Making process, not progress: ASEAN and the evolving East Asian regional order

International Security

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 148-184

  Jones, David Martin ^a   Smith, Michael L R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548105399     PISSN: 01622889     EISSN: 15314804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/isec.2007.32.1.148     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Anthony L. Smith, "ASEAN's Ninth Summit: Solidifying Regional Cohesion, Advancing External Linkages," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 26, No. 3 (December 2004), p. 417.
2. Cited in Dirk Nabers, "The Social Construction of International Institutions: The Case of ASEAN + 3," International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 3, No. 1 (February 2003), p. 122.
3. Amitav Acharya, "Ideas, Identity, and Institution Building from the 'ASEAN Way to the 'Asia-Pacific Way?'" Pacific Review, Vol. 10, No. 3 (1997), p. 319.
4. Peter Katzenstein, "Regionalism and Asia," New Political Economy, Vol. 5, No. 3 (November 2000), p. 361.
5. Smith, "ASEAN's Ninth Summit," p. 432.
6. Maphilindo, an abbreviation of Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, was a short-lived federation in the early 1960s that aimed to unite the ethnic Malay states in Southeast Asia in a loose association.
7. ASEAN Secretariat, "The ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration)," August 8, 1967, http://www.aseansec.org/1212.htm.
8. Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the Security of Southeast Asia (London: Routledge, 1989), p. 104.
9. Michael Leifer, ASEAN's Search for Regional Order (Singapore: National University of Singapore, 1987), p. 4.
10. Michael Leifer, "Truth about the Balance of Power," in Kin Wah Chin and Leo Suryadinata, eds., Michael Leifer Selected Works on Southeast Asia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies [ISEAS], 2005), p. 153.
11. Michael Leifer, "The ASEAN Peace Process: A Category Mistake," Pacific Review, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1999), p. 25.
12. Helen E. S. Nesadurai, "APEC: A Tool for U.S. Regional Domination," Pacific Review, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1996), p. 51.
13. Nikolas Busse, "Constructivism and Southeast Asian Security," Pacific Review, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1999), p. 59.
14. Peter J. Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara, "Japan and Asian-Pacific Security," in J. J. Suh, Katzenstein, and Allen Carlson, eds., Rethinking Security in East Asia: Identity, Power, and Efficiency (Stanford Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 114-115.
15. Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (London: Routledge, 2000).
16. Yuen Foong Khong, "Coping with Strategic Uncertainty: Institutions and Soft Balancing in ASEAN's Post-Cold War Strategy," in Suh, Katzenstein, and Carlson, Rethinking Security in East Asia, p. 189.
17. Quoted in Ignatius Low, "Wanted: An E. Asian 'Community,'" Straits Times, January 16, 2002.
18. Acharya, "Ideas, Identity, and Institution Building from the 'ASEAN Way' to the 'Asia-Pacific Way?'" pp. 319-346.
19. See also Nabers, "The Social Construction of International Institutions," pp. 130-132. Konfrontasi is a Malay/Indonesian word for confrontation, and refers to the period of conflict that took place from 1963 to 1966 between Malaysia and Indonesia over the disputed territory of Borneo.
20. Alastair Iain Johnston, "The Myth of the ASEAN Way? Explaining the Evolution of the ASEAN Regional Forum," in Helga Haftendorn, Robert O. Keohane, and Celeste A. Wallander, eds., Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 324.
21. Acharya, "Ideas, Identity, and Institution Building from the 'ASEAN Way' to the 'Asia-Pacific Way?'" p. 329.
22. Ibid.
23. Quoted in Amitav Acharya, "Culture, Security, Multilateralism: The 'ASEAN Way' and Regional Order," Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 19, No. 1 (April 1998), p. 62.
24. Ibid., p. 63.
25. Ibid., p. 59.
26. Acharya, "Ideas, Identity, and Institution Building from the 'ASEAN Way' to the 'Asia-Pacific Way?'" p. 329.
27. ASEAN Secretariat, "The ASEAN Secretariat: Basic Mandate, Functions, and Composition," http://www.aseansec.org/11856.htm.
28. Acharaya, "Culture, Security, Multilateralism," p. 75.
29. Carolina A. Hernandez, "The ASEAN-ISIS and CSCAP Experience," in Sharon Siddique and Sree Kumar, eds., The 2nd ASEAN Reader (Singapore: ISEAS, 2003), p. 280.
30. Daljit Singh, "Evolution of the Security Dialogue Process in the Asia-Pacific Region," in Siddique and Kumar, The 2nd ASEAN Reader, p. 287.
31. Sheldon W. Simon, "The ASEAN Regional Forum Views the Councils for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific: How Track II Assists Track I," NBR Analysis, Vol. 13, No. 4 (July 2002), pp. 16-17.
32. Acharya, "Culture, Security, Multilateralism," p. 76.
33. Moreover, ASEAN-ISIS meetings and meetings between ASEAN-ISIS and ASEAN senior officials, held annually since 1997, both "allow and encourage participation by government officials." Ibid.
34. Hernandez, "The ASEAN-ISIS and CSCAP Experience," p. 282.
35. ASEAN Secretariat, Vision 2020, http://www.aseansec.org/1814.htm.
36. ASEAN Secretariat, "Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II)," October 7, 2003, http://www.aseansec.org/15159.htm.
37. Ibid., par. 12.
38. ASEAN Secretariat, "Kuala Lumpur Declaration on the Establishment of the ASEAN Charter," December 12, 2005, http://www.aseansec.org/18030.htm.
39. Peter J. Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara, "Japan, Asian-Pacific Security, and the Case for Analytic Eclecticism," International Security, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Winter 2002/03), p. 162.
40. George Yeo, "A New Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?" in Greg Sheriden, ed., Living with Dragons: Australia Confronts Its Asian Destiny (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1995), p. 55.
41. Martin Wolf, "Let Lenders Beware," Financial Times, January 3, 1998.
42. Jeffrey Lewis, "Fiscal: Asian vs. International: Structuring an Asian Monetary Fund," Harvard Asian Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn 1999), par. 1, http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/48/40/. The IMF had also, allegedly, ignored local sensibilities, notably in Indonesia.
43. See Peter Katzenstein, "Regionalism in Asia," paper presented at the Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation conference, "After the Global Crises: What Next for Regionalism?" Scarman House, University of Warwick, United Kingdom, September 16-18, 1999, p. 19.
44. See Richard Higgott, "The Asian Economic Crisis: A Study in the Politics of Resentment," New Political Economy, Vol. 3, No. 3 (November 1998), pp. 333-356.
45. Ali Alatas, "'ASEAN Plus Three' Equals Peace Plus Prosperity," Regional Outlook Forum, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, January 2001, p. 4.
46. "China Ahead in Foreign Direct Investment," OECD Observer, No. 237, May 2003.
47. See also "Foreign Investors Find Value in China," Jakarta Post, June 29, 2004.
48. Rowan Callick, "China's Rise," Australian Financial Review, April 26, 2004.
49. Morgan Meluish, "The View from Jakarta," Australian Financial Review, March 31, 2004.
50. International Monetary Fund, The Global Implications of the U.S. Fiscal Deficit and of China's Growth (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 2003), p. 63.
51. See ASEAN Secretariat, "Foreign Direct Investment Statistics," statistics for levels of intra-ASEAN trade and levels of foreign investment, 2001-05, Tables 26, 27, http://www.aseansec.org/18144.htm.
52. Soesastro, "Whither ASEAN Plus Three?" pp. 3-6.
53. "Tariff Burdens Market Integration," Financial Times, January 2, 2004.
54. For the broader failings of AFTA, see Dorsati H. Maidini, "Regional Integration and Industrial Growth among Developing Countries: The Case of Three ASEAN Members," Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2697 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2001).
55. The ASEAN Free Trade Area, p. 2, http://www.aseansec.org/12021pdf (accessed July 2005).
56. See also ASEAN Secretariat, "ASEAN Free Trade Area," http://www.asean.org/12025.htm.
57. John Ravenhill, "A Three Bloc World? The New East Asian Regionalism," International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 2, No. 2 (August 2002), p. 181.
58. Ibid., p. 182.
59. Ibid.
60. "ASEAN's Woes," Economist, July 31, 2004.
61. See Ravenhill, "A Three Bloc World?" p. 178.
62. The United States, moreover, contributed the largest share of foreign direct investment: 23 percent in 2005. See ASEAN Secretariat, "ASEAN Statistics," http://www.aseansec.org/13100.htm.
63. ASEAN Secretariat, "Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II)."
64. ASEAN Secretariat, "Report of the Eminent Persons Group on the ASEAN Charter," December 2006, p. 12, http://www.aseansec.org/19247.pdf.
65. Ibid., p. 3.
66. John Garofano, "Power, Institutions, and the ASEAN Regional Forum: A Security Community for Asia?" Asian Survey, Vol. 42, No. 3 (May/June 2002), pp. 508-511.
67. ASEAN Secretariat, "2001 ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism," November 5, 2001, http://www.aseansec.org/5620.htm.
68. Reme Ahmad, "ASEAN Ministers Acknowledge Defining Terrorism Not Crucial, Fighting It Is," Straits Times, May 21, 2002.
69. ASEAN, Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, 2004), p. 8.
70. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia (Canberra: DFAT, 2004), p. 88.
71. See "Thai Muslims Condemn Thaksin," New Straits Times, December 19, 2004.
72. International Crisis Group (ICG), "Indonesia: Rethinking Internal Security Strategy," Asia Report, No. 90 (Brussels: ICG, 2004), p. 13.
73. Thitinan Pongsudhirak, "Behind Thaksin's War on Terror," Far Eastern Economic. Review, September 25, 2003, p. 29.
74. David Capie, "Between a Hegemon and a Hard Place: The 'War on Terror' and Southeast Asian-U.S. Relations," Pacific Review, Vol. 17, No. 2 (June 2004), p. 230.
75. Mark Manyin, Terrorism in Southeast Asia (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2004), p. 24.
76. James Cotton, "The 'Haze' over Southeast Asia: Challenging the ASEAN Mode of Regional Engagement," Pacific Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 331-351.
77. Xavier Furtado, "International Law and the Dispute over the Spratly Islands: Whither UNCLOS?" Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 21, No. 3 (December 1999), p. 388.
78. Liselotte Odgaard, "Deterrence and Cooperation in the South China Sea," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 23, No. 2 (August 2001), p. 298.
79. Ibid., p. 299.
80. Eric Hyer, "The South China Sea Disputes: Implications of China's Earlier Territorial Settlements," Pacific Affairs, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Spring 1995), p. 42.
81. Tim Huxley, "A Threat in the South China Sea? A Rejoinder," Security Dialogue, Vol. 29, No. 1 (March 1998), p. 115. China forcibly expelled Vietnam from the Western Paracel Islands in 1974 and engaged in a naval clash with Vietnam off the Spratly Islands in 1988.
82. See Odgaard, "Deterrence and Cooperation in the South China Sea," pp. 292-293.
83. Ji Guoxing, "China versus South China Sea Security," Security Dialogue, Vol. 29, No. 1 (March 1998), pp. 101-112.
84. ASEAN Secretariat, "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," November 4, 2002, http://www.aseansec.org/13163.htm.
85. Cheng Chwee Kuik, "Multilateralism in China's ASEAN Policy: Its Evolution, Characteristics, and Aspiration," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 27, No. 1 (April 2005), p. 105.
86. Smith, "ASEAN's Ninth Summit," p. 427.
87. See also Nabers, "The Social Construction of International Relations," p. 113.
88. Nabers, "The Social Construction of International Relations," p. 76.
89. Alastair Iain Johnston, "Is China a Status Quo Power?" International Security, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Spring 2003), pp. 5-56.
90. See Hyer, "The South China Sea Disputes."
91. Nanyang is a Chinese term meaning "southern ocean" The term refers to the areas around China, mainly in Southeast Asia, that contain significant numbers of ethnic Chinese, most of whom, in countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia, are descendents of migrants from the southern provinces of China.
92. Leszek Buszynski, "ASEAN, the Declaration on Conduct, and the South China Sea," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 25, No. 3 (December 2003), p. 359.
93. Amitav Acharya, "Regionalism and the Emerging World Order: Sovereignty, Autonomy, Identity," paper presented at the Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation Conference, "After the Global Crises: What Next for Regionalism?" p. 24.
94. See John Rawls, The Law of Peoples (London: Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 35-38.
95. Acharya, "Regionalism and the Emerging World Order," p. 23.
96. Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Spring 1992), p. 418.
97. Nabers, "The Social Construction of International Institutions," p. 133.
98. Summary of Asia-Europe Roundtable, "Regions in Transition," inaugural Asia-Europe roundtable jointly organized by the Asia-Europe Foundation (Singapore), the Friedrich Ebert Siftung, and the Singapore Institute of International Affairs, August 29-31, 2000, p. 2.
99. Shaun Narine, "Institutional Theory and Southeast Asia: The Case of ASEAN," World Affairs, Vol. 161, No. 1 (1998), pp. 33-47,
100. quoted in R. James Ferguson, "East Asian Regionalism: The Challenge of Political Reform and Systemic Crisis in the Late 1990s," paper presented at the Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation Conference, "After the Global Crises: What Next for Regionalism?" p. 15.
101. Ravenhill, "A Three Bloc World?" p. 175.