case After the Constitutional Court Judgment, 4(1) E. S. R. REV. 7 (2003).
  • 87
    • 85039226706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Khosa v. Minister of Social Development, Mahlaule v. Minister of Social Development 2004 (6) SA 505 (CC) ¶ ¶ 53, 62, 74-75, 77, 80, 82, 85, 89 (S. Afr.).
    • Khosa v. Minister of Social Development, Mahlaule v. Minister of Social Development 2004 (6) SA 505 (CC) ¶ ¶ 53, 62, 74-75, 77, 80, 82, 85, 89 (S. Afr.).
  • 88
    • 85039228985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jaftha v. Schoeman; Van Rooyen v. Stolz 2005 (2) SA 140 (CC) ¶ ¶ 31-32, 34 (S. Afr.).
    • Jaftha v. Schoeman; Van Rooyen v. Stolz 2005 (2) SA 140 (CC) ¶ ¶ 31-32, 34 (S. Afr.).
  • 89
    • 85039209169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 67
    • Id. ¶ 67.
  • 90
    • 85039184995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., remarks of Bilchitz, Towards a Reasonable Approach, supra note 5, at 22; Liebenberg, Evolving Jurisprudence, supra note 5, at 162; Michelman, supra note 4, at 17-18, 29, 32-34 (regarding the indirect, policy-directive effects of the Court's approach as its main advantage).
    • See, e.g., remarks of Bilchitz, Towards a Reasonable Approach, supra note 5, at 22; Liebenberg, Evolving Jurisprudence, supra note 5, at 162; Michelman, supra note 4, at 17-18, 29, 32-34 (regarding the indirect, policy-directive effects of the Court's approach as its main advantage).
  • 91
    • 85039181072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., David Bilchitz, Giving Socioeconomic Rights Teeth: The Minimum Core and its Importance, 119 S. AFR. L. J. 484 (2002);
    • See, e.g., David Bilchitz, Giving Socioeconomic Rights Teeth: The Minimum Core and its Importance, 119 S. AFR. L. J. 484 (2002);
  • 92
    • 85039241765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilchitz, supra note 5;
    • Bilchitz, supra note 5;
  • 93
    • 34548148570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limiting Socioeconomic Rights: Beyond the Internal Limitations Clauses, 20 S. AFR
    • Kevin Iles, Limiting Socioeconomic Rights: Beyond the Internal Limitations Clauses, 20 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 448, 454 (2004).
    • (2004) J. HUM. RTS , vol.448 , pp. 454
    • Iles, K.1
  • 94
    • 85039219023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g, Brand, Proceduralisation of Rights Jurisprudence, supra note 5;
    • See, e.g., Brand, Proceduralisation of Rights Jurisprudence, supra note 5;
  • 95
    • 85039180526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liebenberg, Evolving Jurisprudence, supra note 5;
    • Liebenberg, Evolving Jurisprudence, supra note 5;
  • 96
    • 85039190693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liebenberg, Value of Human Dignity, supra note 19
    • Liebenberg, Value of Human Dignity, supra note 19.
  • 97
    • 85039240203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g, Davis, supra note 25;
    • See, e.g., Davis, supra note 25;
  • 98
    • 85039239675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pillay, supra note 44;
    • Pillay, supra note 44;
  • 99
    • 0345226890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding Grootboom: A Response to Cass R. Sunstein, 12(2) CONST
    • at
    • Theunis Roux, Understanding Grootboom: A Response to Cass R. Sunstein, 12(2) CONST. FORUM 41, at 50-51 (2002);
    • (2002) FORUM , vol.41 , pp. 50-51
    • Roux, T.1
  • 100
    • 34548185039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Left Out in the Cold? Crafting Constitutional Remedies for the Poorest of the Poor, 21 S. AFR
    • Mia Swart, Left Out in the Cold? Crafting Constitutional Remedies for the Poorest of the Poor, 21 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 215 (2005).
    • (2005) J. HUM. RTS , vol.215
    • Swart, M.1
  • 101
    • 34548189894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reasoning About Resources: Soobramoney and the Future of Socioeconomic Rights Claims, 14 S. AFR
    • See, e.g
    • See, e.g., Darrel Moellendorf, Reasoning About Resources: Soobramoney and the Future of Socioeconomic Rights Claims, 14 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 327 (1998);
    • (1998) J. HUM. RTS , vol.327
    • Moellendorf, D.1
  • 103
    • 34548155835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reviewing Implementation of Social and Economic Rights: An Assessment of the "Reasonableness" Test as Developed by the South African Constitutional Court, 65 HEIDELBERG
    • Fons Coomans, Reviewing Implementation of Social and Economic Rights: An Assessment of the "Reasonableness" Test as Developed by the South African Constitutional Court, 65 HEIDELBERG J. INT. L. 167, 190-91 (2005).
    • (2005) J. INT , vol.50 , Issue.167 , pp. 190-191
    • Coomans, F.1
  • 105
    • 85039185338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also id. at 39, 49.
    • See also id. at 39, 49.
  • 106
    • 85039234374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • lain Currie, Bill of Rights Jurisprudence, ANN. SURV. S. AFR. L. 36, 72 (2002).
    • lain Currie, Bill of Rights Jurisprudence, ANN. SURV. S. AFR. L. 36, 72 (2002).
  • 107
    • 85039206168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For similar characterizations of the Court's approach see, e.g, Bilchitz, Towards a Reasonable Approach, supra note 5, at 10;
    • For similar characterizations of the Court's approach see, e.g., Bilchitz, Towards a Reasonable Approach, supra note 5, at 10;
  • 108
    • 85039181213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coomans, supra note 59, at 188;
    • Coomans, supra note 59, at 188;
  • 109
    • 34548180471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grootboom, the Right of Access to Housing and Substantive Equality as Contextual Fairness, 17 S. AFR
    • Pierre De Vos, Grootboom, the Right of Access to Housing and Substantive Equality as Contextual Fairness, 17 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 258, 271 (2001);
    • (2001) J. HUM. RTS , vol.258 , pp. 271
    • Vos, P.D.1
  • 110
    • 34548178626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five Years on: How Relevant is the Constitution to the New South Africa, 26
    • Heinz Klug, Five Years on: How Relevant is the Constitution to the New South Africa, 26 VT. L. REV. 803, 807-08 (2002);
    • (2002) VT. L. REV , vol.803 , pp. 807-808
    • Klug, H.1
  • 112
    • 34548181927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institutional Monitoring of Social and Economic Rights: A South African Case Study and a New Research Agenda, 19 S. AFR
    • Dwight G. Newman, Institutional Monitoring of Social and Economic Rights: A South African Case Study and a New Research Agenda, 19 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 189, 196 (2003);
    • (2003) J. HUM. RTS , vol.189 , pp. 196
    • Newman, D.G.1
  • 114
    • 85039187269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roux, supra note 58, at 46;
    • Roux, supra note 58, at 46;
  • 115
    • 85039191497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VAN DER WALT, supra note 17, at 200
    • VAN DER WALT, supra note 17, at 200.
  • 117
    • 85039216344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brand, Proceduralisation of Rights Jurisprudence, supra note 5, at 36-37, 49, 55;
    • Brand, Proceduralisation of Rights Jurisprudence, supra note 5, at 36-37, 49, 55;
  • 119
    • 85039180101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VAN DER WALT, supra note 17, at 200
    • VAN DER WALT, supra note 17, at 200.
  • 120
    • 85039196366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Coomans, supra note 59, at 188, 195;
    • See Coomans, supra note 59, at 188, 195;
  • 123
    • 85039217467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Davis, supra note 25, at 6
    • Davis, supra note 25, at 6.
  • 124
    • 85039240496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Sunstein, supra note 4; Michelman, supra note 4.
    • See Sunstein, supra note 4; Michelman, supra note 4.
  • 125
    • 85039210707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Currie, supra note 61, at 72
    • Currie, supra note 61, at 72.
  • 126
    • 85039186135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • West, supra note 11, at 1917
    • West, supra note 11, at 1917.
  • 127
    • 85039205153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Davis, supra note 29, at 484-85
    • Davis, supra note 29, at 484-85.
  • 128
    • 85039238842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 1576-77
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 1576-77.
  • 129
    • 85039233615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1577
    • Id. at 1577.
  • 130
    • 85039215836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also id. at 1580 (While at the purely rational, or manifest, level these abstract rights signify only the universally allowed possible actions available to individuals in suspended form, at the irrational, or latent, level they link the totality of our current alienated experience with the realization of desire as a collective fantasy) id. at 1581 We guard ourselves against the risk of taking existential action against our alienation by repeatedly telling ourselves that our alienation is inevitable, while at the same time denying that this alienation exists. And by acting toward each other as if we believe all this and that it must be believed, we coerce each other into remaining passive observers of our own suspended experience, hiding together inside the anonymity of artificial self-presentations that perpetually keep us locked in a state of mutual distance, as well as Gabel & Kennedy, supra note 10, at 26, 35
    • See also id. at 1580 ("While at the purely rational, or manifest, level these abstract rights signify only the universally allowed possible actions available to individuals in suspended form ..., at the irrational, or latent, level they link the totality of our current alienated experience with the realization of desire as a collective fantasy") id. at 1581 ("We guard ourselves against the risk of taking existential action against our alienation by repeatedly telling ourselves that our alienation is inevitable, while at the same time denying that this alienation exists. And by acting toward each other as if we believe all this and that it must be believed, we coerce each other into remaining passive observers of our own suspended experience, hiding together inside the anonymity of artificial self-presentations that perpetually keep us locked in a state of mutual distance"), as well as Gabel & Kennedy, supra note 10, at 26, 35.
  • 131
    • 85039190769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 1581-86
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 1581-86.
  • 132
    • 85039184624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also id. at 1583 (for substitute gratifications to secure their substitute or unrealized character, the rights which embody them must be suspended in a permanent state of abstraction. They must be able to mean anything at the surface level in order that they not mean anything at the underlying level, where the desire for freedom and equality, for example, is embroiled in conflict. Thus the indeterminancy of what any right 'really means concretely' results from our very intention that it should not mean anything concrete (or, to put this more precisely, that it should not mean what it means)).
    • See also id. at 1583 ("for substitute gratifications to secure their substitute or unrealized character, the rights which embody them must be suspended in a permanent state of abstraction. They must be able to mean anything at the surface level in order that they not mean anything at the underlying level, where the desire for freedom and equality, for example, is embroiled in conflict. Thus the indeterminancy of what any right 'really means concretely' results from our very intention that it should not mean anything concrete (or, to put this more precisely, that it should not mean what it means)").
  • 133
    • 85039187773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1371
    • See also Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1371.
  • 134
    • 85039205508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 1593
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 1593.
  • 135
    • 85039235763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1594
    • Id. at 1594.
  • 136
    • 85039215991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Gabei & Kennedy, supra note 10, at 33, 37
    • See also Gabei & Kennedy, supra note 10, at 33, 37.
  • 137
    • 85039194812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 1595
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 1595.
  • 138
    • 85039189716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1596
    • Id. at 1596.
  • 139
    • 85039194662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1373
    • See also Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1373.
  • 140
    • 85039218308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 1597
    • Gabel, supra note 1, at 1597.
  • 141
    • 85039174680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1598
    • Id. at 1598.
  • 142
    • 85039209664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1382
    • See also Tushnet, supra note 9, at 1382.
  • 143
    • 85039200929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moment in the conversation at which, according to Gabel, member/citizen is defeated
    • Moment in the conversation at which, according to Gabel, member/citizen is defeated.
  • 144
    • 85039195757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These were the main arguments advanced against the constitutionalization of justiciable socioeconomic rights in South Africa. See Davis, supra note 29;
    • These were the main arguments advanced against the constitutionalization of justiciable socioeconomic rights in South Africa. See Davis, supra note 29;
  • 145
    • 85039217232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION, supra note 29;
    • SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION, supra note 29;
  • 148
    • 85039199561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paraphrased from § 27(1)(b) read with § 27(2) of the South African Constitution.
    • Paraphrased from § 27(1)(b) read with § 27(2) of the South African Constitution.
  • 149
    • 85039181883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terms similar to that of findings and orders in Grootboom and Treatment Action Campaign.
    • Terms similar to that of findings and orders in Grootboom and Treatment Action Campaign.
  • 150
    • 85039225528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I am grateful to Paulette Caldwell for pointing out to me that the outcome of my three-act drama is influenced by the fact that I am setting the stage according to the directives provided by Gabel, rather than by someone who happens to be more optimistic of the transformative potential of rights discourse. However, I aim not so much to set the rights-victory up for failure (since I happen to believe that socioeconomic rights have significant transformative potential) but rather to better understand the empty victories that have already occurred in the theatre of the Constitutional Court. For this purpose, I believe Gabel's stage plan to be useful for re-enacting these empty victories since it highlights a weakness in the narrative that other stage plans (especially those more readily used in South Africa) often hide behind the furniture
    • I am grateful to Paulette Caldwell for pointing out to me that the outcome of my three-act drama is influenced by the fact that I am setting the stage according to the directives provided by Gabel, rather than by someone who happens to be more optimistic of the transformative potential of rights discourse. However, I aim not so much to set the rights-victory up for failure (since I happen to believe that socioeconomic rights have significant transformative potential) but rather to better understand the empty victories that have already occurred in the theatre of the Constitutional Court. For this purpose, I believe Gabel's stage plan to be useful for re-enacting these empty victories since it highlights a weakness in the narrative that other stage plans (especially those more readily used in South Africa) often hide behind the furniture.
  • 151
    • 85039229096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams, supra note 3, at 410
    • Williams, supra note 3, at 410.
  • 152
    • 85039232213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Delgado, supra note 14, at 304-05;
    • See Delgado, supra note 14, at 304-05;
  • 153
    • 85039236434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simon, supra note 11, at 1431;
    • Simon, supra note 11, at 1431;
  • 154
    • 85039178299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams, supra note 3, at 412-13;
    • Williams, supra note 3, at 412-13;
  • 155
    • 84868083022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 14, at, and accompanying text
    • Woods, supra note 14, at 128 (and accompanying text).
    • supra , pp. 128
    • Woods1
  • 156
    • 85039215571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As seemingly suggested by Gabel, supra note 1, at 1.598-99.
    • As seemingly suggested by Gabel, supra note 1, at 1.598-99.
  • 157
    • 85039202380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The notion of translation is also appropriated in this context by Danie Brand, Introduction to Socioeconomic Rights in the South African Constitution, in SOCIOECONOMIC RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA 1, 12-8 (Danie Brand & Christ of Heyns eds., 2005).
    • The notion of "translation" is also appropriated in this context by Danie Brand, Introduction to Socioeconomic Rights in the South African Constitution, in SOCIOECONOMIC RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA 1, 12-8 (Danie Brand & Christ of Heyns eds., 2005).
  • 158
    • 34548150568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Issues and Challenges in Addressing Poverty and Legal Rights: A Comparative United States/South African Analysis, 21 S. AFR
    • Lucy A. Williams, Issues and Challenges in Addressing Poverty and Legal Rights: A Comparative United States/South African Analysis, 21 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 436, 439 (2005).
    • (2005) J. HUM. RTS , vol.436 , pp. 439
    • Williams, L.A.1
  • 159
    • 85039201977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 455
    • Id. at 455.
  • 160
    • 85039211913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On legislative translation of socioeconomic rights in South Africa, see Brand, Introduction to Socioeconomic Rights, supra note 86, at 12-16.
    • On legislative translation of socioeconomic rights in South Africa, see Brand, Introduction to Socioeconomic Rights, supra note 86, at 12-16.
  • 163
    • 85039205763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Williams, supra note 87, at 448-50
    • See Williams, supra note 87, at 448-50.
  • 164
    • 85039199193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the importance and significance of bottom-up articulation of rights in overcoming the CLS challenges to rights discourse, see Mari J. Matsuda, Looking to the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations, 22 HARV. C.R.-C.L.L. REV. 323 (1987).
    • On the importance and significance of "bottom-up" articulation of rights in overcoming the CLS challenges to rights discourse, see Mari J. Matsuda, Looking to the Bottom: Critical Legal Studies and Reparations, 22 HARV. C.R.-C.L.L. REV. 323 (1987).
  • 165
    • 85039191361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the intentional and strategic inclusion of the experiences of socially vulnerable plaintiffs in documentation placed before the South African Constitutional Court in the Treatment Action Campaign case, see Heywood, supra note 23, at 147
    • On the intentional and strategic inclusion of the experiences of socially vulnerable plaintiffs in documentation placed before the South African Constitutional Court in the Treatment Action Campaign case, see Heywood, supra note 23, at 147.
  • 166
    • 85039210820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the importance of focusing on the satisfaction of urgent and compelling needs as a litigation-strategy in socioeconomic rights matters, see further Geraldine van Bueren, Alleviating Poverty Through the Constitutional Court, 15 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 52, 62 1999
    • On the importance of focusing on the satisfaction of urgent and compelling needs as a litigation-strategy in socioeconomic rights matters, see further Geraldine van Bueren, Alleviating Poverty Through the Constitutional Court, 15 S. AFR. J. HUM. RTS. 52, 62 (1999).
  • 167
    • 85039176486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Grootboom, supra note 38, ¶ 32;
    • See Grootboom, supra note 38, ¶ 32;
  • 170
    • 85039193928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also VAN DER WALT, supra note 17, at 166
    • See also VAN DER WALT, supra note 17, at 166.
  • 171
    • 85039228038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Woods, supra note 14, at 120
    • Woods, supra note 14, at 120.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.