Spontaneous ignition of hydrogen leaks: A review of postulated mechanisms

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Volumn 32, Issue 13, 2007, Pages 2178-2185

  Astbury, G R ^a   Hawksworth, S J ^a  

^a HEALTH AND SAFETY LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adiabatic compression; Diffusion ignition; Electrostatics; Hydrogen releases; Joule Thomson effect; Spontaneous ignition

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; ELECTROSTATICS; HYDROGEN; IGNITION; SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION;

ADIABATIC COMPRESSION; DIFFUSION IGNITION; HYDROGEN RELEASES; JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT; SPONTANEOUS IGNITION;

LEAKAGE (FLUID);

EID: 34548140514     PISSN: 03603199     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.04.005     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. 〈http://www.hse.gov.uk/infoserv/mhidas.htm〉.
2. Anon. Spontaneous ignition of hydrogen. Engineering 1922;113:502.
3. Fenning R.W., and Cotton F.T. Two unexpected hydrogen-air explosions. Engineering 130 (1930) 252
4. Bond J. Sources of ignition: flammability characteristics of chemicals and products (1991), Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford
5. Reider R., Otway H.J., and Knight H.T. An unconfined large volume hydrogen/air explosion. Pyrodynamics 2 (1965) 249
6. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Report, Safety standard for hydrogen and hydrogen systems, Report NSS 1740.16; 1997. p. A-16.
7. Perry J.H. Chemical engineers, handbook. 4th ed. (1963), McGraw-Hill, New York [Figure 3-28]
8. Michels A., de Graaf W., and Wolkers G.J. Thermodynamic properties of hydrogen and deuterium between - 175 °C and 150 °C and at pressures up to 2500 atmospheres. Appl Sci Res 12 (1963) 9-32 (Part A)
9. Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems. International Standards Organisation Technical Report ISO/TR 15916;2000 [p. 41, Table B.2].
10. Metzler AJ. Minimum ignition energies of six pure hydrocarbon fuels. NACA Report RM E52 F27;1952.
11. Potter A.E. Flame quenching. Prog Comb Sci Tech 1 (1960) 145-181
12. Glor M. quoted by Lees, FP. Loss prevention in the process industries. 2nd ed. vol. 1. (1996), Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford p. 16/93
13. Cassutt L., Biron D., and Vonnegut B. Electrostatic hazards associated with the transfer and storage of liquid hydrogen. Adv Cryog Eng 7 (1962) 327-335
14. Gibson N., and Harper D.J. Parameters for assessing electrostatic risk from non-conductors-a discussion. J Electrostatics 21 (1988) 27-36
15. Ackroyd G.P., and Newton S.G. An investigation of the electrostatic ignition risks associated with a plastic coated metal. J Electrostatics 59 (2003) 143-151
16. Cross S., and Jean A. Electrostatics principles, problems and applications (1987), Adam Hilger, Bristol
17. Personal communication to GR Astbury from D McBrien at ICI, Manchester.
18. Schaefer V.J. Properties of particles of snow and the electrical effects they produce in storms. EOS Trans 28 4 (1947) 587-614
19. Camp P.R. Charge morphology and pH of natural snow. J Geo Res 81 9 (1976) 1589-1592
20. Burrows D.A., and Hobbs P.V. Electrical charges on snow particles. J Geo Res 75 24 (1970) 4499-4505
21. Techlink No. 218, Ministry of Technology, HMSO; 1968.
22. Wolański P, Wójcicki S. Investigation into the mechanism of the diffusion ignition of a combustible gas flowing into an oxidising atmosphere. In: 14th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pennsylvania State University; 1973. p. 1217-23.
23. International Electrotechnical Commission. Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres-part 20: data for flammable gases and vapours, relating to the use of electrical apparatus. Standard IEC 60079-20;2000.
24. National Fire Protection Association. Fire protection guide on hazardous materials, 325M, 9th ed. Massachusetts:1986. p. 59.
25. International Critical Tables, 5. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1933. p. 80.
26. Pan L., Fisher S.A., Jayanti S., and Hewitt G.F. Measurement and prediction of temperature rise following sudden compression in a high-pressure pipeline. Trans Int Chem Eng 73 Part B (1995) 18-20
27. Cain T.M. Autoignition of hydrogen at high pressure. Combust Flame 111 (1997) 124-132
28. Neer ME. An investigation into spontaneous ignitions in flowing hydrogen air mixtures. Ph.D. thesis, Ohio State University; 1972. [abstracted in Diss Abstr Int B 1972;33:686].
29. Bulewicz E.M., et al. Zaplon mieszaniny wodorowo-tlenowej od gora̧cej powierzchni [The ignition of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures from a hot surface]. Archiwum Termodynamiki i palania 8 1 (1977) 85-93
30. Blanchard D.C. Electrification of the atmosphere by particles from bubbles in the sea. Prog Oceanogr 1 (1963) 71-202
31. Pratt T.H. Electrostatic ignitions in enriched oxygen atmospheres: a case history. Process Saf Prog 12 (1993) 203-205
32. Snee T.J., and Griffiths J.F. Criteria for spontaneous ignition in exothermic, autocatalytic reactions: chain branching and self-heating in the oxidation of cyclohexane in closed vessels. Combust Flame 75 (1989) 381-395
33. Silver RS. The ignition of gaseous mixtures by hot particles. Phil Mag 7th Ser., 1937;23(156):633-57.
34. Ungut A., and James H. Autoignition of gaseous fuel-air mixtures near a hot surface. Int Chem Eng Symp Ser 148 (2001) 487-502
35. Britton L.G. Loss case histories in pressurised ethylene systems. Process Saf Prog 13 3 (1994) 128-138
36. IEC Published Technical Report. Electrostatics-code of practice for the avoidance of hazards due to static electricity, TR 50404; 2002.
37. 7 hydrocarbons. Combust Flame 23 (1974) 203 et seq